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Emergency Medical Technician > The Human Body - Digestive, Lymphatic, Endocrine, & Urinary Systems > Flashcards

The Human Body - Digestive, Lymphatic, Endocrine, & Urinary Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

The digestive system is also called ___

A

The gastrointestinal system

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2
Q

Parts of the digestive system

A
  1. Gastrointestinal tract (stomach & intestines)
  2. Mouth
  3. Salivary glands
  4. Pharynx
  5. Esophagus
  6. Liver
  7. Gallbladder
  8. Pancreas
  9. Rectum
  10. Anus
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3
Q

Function of the digestive system

A

Process food to nourish the individual cells of the body

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4
Q

___ create the boundary of the abdomen

A
  1. Thick muscular abdominal walls
  2. Diaphragm
  3. An imaginary plane that extends from the pubic symphyses through the sacrum
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5
Q

Where do the quadrants of the abdomen intersect?

A

At the umbilicus

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6
Q

RUQ major organs

A
  1. Liver (Fills the entire anteroposterior depth of the abdomen in this quadrant)
  2. Gallbladder
  3. Portion of the colon
  4. Most of the liver (almost entirely under the protection of the 8th to 12th ribs)
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7
Q

LUQ major organs

A
  1. Stomach (may sag well down into the LLQ when full)
  2. Spleen (almost entirely under the protection of the left rib cage. Lies in the lateral and posterior portion of this quadrant, under the diaphragm and immediately in front of the 9th to 11th ribs)
  3. Portion of the colon
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8
Q

The spleen is frequently injured when the ___ ribs are fractured

A

9th to 11th

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9
Q

RLQ major organs

A
  1. Two portions of the large intestine (cecum & ascending colon)
  2. Appendix (attached to the lower border of the cecum)
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10
Q

LLQ major organs

A
  1. Descending and the sigmoid portions of the colon
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11
Q

The small intestine occupies ___

A

The central part of the abdomen around the umbilicus in all four quadrants

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12
Q

The pancreas lies ___

A

Behind the abdominal cavity on the posterior abdominal wall in both upper quadrants

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13
Q

The large intestine traverses the abdomen, beginning in ___ and ending in the ___ as it passes through ___

A
  1. RLQ
  2. LLQ
  3. All four quadrants
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14
Q

The urinary bladder lies ___

A

Just behind the pubic symphysis in the middle of the abdomen, in both lower quadrants and in the pelvis

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15
Q

The kidneys and the pancreas are called ___ because they ___

A
  1. Retroperitoneal organs
  2. Lie behind the abdominal cavity
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16
Q

The retroperitoneal organs are located ___

A

Above the level of the umbilicus, extending from the 11th rib to the 3rd lumbar vertebra on each side

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17
Q

Kidney size and location

A

About 5” (13 cm) long and lie just anterior to the costovertebral angle, which is the junction between the posterior aspect of the lower portion of the rib cage and the spine

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18
Q

Parts of the mouth

A
  1. Lips
  2. Cheeks
  3. Gums
  4. Teeth
  5. Tongue
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19
Q

The roof of the mouth is formed by ___

A

The hard and soft palates

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20
Q

The hard palate is ___

A

A bony plate lying anteriorly

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21
Q

The soft palate is ___

A

A fold of mucous membrane and muscle that extends posteriorly from the hard palate into the throat

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22
Q

Purpose of the soft palate

A

Designed to hold food that is being chewed within the mouth and to help initiate swallowing

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23
Q

Location of the salivary glands

A
  1. One set on each side of the mouth under the tongue
  2. Other set is in front of each ear
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24
Q

The salivary glands produce ___ of saliva daily

A

About 1.5 L

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25
Q

Saliva is made of ___

A
  1. 98% water
  2. 2% mucus, salts, and organic compounds
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26
Q

Saliva serves as ___

A

A binder for the chewed food being swallowed and a lubricant within the mouth. Also contains certain digestive enzymes

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27
Q

An automatic movement of the pharynx during swallowing lifts the ___ to permit the epiglottis to close over it so that liquids and solids are ___

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Moved into the esophagus and away from the trachea
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28
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

A collapsible tube about 10” (25 cm) long that extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach

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29
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

Lies just anterior to the spinal column in the chest

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30
Q

___ of the esophagus propel food through it to the stomach

A

Contractions of the muscle in the wall

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31
Q

Stomach location

A

LUQ, largely protected by the lower left ribs

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32
Q

How does the stomach digest food?

