Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Emergency Medical Technician > Shock - Pathophysiology & Types > Flashcards

Shock - Pathophysiology & Types Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Inadequate cellular perfusion

A

Shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When the cells cannot create energy they are categorized as ___

A

Hypoperfused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the early stages of shock, the body will attempt to compensate by maintaining ___

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A balance of all systems of the body

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The circulation of blood to the tissues in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs

A

Perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Carbon dioxide can be transported back to the lungs in three ways

A
  1. Dissolved in the plasma
  2. Combined with water in the form of bicarbonate
  3. Attached to hemoglobin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

To protect vital organs from hypoperfusion, the body attempts to compensate by ___

A

Directing blood flow away from organs that are more tolerant of shock to organs that cannot tolerate shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Perfusion triangle

A
  1. Heart (pump function)
  2. Blood vessels (container function)
  3. Blood (content function)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Blood flow through the capillary beds is regulated by ___

A

The capillary sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The capillary sphincters are under the control of ___

A

The autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Regulation of blood flow is determined by ___ and is accomplished by ___

A
  1. Cellular need
  2. Vessel contraction or dilation and capillary sphincter contraction or dilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pressure within the capillary bed

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pressure around the capillary bed and between the cells

A

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The ___ side of the autonomic nervous system assumes more control of the body’s functions during a state of shock

A

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The shock response by the autonomic nervous system causes the release of the hormones ___

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eventually, a shifting of body fluids to help maintain pressure within the system also occurs by ___

A

Reabsorption of fluid into the bloodstream when it passes through the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of shock caused by pump failure

A
  1. Cardiogenic shock
  2. Obstructive shock
    - Tension pneumothorax
    - Cardiac tamponade
    - Pulmonary embolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of shock caused by poor vessel function

A

Distributive shock
- Septic shock
- Neurogenic shock
- Anaphylactic shock
- Psychogenic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of shock caused by low fluid volume

A

Hypovolemic shock
- Hemorrhagic shock
- Nonhemorrhagic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Caused by inadequate function of the heart

A

Cardiogenic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cause of a pulmonary edema

A

After a heart attack, backup of blood in the pulmonary vessels. The buildup forces fluid out of the capillary beds that surround the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between the cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the effected area

A

Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oxygen cannot diffuse across the fluid filled alveoli during a pulmonary edema, resulting in ___

A

Tachypnea and crackles, or rales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Rapid respiration

A

Tachypnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Rattling sound that may be heard during breathing, typically on inhalation

A

Rales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cardiogenic shock develops when the heart cannot maintain ___

A

Sufficient cardiac output to meed the demands of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The ability of the heart to contract

A

Myocardial contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Factors of cardiac output

A
  1. Myocardial contractility
  2. Heart must receive adequate blood to pump
  3. Resistance to flow in the peripheral circulation must be appropriate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

As the volume of the blood coming to the heart increases, the pressure in the heart builds up. This pressure is called ___

A

Preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When the heart muscle is stretched, ___ increases

A

Myocardial contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The force, or resistance against which the heart pumps

A

Afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

As after load increases, cardiac output ___

A

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Increased after load may also cause the heart to ___ while trying to maintain adequate cardiac output

A

Overwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cardiogenic shock may result from low cardiac output due to ___

A
  1. High afterload
  2. Low preload
  3. Poor contractility
  4. Any combination of the 3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Caused by an obstruction that prevents an adequate volume of blood from being distributed to the body

A

Obstructive shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Three most common examples of obstructive shock

A
  1. Cardiac tamponade
  2. Tension pneumothorax
  3. Pulmonary embolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium

A

Pericardial effusion

38
Q

If pericardial effusion becomes large enough, it can prevent ___

A

The ventricles from filling with blood

39
Q

Compression of the heart as the result of buildup of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac, leading to decreased cardiac output

A

Cardiac tamponade

40
Q

Cardiac tamponade is also called ___

A

Pericardial tamponade

41
Q

Cardiac tamponade can be caused by ___

A
  1. Blunt or penetrating trauma that causes hemorrhage around the heart
  2. Blood leaking into the space between the tough fibrous membrane known as the pericardium and the outer walls of the heart, an area called the pericardial sac
  3. Seen in patient’s with cancer and autoimmune diseases
42
Q

The pericardium has a limited ability to ___

A

Stretch

43
Q

Signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade are referred to as the ___

A

Beck triad

44
Q

Beck triad

A
  1. Presence of jugular vein distention
  2. Muffled heart sounds
  3. Narrowing pulse pressure
45
Q

Narrowing pulse pressure

A

Systolic and diastolic BP begin to merge

46
Q

A tension pneumothorax is caused by ___

A

Damage to the lung tissue

47
Q

The damage to the lung tissue with a tension pneumothorax allows ___

A

Air normally held within the lung to escape into the chest cavity. The lung eventually collapses, causing a pneumothorax

48
Q

If a pneumothorax is allowed to progress, air will ___

A

Accumulate with in the chest cavity and begin applying pressure to the heart and greater vessels

49
Q

When the trapped air begins to shift the chest organs toward the uninjured side, a pneumothorax becomes known as a ___

A

Tension pneumothorax

50
Q

As pressure from one side of the chest beings to push the mediastinum toward the other side, the vena cava loses its ability to ___

A

Stay fully expanded

51
Q

The compression of the vena cava leads to ___

A

Reduced blood return to the right side of the heart and BP drops

52
Q

Signs of tension pneumothorax

A
  1. Difficulty ventilating with a bag-mask device
  2. The affected side will have absent lung sounds
  3. Patient may become cyanotic
  4. Tracheal deviation (late sign)
53
Q

A blood clot that occurs in the pulmonary arteries and blocks the flow of blood through the lungs

A

Pulmonary embolism

54
Q

When a pulmonary embolism occurs, it can prevent blood from ___

A

Being pumped from the right side of the heart to the left

55
Q

A pulmonary embolism results in ___

A

A complete backup of blood in the right ventricle and catastrophic obstructive shock

56
Q

Results when there is widespread dilation of the small arterioles, small venules, or both

A

Distributive shock

57
Q

Result of distributive shock

A

Circulating blood volume pools in the expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases

58
Q

Most common types of distributive shock

A
  1. Septic shock
  2. Neurogenic shock
  3. Anaphylactic shock
  4. Psychogenic shock
59
Q

Occurs as a result of severe infections, usually bacterial, in which toxins are generated by the bacteria.

