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Emergency Medical Technician > The Human Body - Muscles & Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Human Body - Muscles & Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

A form of tissue that facilitates movement

A

Muscle

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2
Q

Three types of muscle

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
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3
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle is often referred to as ___

A

Striated muscle

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5
Q

Involuntary muscle

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
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6
Q

Smooth muscle is found within ___

A

Blood vessels and the intestines

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7
Q

Cardiac muscle is unique from other muscle types in that it can ___

A

Generate its own electrical impulses

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8
Q

Skeletal muscles often function in ___

A

Antagonistic pairs

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9
Q

The biceps competes with the ___

A

Triceps

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10
Q

How many muscles are in the musculoskeletal system?

A

More than 600

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11
Q

Functions of the musculoskeletal system

A
  1. Generation of heat
  2. Protect underlying structures
  3. Movement
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12
Q

The involuntary shaking of the muscles maintains ___

A

Homeostatis

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13
Q

The body’s self-regulating process for preserving internal balance, or equilibrium, in order to survive

A

Homeostasis

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14
Q

The intestines are protected by ___

A

The rectus abdominus muscles

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15
Q

Parts of the respiratory system

A
  1. Nose
  2. Mouth
  3. Throat
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi
  7. Bronchioles
  8. Lungs
  9. Diaphragm
  10. Muscles of the chest wall
  11. Accessory muscles of breathing
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16
Q

Where oxygen is passed into the blood and carbon dioxide removed

A

Lungs

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17
Q

The structures of the respiratory system are divided between ___

A

The upper airway and the lower airway

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18
Q

The structures of the upper airway are located ___

A

Anteriorly at the midline

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19
Q

Parts of the upper airway in descending order

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
  4. Larynx (voice box)
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20
Q

Biceps location

A

Anterior, humerus

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21
Q

Biceps function

A

Flexes lower arm

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22
Q

Triceps location

A

Posterior, humerus

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23
Q

Triceps function

A

Extends lower arm

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24
Q

Pectoralis location

A

Anterior, thorax

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25
Q

Pectoralis function

A

Flexes and rotates arm

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26
Q

Latissimus dorsi location

A

Posterior, thorax

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27
Q

Latissimus dorsi function

A

Extends and rotates arm

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28
Q

Rectus abdominis location

A

Anterior, abdomen

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29
Q

Rectus abdominis function

A

Flexes and rotates spine

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30
Q

Tibialis anterior location

A

Anterior, tibia

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31
Q

Tibialis anterior function

A

Points foot toward head

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32
Q

Gastrocnemius location

A

Posterior, tibia

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33
Q

Gastrocnemius function

A

Points foot away from head

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34
Q

Quadriceps (four separate muscles) location

A

Anterior, femur

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35
Q

Quadriceps (four separate muscles) function

A

Extends lower leg

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36
Q

Biceps femoris location

A

Posterior, femur

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37
Q

Biceps femoris function

A

Flexes lower leg

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38
Q

Gluteus (three separate muscles) location

A

Posterior, pelvis/buttocks

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39
Q

Gluteus (three separate muscles) function

A

Extends and rotates thigh

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40
Q

Vocal cords

A

Glottis

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41
Q

Mark the transition point from the upper to the lower airway

A

Vocal cords

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42
Q

The vocal cords are located ___

A

At the base of the larynx

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43
Q

The nose and mouth lead to the ___

A

Oropharynx

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44
Q

The pharynx is composed of ___

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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45
Q

The nostrils lead to the ___

A

Nasopharynx

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46
Q

The mouth leads to the ___

A

Oropharynx

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47
Q

The nasal passages and nasopharynx ___ air as you breath

A

Warm, filter, and humidify

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48
Q

Air enters through the mouth more rapidly and directly, resulting in the air being ___

A

Less moist that air that enters through the nose

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49
Q

Food, liquids, and air can all travel through the ___, but on reaching the ___ they must diverge

A
  1. Oropharynx
  2. Laryngopharynx
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50
Q

Food/liquids continue ___, while air proceeds ___

A
  1. Posteriorly into the esophagus
  2. To the anteriorly positioned larynx and trachea
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51
Q

The trachea is also know as ___

A

The windpipe

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52
Q

The larynx does not tolerate any ___

A

Solid or liquid material

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53
Q

To help keep food and liquid out of the trachea while permitting air to pass, ___

A

A thin leaf-shaped flap (epiglottis) covers the larynx during swallowing and then lifts open to allow for air passage during breathing

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54
Q

Structures of the lower airway

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchial tree (main stem bronchi and bronchioles)
  3. Alveoli
  4. Lungs
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55
Q

The thyroid cartilage is the ___ of the ___

A
  1. Anterior part
  2. Larynx
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56
Q

Sounds are created as air is forced past the ___

A

Vocal cords

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57
Q

The air forced past the vocal cords makes them ___

A

Vibrate

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58
Q

The pitch of the sound changes as ___

A

The cords open and close

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59
Q

The vibrations of air are shaped by the ___ to ___

A
  1. Tongue and muscles of the mouth
  2. Form understandable sounds
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60
Q

Immediately below the thyroid cartilage is the ___

A

Palpable cricoid cartilage

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61
Q

Between the cricoid and thyroid cartilage lies the ___

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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62
Q

The cricothyroid membrane can be felt as a ___

A

Depression in the midline of the neck just inferior to the thyroid cartilage

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63
Q

Below the cricoid cartilage is the ___

A

Trachea

64
Q

The trachea is ___ long and is a ___

A
  1. 5” (13 cm)
  2. Semirigid, enclosed air tube made up of rings of cartilage that are open in the back
65
Q

The rings of cartilage keep the trachea from ___

A

Collapsing when air moves into and out of the lungs

66
Q

Air and gases enter the trachea and proceed to the ___

A

Lungs

67
Q

The two lungs are held in place by ___

A

The trachea, the arteries and veins, and the pulmonary ligaments

68
Q

Each lung is divided into ___

A

Lobes

69
Q

Lobes of the right lung

A
  1. Upper
  2. Middle
  3. Lower
70
Q

Lobes of the left lung

A
  1. Upper
  2. Lower
71
Q

Each lobe of the lung is divided further into ___

A

Segments

72
Q

The lungs are supplied air by the ___

A

Right and left main stem bronchi

73
Q

Two tubes that branch from the trachea at a structure called the carina

A

Right and left main stem bronchi

74
Q

Each bronchus enters its respective lung and branches into ___

A

Smaller and smaller airways called bronchioles

75
Q

The bronchioles end in about ___

A

700 million tiny, grape like clusters of air sacs called alveoli

76
Q

It is within these alveolar sacs that ___

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the bloodstream

77
Q

The alveoli are referred to as the ___ of the respiratory system

A

Functional units

78
Q

The walls of the alveoli contain ___

A

A network of tiny blood vessels (pulmonary capillaries) that carry carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs and oxygen from the lungs to the body

79
Q

Lungs are without ___

A

Muscle tissue

80
Q

Covering each lung is a layer of smooth, glistening tissue called ___

A

Pleura

81
Q

Another layer of pleura lines the ___

A

Inside of the chest cavity

82
Q

What are the two layers of pleura called?

A
  1. Visceral pleura (covering the lungs)
  2. Parietal pleura (lining the chest wall)
83
Q

Between the two layers of pleura is ___. This space is called the ___

A
  1. A small amount of fluid that permits smooth gliding of the tissues
  2. Pleural space
84
Q

Pleural space is also called ___

A

A potential space

85
Q

Under ordinary conditions the pleural space does not exist because ___

A

The two layers are usually sealed tightly to one another by a thin film of fluid

86
Q

The diaphragm is unique because it has characteristics of ___

A

Voluntary (skeletal) and involuntary (smooth) muscles

87
Q

The diaphragm is pierced by ___

A

The great vessels and the esophagus

88
Q

When ___, automatic regulation of breathing resumes

A

The concentration of carbon dioxide becomes too high

89
Q

The other muscles involved in breathing are ___

A
  1. Neck (cervical) muscles
  2. Intercostal muscles
  3. Abdominal muscles
  4. Pectoral muscles
90
Q

During inhalation, the ___ contract

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

91
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, it ___

A

Moves down slightly, enlarging the thoracic cage from top to bottom

92
Q

When the intercostal muscles contract, they ___

A

Move the ribs up and out

93
Q

As the volume of the chest cavity increases, pressure in the cavity ___ and ___

A
  1. Falls
  2. Air rushes into the lungs
94
Q

The part of the breathing cycle where air is breathed in

A

Negative-pressure breathing

95
Q

This part of the breathing cycle is active, requiring the muscles to contract

A

Inhalation

96
Q

During exhalation, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles ___

A

Relax

97
Q

___ does not normally require muscular effort (breathing)

A

Exhalation

98
Q

As the breathing muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax ___

A

Decrease

99
Q

As resistance in the airway increases, you will begin to use ___

A

Accessory muscle groups, namely your abdominal and pectoral muscles, to assist the diaphragm in moving air

100
Q

The function of the respiratory system

A

Provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

101
Q

Two separate yet interdependent overall functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Respiration
102
Q

Artificial ventilation is provided in the hope that your patient will resume ___

A

Respiration

103
Q

Helps to control the pH of blood

A

Respiration

104
Q

The typical bag mask device holds approximately ___ of air

A

1000 to 1200 mL

105
Q

Bag-mask devices are designed to ___

A

Rapidly reinflate and allow you to control the amount of air that is moved to achieve chest rise and fall

106
Q

At the capillaries, the oxygen is ___

A

Off-loaded from red blood cells

107
Q

Oxygen leaves the red blood cell and passes through ___ and enters the ___, where it used to ___

A
  1. The thin capillary wall
  2. Tissue cells
  3. Produce energy
108
Q

Air in the alveoli are only separated by ___

A

Two thin layers of tissue

109
Q

Oxygen and CO2 pass rapidly across the thin tissue layers of the alveoli by ___

A

Diffusion

110
Q

Exhaled air contains ___ oxygen and ___ carbon dioxide, and the rest is ___

A
  1. 16% oxygen
  2. 3% to 5% carbon dioxide
  3. Nitrogen
111
Q

___ controls breathing

A

Brainstem

112
Q

The nerves in the ___ act as sensors for the level of CO2 in the blood and subsequently the spinal fluid

A

Brainstem

113
Q

The brain automatically controls breathing if the level of CO2 or oxygen in the ___ is too high or too low

A

Arterial blood

114
Q

Automatic adjustments to breathing can be made in ___

A

Just one breath

115
Q

Build up of carbon dioxide causes pH to ___ in the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Decrease

116
Q

Cushions the brain and spinal cord and filters out impurities and toxins

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

117
Q

When the level of carbon dioxide becomes too high, a slight change occurs in the ___ of the CSF

A

pH

118
Q

This is sensitive to pH changes in the CSF

A

Medulla oblongata

119
Q

The medulla oblongata is part of the ___

A

Brainstem

120
Q

The medulla oblongata stimulates the ___, sending a signal to the ___ to ___

A
  1. Phrenic nerve
  2. Diaphragm
  3. Increase the rate of contraction
121
Q

A minute volume increases, more carbon dioxide is ___

A

Exhaled

122
Q

As the diaphragm becomes more active, the respiratory rate and tidal volume ___

A

Increase

123
Q

The primary reason you breath is to ___

A

Lower your level of carbon dioxide, not to increase your level of oxygen

124
Q

Backup system to control respiration that will stimulate breathing when oxygen levels fall

A

Hypoxic drive

125
Q

Location of the body’s oxygen sensors

A
  1. Brain
  2. Aorta
  3. Carotid arteries
126
Q

The oxygen sensors are easily satisfied by ___

A

Minimal levels of oxygen in the arterial blood

127
Q

The hypoxic drive is ___

A

Much less sensitive and less powerful than the carbon dioxide sensors in the brainstem

128
Q

Primarily responsible for initiating the ventilation cycle and is primarily stimulated by carbon dioxide levels

A

Medulla oblongata

129
Q

The pons are located ___

A

Within the brainstem

130
Q

The pons have ___ areas

A

Two

131
Q

Help augment respirations during emotional or physical stress

A

The pons

132
Q

Involved in changing the depth of inspiration, expiration, or both

A

The pons

133
Q

The ___ work together to help you get the right amount of air when you need it

A

The medulla and the pons

134
Q

The anatomy of the respiratory system in children is proportionally ___ than in adults

A

Smaller and less rigid

135
Q

Differences in child respiratory system vs adult

A
  1. Nose and mouth smaller
  2. Larynx, cricoid cartilage, and trachea are smaller, softer, and more flexible
  3. Pharynx smaller and less deeply curved
  4. Tongue takes up proportionally more space
  5. Chest walls are softer, depend on diaphragm more for breathing
  6. Abdomen moves out more with each breath
  7. Infants younger than 1 month don’t know how to breath out of mouth
  8. Proportionally larger heads affects they way you treat suspected spinal injury
136
Q

Normal respiration rate of an infant

A

30 to 60 breaths/min

137
Q

Normal respiration rate of a child

A

12 to 40 breaths/min

138
Q

Signs of normal breathing

A
  1. Normal rate and depth (tidal volume)
  2. Regular rhythm or pattern of inhalation and exhalation
  3. Clear, audible breath sounds on both sides of the chest
  4. Regular rise and fall movement on both sides of the chest
  5. Movement of the abdomen
139
Q

Signs that an infant is not breathing normally

A
  1. Muscle retractions, muscles of neck and chest are working extra hard
  2. Nasal flaring
  3. Seesaw respirations, chest and abdominal muscles alternately contract
  4. Grunting with each exhalation to keep the small airways open
140
Q

___ becomes active when infants and children have trouble breathing

A

Exhalation

141
Q

During labored breathing a child will often begin to ___

A

Wheeze

142
Q

Average adult man lung capacity

A

6000 mL

143
Q

An average adult woman has about ___ total lung capacity

A

1/3 less

144
Q

Gas remaining in the lungs after exhalation is simply to keep ___

A

The lungs open

145
Q

A ___ occurs when a person is hit in the chest and has the wind knocked out of them

A

Loss of residual volume

146
Q

Average tidal volume of adult man

A

500 mL

147
Q

___ are considered dead space in the respiratory system

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchi
  4. Bronchioles
148
Q

When you ventilate a patient with any device, you create more ___

A

Dead space

149
Q

Minute volume equation

A

Respiratory rate x tidal volume

150
Q

Minute volume is used to ___

A

Assess ventilation

151
Q

When assessing ventilation you need to look at ___

A
  1. Respiratory rate
  2. Tidal volume
152
Q

Normal respiration rate of an adult

A

12 to 20 breaths/min

153
Q

An awake and alert adult speaking to you in full sentences, usually has no ___

A

Immediate airway or breathing problem

154
Q

Signs that a person is not breathing normally

A
  1. Muscle retraction above the clavicles, between the ribs and below the rib cage, especially children
  2. Pale or cyanotic skin
  3. Cool, damp skin
  4. Tripod position
  5. Inadequate tidal volume
  6. Breathing too fast or too slow
  7. Irregular pattern
  8. Unequal breath sounds
  9. Unequal chest expansion
155
Q

Agonal gasps occur when ___

A

The respiratory center of the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles

156
Q

Agonal gasps are inadequate because ___

A

They come at a slow rate and are generally shallow

157
Q

Patients with agonal gasps need ___

A

Artificial respirations and, most likely chest compressions

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

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