A

Muscular contractions in the wall of the stomach and gastric juices, which contain lots of mucus, convert food to chyme

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33
Q

The stomach produces ___ of gastric juice daily

A

About 1.5 L

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34
Q

The function of the stomach

A

Receive food in large quantities intermittently, store it, and provide for its movement into the small bowel in regular, small amounts

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35
Q

How long for one meal to pass through the stomach

A

1 to 3 hours

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36
Q

First part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

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37
Q

Location of the pancreas

A

Lies below and behind the liver and stomach and behind the peritoneum. Firmly fixed in position, deep within the abdomen

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38
Q

The two portions of the pancreas are ___

A

Intertwined

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39
Q

Two kinds of glands in the pancreas

A
  1. Exocrine
  2. The islets of Langerhans
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40
Q

The exocrine secretes ___

A

Nearly 2 L of pancreatic juice daily

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41
Q

Pancreatic juice contains ___

A

Many enzymes that aid in the digestion of fat, starch, and protein

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42
Q

Pancreatic juice flows directly into the ___

A

Duodenum through the pancreatic ducts

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43
Q

The islets of Langerhans is ___

A

Endocrine

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44
Q

The islets of Langerhans produce ___

A

Insulin and glucagon (hormones)

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45
Q

Purpose of insulin and glucagon

A

Regulate the amount of glucose in the blood

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46
Q

Largest solid organ in the abdomen

A

Liver

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47
Q

Liver location

A

Most of the area immediately beneath the diaphragm in the RUQ and also extends into the LUQ

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48
Q

Function of the liver

A
  1. Poisonous substances produced by digestion are brought to the liver and rendered harmless
  2. Factors that are necessary for blood clotting and for the production of normal plasma are formed here
  3. Produces .5 to 1 L of bile daily to assist in the normal digestion of fat
  4. Primary organ for the storage of sugar or starch for immediate use by the body for energy
  5. Produces many of the factors that aid in the proper regulation of immune responses
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49
Q

All the blood that is pumped to the gastrointestinal tract passes into the liver through the ___ before it returns to the heart

A

Portal vein

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50
Q

Approximately ___ of the cardiac output of blood passes through the liver each minute

A

25% (1.5 L)

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51
Q

The liver connects with the intestine by way of the ___

A

Bile ducts

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52
Q

The gallbladder is ___

A

A small pouch extending from the bile ducts that serves as the reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced in the liver

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53
Q

Together the bile ducts and the gallbladder form the ___

A

Biliary system

54
Q

Function of the gallbladder

A

Discharges stored and concentrated bile into the duodenum through the common bile duct

55
Q

The presence of food in the duodenum triggers a ___

A

Contraction of the gallbladder to empty it

56
Q

The gallbladder usually contains about ___ of bile

A

About 60 to 90 mL

57
Q

The cells lining the small intestine produce ___

A

Enzymes and mucus to aid in digestion

58
Q

Enzymes from the ___ carry out the final processes of digestion

A

Pancreas and the small intestine

59
Q

___ are absorbed across the wall of the lower end of the small intestine into veins to be transported to the liver

A

More than 90% of the products of digestion (amino acids, fatty acids, simple sugars), together with water, injected vitamins, and minerals

60
Q

Parts of the small liver

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
61
Q

Length of the duodenum

A

About 12” (30 cm) long

62
Q

Part of the small intestine that receives food from the stomach

A

Duodenum

63
Q

Here food is mixed with secretions from the pancreas and liver for further digestion along with bile from the liver and gallbladder

A

Duodenum

64
Q

Color of bile

A

Green-black, gives feces its brown color

65
Q

Major function of bile in digestion

A

Digestion of fat

66
Q

The jejunum and ileum together measure ___

A

More than 20 feet (6 m) on average

67
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
68
Q

Length of the large intestine

A

About 5 feet (1.5 m) long

69
Q

Large intestine location

A

Encircles the outer border of the abdomen around the small bowel

70
Q

The portion of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum

A

Colon

71
Q

Function of the colon

A

Absorb the final 5% to 10% of digested food and water from the intestine to form solid stool

72
Q

Stool is stored in the ___

A

Rectum

73
Q

Stool is passed out the ___

A

Anus

74
Q

The appendix opens into the ___

A

Cecum

75
Q

The rectum and anus are supplied with ___ that control, voluntarily and automatically, the escape of liquids, gases, and solids from the digestive tract

A

A complex series of circular muscles called sphincters

76
Q

Path of the nutrients from the intestines

A
  1. Through the walls of the intestines
  2. Portal vein to liver
  3. Processed, stored, and transported to the heart through veins
  4. Pumped to the capillaries
  5. Delivered to the individual cells
77
Q

Without eating or drinking, ___ of fluid is secreted daily into the gastrointestinal tract

