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Emergency Medical Technician > The Human Body - Genital System, Life Support Chain, & Pathophysiology > Flashcards

The Human Body - Genital System, Life Support Chain, & Pathophysiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

The male genitalia, except for the ___, lie outside the pelvic cavity

A

Prostate gland and the seminal vesicles

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2
Q

The female genitalia, except for the ___, are contained entirely within the pelvis

A

Clitoris and labia

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3
Q

Parts of the male reproductive system

A
  1. Testicles
  2. Epididymis
  3. Vasa deferentia
  4. Prostate gland
  5. Seminal vesicles
  6. Penis
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4
Q

The hormones are ___ from the testicles

A

Absorbed directly into the bloodstream

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5
Q

The immature sperm are moved from the testicles to the ___ so they can develop

A

Epididymis

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6
Q

From the epididymis the sperm are ___

A

Carried through the vasa deferentia (or vas deferens) to the seminal vesicles, where they are stored

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7
Q

Parts of the female reproductive system

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Fallopian tubes
  3. Uterus
  4. Cervix
  5. Vagina
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8
Q

Ovum

A

Egg cell

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9
Q

The ovaries release a mature egg about every ___

A

28 days

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10
Q

From the ovaries the egg ___

A

Travels through the Fallopian tubes, where fertilization normally occurs

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11
Q

The Fallopian tubes exit into the ___

A

Uterus

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12
Q

Fallopian tubes are also called ___

A

Uterine tubes

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13
Q

The uterus is ___

A

Pear-shaped and hollow, with muscular walls

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14
Q

The opening from the uterus to the vagina

A

The cervix

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15
Q

The vagina connects the uterus with the ___

A

Vulva

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16
Q

External female genitalia

A

Vulva

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17
Q

Function of the reproductive system

A

Reproduction and hormone balance

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18
Q

Metabolism

A

Cells use oxygen to turn available nutrients into chemical energy through the biochemical process

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19
Q

Cells prefer to use oxygen for producing ___ because doing so provides cells with ___ times more than is possible without oxygen

A
  1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  2. 15 times
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20
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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21
Q

The waste products of aerobic metabolism

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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22
Q

Anaerobic metabolism is ___

A

Faster yet less efficient

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23
Q

Most well-known byproduct of anaerobic metabolism

A

Lactic acid

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24
Q

Most cells can tolerate anaerobic metabolism for only ___

A

1 to 3 minutes

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25
Q

Brain cells begin to die after only ___ minutes without oxygen

A

4 to 6

26
Q

As lactic acid and other wastes accumulate around the cells ___

A

The area becomes toxic. Cells subject to this toxic waste may die, and if enough die, whole organs might fail

27
Q

The main force enabling all the movement of material at the cellular level

A

Diffusion

28
Q

Cells are surrounded by fluid that allows for ___

A

Easy movement of nutrients and wastes

29
Q

A critical factor for cell survival of the fluid surrounding the cells is ___

A

pH

30
Q

Neutral pH

A

7.0

31
Q

Acidic pH

A

Less than 7.0

32
Q

Alkaline pH

A

Greater than 7.0

33
Q

pH for fluid around cells

A

Near neutral (7.35 - 7.45)

34
Q

The pH of cells waste products are often ___

A

Acidic

35
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported from the cells by ___

A

Combining with water to create carbonic acid, which is more soluble in the plasma

36
Q

Plasma contains ___ to act as a buffer for cellular waste products

A

Sodium bicarbonate

37
Q

The blood and the lungs interact continuously to help maintain the pH level in the body by ___

A

Controlling the level of carbon dioxide and therefore the level of carbonic acid in the blood

38
Q

How does the body reduce the acidity of the blood?

A

Respiratory centers in the brainstem will increase breathing to blow off more carbon dioxide

39
Q

If too much carbon dioxide is blow off, the body can become ___

A

Too alkaline

40
Q

What happens to the pH of the blood during hyperventilation

A

Becomes too alkaline

41
Q

Most common airway obstruction

A

The tongue

42
Q

When a person is unconscious the tongue ___

A

Relaxes and sags posteriorly in the mouth

43
Q

Two ways to express the amount of oxygen in the air

A
  1. Straight percentage
  2. A fraction of the inspired oxygen, expressed as the decimal equivalent of the percentage of oxygen being delivered)
44
Q

Overall effect of respiratory compromise

A
  1. Oxygen levels fall and CO2 levels rise in the body
  2. Brain detects CO2 increase
  3. Body increases respiration rate to normalize
  4. Blood becomes more acidic
  5. Blood oxygen levels fall
45
Q

Decreased oxygen levels will force cells to use ___ metabolism

A

Anaerobic

46
Q

Complete lack of oxygen for ___ can overwhelm the body

A

1 to 3 minutes

47
Q

A condition in which organs and tissues receive an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen (inadequately perfused)

A

Shock

48
Q

Oxygen delivery is directly related to ___

A
  1. Concentration of red blood cells (and their hemoglobin concentration)
  2. Amount of oxygen being carried by the blood (oxygen saturation)
  3. Pumping ability of the heart (cardiac output)
49
Q

Impairment to any of the three oxygen delivery factors will lead to ___

A

Impaired oxygen delivery and shock

50
Q

Impaired oxygen delivery causes ___

A

Cellular hypoxia, which leads to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid production, and organ disfunction

51
Q

Shock is categorized by ___

A

Cause

52
Q

Types of shock

A
  1. Hypovolemic
  2. Cardiogenic
  3. Obstructive
  4. Anaphylactic
  5. Septic
  6. Neurogenic
53
Q

Categories of respiratory compromise

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Respiration
  3. Oxygenation
54
Q

Shock resulting from lack of blood volume. Circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver sufficient oxygen and nutrients to the body

A

Hypovolemic shock

55
Q

Shock associated with impaired heart function. Compromised heart function prevents wastes and nutrients from moving around the body effectively

A

Cardiogenic shock

56
Q

Shock resulting from blocked blood flow back to or through the heart

A

Obstructive shock

57
Q

Shock resulting from sever allergic reaction

A

Anaphylactic shock

58
Q

Shock resulting from severe infection. Blood vessels dilate and decreased blood pressure results; leads to dysfunction in multiple organ systems and death

A

Septic shock

59
Q

Shock resulting from injury to the nervous system. Spinal cord injury may result in dilation of vessels below the level of the injury for example

A

Neurogenic shock

60
Q

Ultimately the effect of all types of shock is ___

A

Decreased availability of fuel for the cells and the impairment of cellular metabolism

61
Q

Cell death is followed by ___

A

Necrosis

62
Q

Necrosis

A

A process in which the cell wall breaks down. The cell membrane becomes abnormally permeable, leading to an influx of electrolytes and fluids. The cell and its components (organelles) swell and are ultimately destroyed

Emergency Medical Technician (100 decks)

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