A

Septic shock

60
Q

How septic shock works

A

Severe infections, usually bacterial, in which toxins are generated by the bacteria. The toxins damage vessel walls, causing increased cellular permeability. The vessel walls leak and are unable to constrict well. Widespread dilation of vessels, in combination with plasma loss through the injured vessel walls, results in shock

61
Q

Loss of plasma

A

Hypovolemia

62
Q

Complex factors of septic shock

A
  1. Insufficient volume of fluid in the container, due to loss of plasma
  2. Fluid that leaks out often collects in the alveoli, interfering with respiration
  3. Vasodilation leads to a larger than normal vascular volume
63
Q

Usually the result of high spinal cord injury

A

Neurogenic shock

64
Q

Medical causes of neurogenic shock

A

Brain conditions, tumors, pressure on the spinal cord, and spinabifida

65
Q

In neurogenic shock, the muscles in the walls of the blood vessels are ___

A

Cut off from the sympathetic nervous system and nerve impulses that cause them to contract

66
Q

All vessels below the spinal injury ___

A

Dilate widely, increasing the size and capacity of the vascular system, causing blood to pool

67
Q

Signs of neurogenic shock

A
  1. Absence of sweating below the level of injury
  2. Normal and low HR in the presence of hypotension
  3. Normal, warm skin
68
Q

Neurogenic shock is the only type of shock that presents without the ___, because ___

A
  1. Characteristic pale, cool skin
  2. The peripheral vasoconstriction cannot be triggered through the autonomic nervous system
69
Q

With neurogenic shock, in an acute injury setting, the ability to control body temperature is ___

A

Lost, and can rapidly fall to match that of the environment

70
Q

___ can occur in a patient with neurogenic shock due to the inability to control body temperature

A

Hypothermia

71
Q

A condition in which the internal body temperature falls below 95º

A

Hypothermia

72
Q

Occurs when a person reacts quickly to a substance to which they have been sensitized

A

Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

73
Q

Becoming sensitive to a substance that did not initially cause a reaction

A

Sensitization

74
Q

Each subsequent exposure after sensitization tends to produce a ___

A

More severe reaction

75
Q

Categories of exposure for instances that cause severe allergic reactions

A
  1. Injections
  2. Stings
  3. Ingestion
  4. Inhalation
76
Q

In anaphylactic shock, there is no ___, instead there is ___

A
  1. Loss of blood or vascular damage
  2. Widespread vascular dilation, increased permeability, and bronchoconstriction
77
Q

Signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock in the order they appear (skin)

A
  1. Flushed, itchy, or burning, especially over the face and upper part of the chest
  2. Urticaria, which may spread over large areas of the body
  3. Edema, especially over the face, tongue, and lips
  4. Pallor
  5. Cyanosis about the lips
78
Q

Urticaria

A

Hives

79
Q

Signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock in the order they appear (circulatory system)

A
  1. Dilated peripheral blood vessels
  2. Increased vessel permeability
  3. Drop in BP
  4. Weak, barely palpable pulse
80
Q

Signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock in the order they appear (respiratory system)

A
  1. Sneezing or itching in the nasal passages
  2. Stridor
  3. Upper airway obstruction
  4. Tightness in the chest, with a persistent dry cough
  5. Wheezing and dyspnea
  6. Secretions of fluid and mucus into the bronchial passages, alveoli, and lung tissue, causing coughing
  7. Constriction of the bronchi; difficulty drawing air into the lungs
  8. Forced expiration, requiring exertion and accompanied by wheezing
  9. Cessation of breathing
81
Q

Signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock in the order they appear (other)

A
  1. Abdominal cramping
  2. Nausea
  3. Vomiting
  4. Altered mental status
  5. Dizziness
  6. Fainting and coma
82
Q

A sudden reaction of the nervous system that produces a temporary, generalized vasodilation, resulting in fainting or syncope

A

Psychogenic shock

83
Q

Occurs when blood pools in the dilated vessels, reducing the blood supply to the brain, resulting in the brain temporarily ceasing to function normally, and fainting

A

Syncope

84
Q

Life-threatening causes of syncope

A

Irregular heartbeat or a brain aneurysm

85
Q

Non-life-threatening events that cause syncope

A

Receiving bad news, experiencing fear, or encountering an unpleasant sight

86
Q

Those experiencing syncope should receive a ___

A

Full assessment

87
Q

The result of an inadequate amount of fluid in the circulatory system

A

Hypovolemic shock

88
Q

Two types of causes of hypovolemic shock

A

Hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic

89
Q

How do severe burns cause hypovolemic shock?

A

Intravascular plasma loss is caused when fluid leaks from the capillaries into the surrounding tissue

90
Q

How do crushing injuries cause hypovolemic shock?

A

Loss of blood and plasma from damaged vessels into injured tissues

91
Q

Dehydration can cause ___ shock

A

Hypovolemic

92
Q

How does dehydration cause hypovolemic shock?

A

Insufficient volume of fluid within the vascular system to provide adequate circulation to the organs of the body

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions