The Human Body - Muscles & Respiratory System Flashcards
A form of tissue that facilitates movement
Muscle
Three types of muscle
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Voluntary muscle
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is often referred to as ___
Striated muscle
Involuntary muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle is found within ___
Blood vessels and the intestines
Cardiac muscle is unique from other muscle types in that it can ___
Generate its own electrical impulses
Skeletal muscles often function in ___
Antagonistic pairs
The biceps competes with the ___
Triceps
How many muscles are in the musculoskeletal system?
More than 600
Functions of the musculoskeletal system
- Generation of heat
- Protect underlying structures
- Movement
The involuntary shaking of the muscles maintains ___
Homeostatis
The body’s self-regulating process for preserving internal balance, or equilibrium, in order to survive
Homeostasis
The intestines are protected by ___
The rectus abdominus muscles
Parts of the respiratory system
- Nose
- Mouth
- Throat
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Lungs
- Diaphragm
- Muscles of the chest wall
- Accessory muscles of breathing
Where oxygen is passed into the blood and carbon dioxide removed
Lungs
The structures of the respiratory system are divided between ___
The upper airway and the lower airway
The structures of the upper airway are located ___
Anteriorly at the midline
Parts of the upper airway in descending order
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx (voice box)
Biceps location
Anterior, humerus
Biceps function
Flexes lower arm
Triceps location
Posterior, humerus
Triceps function
Extends lower arm
Pectoralis location
Anterior, thorax
Pectoralis function
Flexes and rotates arm
Latissimus dorsi location
Posterior, thorax
Latissimus dorsi function
Extends and rotates arm
Rectus abdominis location
Anterior, abdomen
Rectus abdominis function
Flexes and rotates spine
Tibialis anterior location
Anterior, tibia
Tibialis anterior function
Points foot toward head
Gastrocnemius location
Posterior, tibia
Gastrocnemius function
Points foot away from head
Quadriceps (four separate muscles) location
Anterior, femur
Quadriceps (four separate muscles) function
Extends lower leg
Biceps femoris location
Posterior, femur
Biceps femoris function
Flexes lower leg
Gluteus (three separate muscles) location
Posterior, pelvis/buttocks
Gluteus (three separate muscles) function
Extends and rotates thigh
Vocal cords
Glottis
Mark the transition point from the upper to the lower airway
Vocal cords
The vocal cords are located ___
At the base of the larynx
The nose and mouth lead to the ___
Oropharynx
The pharynx is composed of ___
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
The nostrils lead to the ___
Nasopharynx
The mouth leads to the ___
Oropharynx
The nasal passages and nasopharynx ___ air as you breath
Warm, filter, and humidify
Air enters through the mouth more rapidly and directly, resulting in the air being ___
Less moist that air that enters through the nose
Food, liquids, and air can all travel through the ___, but on reaching the ___ they must diverge
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Food/liquids continue ___, while air proceeds ___
- Posteriorly into the esophagus
- To the anteriorly positioned larynx and trachea
The trachea is also know as ___
The windpipe
The larynx does not tolerate any ___
Solid or liquid material
To help keep food and liquid out of the trachea while permitting air to pass, ___
A thin leaf-shaped flap (epiglottis) covers the larynx during swallowing and then lifts open to allow for air passage during breathing
Structures of the lower airway
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree (main stem bronchi and bronchioles)
- Alveoli
- Lungs
The thyroid cartilage is the ___ of the ___
- Anterior part
- Larynx
Sounds are created as air is forced past the ___
Vocal cords
The air forced past the vocal cords makes them ___
Vibrate
The pitch of the sound changes as ___
The cords open and close
The vibrations of air are shaped by the ___ to ___
- Tongue and muscles of the mouth
- Form understandable sounds
Immediately below the thyroid cartilage is the ___
Palpable cricoid cartilage
Between the cricoid and thyroid cartilage lies the ___
Cricothyroid membrane
The cricothyroid membrane can be felt as a ___
Depression in the midline of the neck just inferior to the thyroid cartilage
Below the cricoid cartilage is the ___
Trachea
The trachea is ___ long and is a ___
- 5” (13 cm)
- Semirigid, enclosed air tube made up of rings of cartilage that are open in the back
The rings of cartilage keep the trachea from ___
Collapsing when air moves into and out of the lungs
Air and gases enter the trachea and proceed to the ___
Lungs
The two lungs are held in place by ___
The trachea, the arteries and veins, and the pulmonary ligaments
Each lung is divided into ___
Lobes
Lobes of the right lung
- Upper
- Middle
- Lower
Lobes of the left lung
- Upper
- Lower
Each lobe of the lung is divided further into ___
Segments
The lungs are supplied air by the ___
Right and left main stem bronchi
Two tubes that branch from the trachea at a structure called the carina
Right and left main stem bronchi
Each bronchus enters its respective lung and branches into ___
Smaller and smaller airways called bronchioles
The bronchioles end in about ___
700 million tiny, grape like clusters of air sacs called alveoli
It is within these alveolar sacs that ___
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the bloodstream
The alveoli are referred to as the ___ of the respiratory system
Functional units
The walls of the alveoli contain ___
A network of tiny blood vessels (pulmonary capillaries) that carry carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs and oxygen from the lungs to the body
Lungs are without ___
Muscle tissue
Covering each lung is a layer of smooth, glistening tissue called ___
Pleura
Another layer of pleura lines the ___
Inside of the chest cavity
What are the two layers of pleura called?
- Visceral pleura (covering the lungs)
- Parietal pleura (lining the chest wall)
Between the two layers of pleura is ___. This space is called the ___
- A small amount of fluid that permits smooth gliding of the tissues
- Pleural space
Pleural space is also called ___
A potential space
Under ordinary conditions the pleural space does not exist because ___
The two layers are usually sealed tightly to one another by a thin film of fluid
The diaphragm is unique because it has characteristics of ___
Voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (smooth) muscles
The diaphragm is pierced by ___
The great vessels and the esophagus
When ___, automatic regulation of breathing resumes
The concentration of carbon dioxide becomes too high
The other muscles involved in breathing are ___
- Neck (cervical) muscles
- Intercostal muscles
- Abdominal muscles
- Pectoral muscles
During inhalation, the ___ contract
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
When the diaphragm contracts, it ___
Moves down slightly, enlarging the thoracic cage from top to bottom
When the intercostal muscles contract, they ___
Move the ribs up and out
As the volume of the chest cavity increases, pressure in the cavity ___ and ___
- Falls
- Air rushes into the lungs
The part of the breathing cycle where air is breathed in
Negative-pressure breathing
This part of the breathing cycle is active, requiring the muscles to contract
Inhalation
During exhalation, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles ___
Relax
___ does not normally require muscular effort (breathing)
Exhalation
As the breathing muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax ___
Decrease
As resistance in the airway increases, you will begin to use ___
Accessory muscle groups, namely your abdominal and pectoral muscles, to assist the diaphragm in moving air
The function of the respiratory system
Provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
Two separate yet interdependent overall functions of the respiratory system
- Ventilation
- Respiration
Artificial ventilation is provided in the hope that your patient will resume ___
Respiration
Helps to control the pH of blood
Respiration
The typical bag mask device holds approximately ___ of air
1000 to 1200 mL
Bag-mask devices are designed to ___
Rapidly reinflate and allow you to control the amount of air that is moved to achieve chest rise and fall
At the capillaries, the oxygen is ___
Off-loaded from red blood cells
Oxygen leaves the red blood cell and passes through ___ and enters the ___, where it used to ___
- The thin capillary wall
- Tissue cells
- Produce energy
Air in the alveoli are only separated by ___
Two thin layers of tissue
Oxygen and CO2 pass rapidly across the thin tissue layers of the alveoli by ___
Diffusion
Exhaled air contains ___ oxygen and ___ carbon dioxide, and the rest is ___
- 16% oxygen
- 3% to 5% carbon dioxide
- Nitrogen
___ controls breathing
Brainstem
The nerves in the ___ act as sensors for the level of CO2 in the blood and subsequently the spinal fluid
Brainstem
The brain automatically controls breathing if the level of CO2 or oxygen in the ___ is too high or too low
