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Emergency Medical Technician > The Human Body - Nervous & Integumentary Systems > Flashcards

The Human Body - Nervous & Integumentary Systems Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The ___ sends commands to the adrenal glands

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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2
Q

Location of the adrenal glands

A

Sit atop the kidneys

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3
Q

Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands to stimulate the heart and blood vessels

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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4
Q

The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine affects receptors within the heart and blood vessels and improves the ability to ___

A

Cope with stress

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5
Q

The heart and blood vessels have ___ and ___ within them (receptors)

A
  1. Alpha-adrenergic receptors
  2. Beta-adrenergic receptors
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6
Q

The alpha-adrenergic receptors are found in ___, and when stimulated ___

A
  1. The blood vessels
  2. The blood vessels constrict, increasing blood pressure
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7
Q

The beta-adrenergic receptors are found in ___

A

The heart and lungs

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8
Q

When beta-1 receptors are stimulated ___

A

They cause the heart to increase its rate and also squeeze harder with each contraction

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9
Q

When beta-2 receptors are stimulated ___

A

The bronchi in the lungs dilate, allowing more air to be inhaled and exhaled, providing more oxygen to the cells of the body

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10
Q

Together the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors prepare the body for ___

A

Fight or flight

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11
Q

When stimulated, this system causes the heart to slow and beat more weakly

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

These two parts of the nervous system oppose each other in control of the cardiovascular system in a complementary way

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system
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13
Q

Special pressure sensors throughout the body that allow the brain to receive information about blood pressure via the nervous system

A

Baroreceptors

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14
Q

The main locations for the baroreceptors

A

The arch of the aorta and the carotid arteries

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15
Q

Stimulation area of alpha-1

A

Blood vessels

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16
Q

Stimulation area of beta-1

A

Heart

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17
Q

Stimulation area of beta-2

A

Lungs

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18
Q

Stimulation area of muscarinic receptor

A

Heart

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19
Q

Effect of stimulation of alpha-1

A

Constricted blood vessels; skin becomes pale, cool, and clammy

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20
Q

Effect of stimulation of beta-1

A

Increased heart rate

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21
Q

Effect of stimulation of beta-2

A

Bronchodilation

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22
Q

Effect of stimulation of muscarinic receptors

A

Decreased heart rate, decreased force of contraction

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23
Q

Muscarinic receptors are found in ___

A

The parasympathetic nervous system

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24
Q

Most complex organ system within the body

A

Nervous system

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25
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
  3. Thousands of nerves
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26
Q

Two main portions of the nervous system

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system
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27
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into ___

A

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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28
Q

The brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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29
Q

The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord that link the CNS to various organs throughout the body

A

Peripheral nervous system

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30
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

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31
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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32
Q

Regulates activities over which we have voluntary control, such as walking, talking and writing

A

Somatic nervous system

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33
Q

Controls those functions that occur autonomously, such as digestion, dilation and constriction of the blood vessels, sweating, and other involuntary actions

A

Autonomic nervous system

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34
Q

Three major subdivisions of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brainstem
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35
Q

The cerebrum accounts for ___ portion of the brain

A

3/4

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36
Q

Surface of the cerebrum

A

Cortex

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37
Q

The cortex is made up of ___

A

Neurons bodies

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38
Q

Give the brain its gray-brown color

A

Neurons

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39
Q

Responsible for higher brain functions

A

Cerebrum

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40
Q

The cerebrum can be divided into ___

A

Right and left hemisphers

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41
Q

The cerebrum can be divided into ___

A

Right and left hemispheres

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42
Q

The hemispheres of the cerebrum can be divided into ___

A

Lobes

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43
Q

Lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
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44
Q

Controls personality, judgement, planning, problem-solving, concentration, and self-awareness

A

Frontal lobe

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45
Q

Controls the recognition of spatial relationships and integrates sensory information received from the body to form our perception of the world around us

A

Parietal lobe

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46
Q

Responsible for vision

A

Occipital lobe

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47
Q

Responsible for taste, hearing, and our ability to understand words

A

Temporal lobe

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48
Q

Located beneath the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

49
Q

Controls balance, muscle coordination, and posture

A

Cerebellum

50
Q

Acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord

A

Brainstem

51
Q

Most primitive part of the CNS

A

Brainstem

52
Q

Controls virtually all involuntary, life-sustaining functions, such as heart rate, breathing, temperature regulation, digestion, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and the wake/sleep cycle

A

Brainstem

53
Q

The brainstem comprises the ___

A

Midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

54
Q

Within the brainstem is a network of neurons called the ___

A

Reticular activating system

55
Q

RAS

A

Reticular activating system

56
Q

Regulates consciousness

A

RAS

57
Q

When the RAS is stimulated, it ___

A

Wakes the cerebral cortex

58
Q

Without the RAS, ___ would not be possible

A

Wakefulness and awareness

59
Q

When someone experiences a concussion from a head injury, the immediate loss of consciousness is due to ___

A

A momentary interruption in the RAS

60
Q

In addition to filtering out impurities and toxins, CSF ___

A

Absorbs shocks

61
Q

When significant forces are applied to the head, CSF allow the brain to ___

A

Shift inside the skull without being damaged

62
Q

Some skull fractures may allow CSF to leak from ___

A

The ears or nose

63
Q

The brain requires a constant flow of ___

A

Oxygenated blood

64
Q

The spinal cord is encased within the ___, through a passage called the ___

A
  1. Vertebral column
  2. Spinal canal
65
Q

The spinal cord terminates at ___

A

The level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2)