A

8 to 10 L

78
Q

The fluid secreted into the gastrointestinal tract comes from ___

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Stomach
  3. Liver
  4. Pancreas
  5. Small intestine
79
Q

In a healthy adult, about ___ of the body weight is delivered as fluid daily to the gastrointestinal tract

A

7%

80
Q

Parts of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Lymph
  4. Lymph vessels
  5. Thymus gland
  6. Other component
81
Q

The lymphatic system supports ___

A

Both the circulatory system and the immune system

82
Q

The lymphatic system has no pump and relies on ___ for lymph to flow

A

Muscle contractions and movements of the body

83
Q

Flow of lymph

A

From lymph tissue into the central venous circulation via the thoracic duct

84
Q

Lymph vessels form a ___

A

Network throughout the body

85
Q

Together with the circulatory system, the lymphatic system helps to ___

A

Rid the body of toxins and other harmful materials

86
Q

The spleen also plays an important role in the body’s ___ function

A

Immune

87
Q

The spleen houses ___ that help eliminate infectious agents

A

Immune cells

88
Q

The brain controls the endocrine system using ___

A

Hormones

89
Q

Endocrine glands release their hormones directly into the ___

A

Blood stream

90
Q

Each endocrine gland produces ___

A

One or more hormone

91
Q

Each hormone has a specific effect on some ___

A

Organ, tissue, or process

92
Q

The brain controls the release of hormones by the ___

A

Endocrine glands

93
Q

Type I diabetes mellitus is a ___

A

Common endocrine condition

94
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal gland

A

Epinephrin, norepinephrine, cortisol, and others

95
Q

Hormone produced by the ovaries

A

Estrogen and others

96
Q

Hormone produced by the pancreas

A

Insulin, glucagon, and others

97
Q

Hormone produced by the parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone

98
Q

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland

A

Multiple, controls other endocrine glands

99
Q

Hormone produced by the Testes

A

Testosterone and others

100
Q

Hormone produced by the thyroid

A

Thyroxine and others

101
Q

Location of adrenal gland

A

Above the kidneys

102
Q

Location of the ovaries gland

A

Female pelvis (two glands)

103
Q

Location of the pancreas gland

A

Retroperitoneal space

104
Q

Location of the Parathyroid gland

A

Neck (behind and beside the thyroid) (3 to 5 glands)

105
Q

Location of the pituitary gland

A

Base of the skull

106
Q

Location of the testes

A

Male scrotum (two glands)

107
Q

Location of the thyroid gland

A

Neck (over the larynx)

108
Q

Function of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and others

A

Stress response, fight-or-flight reaction

109
Q

Function of estrogen and others

A

Regulate sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction

110
Q

Function of insulin, glucagon, and others

A

Regulates glucose metabolism and other functions

111
Q

Function of parathyroid hormone

A

Regulates serum calcium

112
Q

Function of pituitary gland

A

Regulates all other endocrine glands

113
Q

Function of testosterone and others

A

Regulate sexual function, characteristics, and reproduction

114
Q

Function of thyroxine and others

A

Regulates metabolism

115
Q

Primary fuel for the body

A

Glucose

116
Q

Responsible for rapidly moving glucose into cells

A

Insulin

117
Q

Functions of urinary system

A
  1. Control fluid balance in the body
  2. Filter and eliminate wastes
  3. Control pH balance
118
Q

Kidney location

A

Two that lie on the posterior muscular wall behind the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space

119
Q

Kidney function

A

Rid the blood of toxic waste products and control its balance of water and salts

120
Q

Nearly ___ of the output of blood from the heart passes through the kidneys each minute

A

20%

121
Q

Large vessels attach the kidneys directly to the ___

A

Aorta and the inferior vena cava

122
Q

Waste products and water are constantly filtered from the blood to form ___

A

Urine

123
Q

The kidneys continuously concentrate this filtered urine by ___

A

Reabsorbing the water as it passes through a system of specialized tubes within them

124
Q

The tubes in the kidneys unite to form the ___

A

Renal pelvis

125
Q

Ureter location

A

Passes from the renal pelvis of each kidney along the surface of the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum to drain into the urinary bladder

126
Q

Ureter diameter

A

0.2” (0.5 cm)

127
Q

The ureters are ___

A

Small muscular tubes

128
Q

Urinary bladder location

A

Immediately behind the pubic symphyses in the pelvic cavity

129
Q

The urinary bladder is composed of ___

A

Smooth muscle with a specialized lining membrane

130
Q

The ureters enter the bladder ___

A

Posteriorly at its base on either side

131
Q

A healthy adult forms ___ of urine a day

A

1.5 to 2 L

132
Q

The waste urine is extracted and concentrated from the ___ of blood that circulated through the kidneys daily

A

1500 L

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

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