Arterial blood
Automatic adjustments to breathing can be made in ___
Just one breath
Build up of carbon dioxide causes pH to ___ in the cerebrospinal fluid
Decrease
Cushions the brain and spinal cord and filters out impurities and toxins
Cerebrospinal fluid
When the level of carbon dioxide becomes too high, a slight change occurs in the ___ of the CSF
pH
This is sensitive to pH changes in the CSF
Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata is part of the ___
Brainstem
The medulla oblongata stimulates the ___, sending a signal to the ___ to ___
- Phrenic nerve
- Diaphragm
- Increase the rate of contraction
A minute volume increases, more carbon dioxide is ___
Exhaled
As the diaphragm becomes more active, the respiratory rate and tidal volume ___
Increase
The primary reason you breath is to ___
Lower your level of carbon dioxide, not to increase your level of oxygen
Backup system to control respiration that will stimulate breathing when oxygen levels fall
Hypoxic drive
Location of the body’s oxygen sensors
- Brain
- Aorta
- Carotid arteries
The oxygen sensors are easily satisfied by ___
Minimal levels of oxygen in the arterial blood
The hypoxic drive is ___
Much less sensitive and less powerful than the carbon dioxide sensors in the brainstem
Primarily responsible for initiating the ventilation cycle and is primarily stimulated by carbon dioxide levels
Medulla oblongata
The pons are located ___
Within the brainstem
The pons have ___ areas
Two
Help augment respirations during emotional or physical stress
The pons
Involved in changing the depth of inspiration, expiration, or both
The pons
The ___ work together to help you get the right amount of air when you need it
The medulla and the pons
The anatomy of the respiratory system in children is proportionally ___ than in adults
Smaller and less rigid
Differences in child respiratory system vs adult
- Nose and mouth smaller
- Larynx, cricoid cartilage, and trachea are smaller, softer, and more flexible
- Pharynx smaller and less deeply curved
- Tongue takes up proportionally more space
- Chest walls are softer, depend on diaphragm more for breathing
- Abdomen moves out more with each breath
- Infants younger than 1 month don’t know how to breath out of mouth
- Proportionally larger heads affects they way you treat suspected spinal injury
Normal respiration rate of an infant
30 to 60 breaths/min
Normal respiration rate of a child
12 to 40 breaths/min
Signs of normal breathing
- Normal rate and depth (tidal volume)
- Regular rhythm or pattern of inhalation and exhalation
- Clear, audible breath sounds on both sides of the chest
- Regular rise and fall movement on both sides of the chest
- Movement of the abdomen
Signs that an infant is not breathing normally
- Muscle retractions, muscles of neck and chest are working extra hard
- Nasal flaring
- Seesaw respirations, chest and abdominal muscles alternately contract
- Grunting with each exhalation to keep the small airways open
___ becomes active when infants and children have trouble breathing
Exhalation
During labored breathing a child will often begin to ___
Wheeze
Average adult man lung capacity
6000 mL
An average adult woman has about ___ total lung capacity
1/3 less
Gas remaining in the lungs after exhalation is simply to keep ___
The lungs open
A ___ occurs when a person is hit in the chest and has the wind knocked out of them
Loss of residual volume
Average tidal volume of adult man
500 mL
___ are considered dead space in the respiratory system
- Mouth
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
When you ventilate a patient with any device, you create more ___
Dead space
Minute volume equation
Respiratory rate x tidal volume
Minute volume is used to ___
Assess ventilation
When assessing ventilation you need to look at ___
- Respiratory rate
- Tidal volume
Normal respiration rate of an adult
12 to 20 breaths/min
An awake and alert adult speaking to you in full sentences, usually has no ___
Immediate airway or breathing problem
Signs that a person is not breathing normally
- Muscle retraction above the clavicles, between the ribs and below the rib cage, especially children
- Pale or cyanotic skin
- Cool, damp skin
- Tripod position
- Inadequate tidal volume
- Breathing too fast or too slow
- Irregular pattern
- Unequal breath sounds
- Unequal chest expansion
Agonal gasps occur when ___
The respiratory center of the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles
Agonal gasps are inadequate because ___
They come at a slow rate and are generally shallow
Patients with agonal gasps need ___
Artificial respirations and, most likely chest compressions