66
Q

The spinal cord contains ___

A

Nerve cell bodies, but a larger portion is composed of extensions from those bodies that facilitate communication between neurons

67
Q

Before connecting with the brain, nerve fibers from the spinal cord ___

A

Cross over from one side to the other

68
Q

Primary function of the spinal cord

A

Transmit messages between the Brian and the body

69
Q

The messages along the spinal cord are passed along the ___ as ___

A
  1. Nerve fibers
  2. Electrical impulses
70
Q

Vision and storage of visual memories

A

Occipital lobe

71
Q

Sense of touch and texture, storage of those memories

A

Parietal lobe

72
Q

Hearing, smell, and language, storage of sound and odor memories

A

Temporal lobe

73
Q

Voluntary muscle control and storage of those memories

A

Frontal lobe

74
Q

Judgment and predicting consequences of actions, abstract intellectual functions

A

Prefrontal area

75
Q

Basic emotions, basic reflexes (e.g. chewing, swallowing)

A

Limbic system

76
Q

Relay center, filters important signals from routine signals

A

Diencephalon (thalamus)

77
Q

Emotions, temperature control, interface with endocrine system (hormone control)

A

Diencephalon (hypothalamus)

78
Q

Level of consciousness, reticular activating system, muscle tone, and posture

A

Midbrain

79
Q

Respiratory patterning and depth

A

Pons

80
Q

Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate

A

Medulla oblongata

81
Q

Reflexes, relays information to and from the body

A

Spinal cord

82
Q

Brainstem to head and neck, special peripheral nerves that connect directly to body parts

A

Cranial nerves

83
Q

Brain to spinal cord to body part, receive stimulus from body, send commands to body

A

Peripheral nerves

84
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided between the ___

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

85
Q

Two types of nerves used in the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. Sensory nerves
  2. Motor nerves
86
Q

Every sensory nerve uses ___

A

Specialized nerve endings unique to its type, so that it perceives and communicates information about a single type of sensation

87
Q

Most sensory nerves carry information ___, others can ___

A
  1. To the brain via the spinal cord
  2. Take information to the brain directly
88
Q

In some instances, the impulse of the sensory nerve can be intercepted by a ___ to initiate the reaction before the brain receives the information

A

Nearby motor nerve

89
Q

Every skeletal muscle in the body has its own ___

A

Motor nerve

90
Q

Motor neuron cell bodies reside in the ___

A

Spinal cord

91
Q

From the motor neuron cell bodies ___ extend to skeletal muscles

A

Axons

92
Q

Integumentary System

A

Skin

93
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin

94
Q

Largest organ in the human body

A

Cutaneous membrane

95
Q

Two major components of the cutaneous membrane

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
96
Q

Under the epidermis and dermis

A

Subcutaneous tissue

97
Q

Keeps microorganisms out of the body while keeping fluids inside

A

Epidermis

98
Q

Thickest parts of the skin

A

Soles, palms, back, and scalp

99
Q

The thinner areas of skin can be ___ thick

A

Only 2 or 3 cells

100
Q

Epidermal cells layers

A
  1. Germinal layers
  2. Stratum corneum (surface)
101
Q

The journey from germinal layer to the surface takes about ___

A

4 weeks

102
Q

Continuously produces new skin cells that gradually ascend through the layers

A

Germinal layer

103
Q

Contains cells that produce pigment granules

A

Germinal layer

104
Q

The stratum corneum is not supplied with ___

A

Blood

105
Q

Located beneath the epidermis

A

Dermis

106
Q

Contains sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerve endings

A

Dermis

107
Q

Sweat reaches the surface of the skin by way of ___

A

Small pores or ducts

108
Q

Connected to the hair is a ___

A

Small muscle that pulls the hair into an erect position when triggered by certain stimuli

109
Q

Adjacent to hair follicles, ___ secrete an oily substance called ___ along the hair follicles to the skin surface

A
  1. Sebaceous glands
  2. Sebum
110
Q

Purpose of sebum

A

Seals the surface, water-proofing the skin and preventing it from drying and cracking

111
Q

Layer of skin with blood vessels

A

Dermis, small branches extend up to the germinal layer

112
Q

Layer of skin with nerve endings

A

Dermis

113
Q

Immediately under the dermis and attached to it

A

Subcutaneous tissue

114
Q

The subcutaneous tissue is composed largely of ___, which serves as ___

A
  1. Fat
  2. An insulator for the body and a reservoir that stores energy
115
Q

The subcutaneous layer helps to anchor ___

A

The skin to the structures below

116
Q

The mouth, nose, anus, and vagina are lined with ___ instead of skin

A

Mucous membranes

117
Q

Functions of skin

A
  1. Protect the body from the environment
  2. Maintain normal body temperature
  3. Transmit sensory information from the environment to the brain
118
Q

The major organ for regulation of body temperature is the ___

A

Skin

119
Q

___ in the skin ___ when the body is in a cold environment and ___ when the body is in a warm environment

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Constrict
  3. Dilate

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

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