The Human Body - Genital System, Life Support Chain, & Pathophysiology Flashcards
The male genitalia, except for the ___, lie outside the pelvic cavity
Prostate gland and the seminal vesicles
The female genitalia, except for the ___, are contained entirely within the pelvis
Clitoris and labia
Parts of the male reproductive system
- Testicles
- Epididymis
- Vasa deferentia
- Prostate gland
- Seminal vesicles
- Penis
The hormones are ___ from the testicles
Absorbed directly into the bloodstream
The immature sperm are moved from the testicles to the ___ so they can develop
Epididymis
From the epididymis the sperm are ___
Carried through the vasa deferentia (or vas deferens) to the seminal vesicles, where they are stored
Parts of the female reproductive system
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Vagina
Ovum
Egg cell
The ovaries release a mature egg about every ___
28 days
From the ovaries the egg ___
Travels through the Fallopian tubes, where fertilization normally occurs
The Fallopian tubes exit into the ___
Uterus
Fallopian tubes are also called ___
Uterine tubes
The uterus is ___
Pear-shaped and hollow, with muscular walls
The opening from the uterus to the vagina
The cervix
The vagina connects the uterus with the ___
Vulva
External female genitalia
Vulva
Function of the reproductive system
Reproduction and hormone balance
Metabolism
Cells use oxygen to turn available nutrients into chemical energy through the biochemical process
Cells prefer to use oxygen for producing ___ because doing so provides cells with ___ times more than is possible without oxygen
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- 15 times
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
The waste products of aerobic metabolism
Carbon dioxide and water
Anaerobic metabolism is ___
Faster yet less efficient
Most well-known byproduct of anaerobic metabolism
Lactic acid
Most cells can tolerate anaerobic metabolism for only ___
1 to 3 minutes
Brain cells begin to die after only ___ minutes without oxygen
4 to 6
As lactic acid and other wastes accumulate around the cells ___
The area becomes toxic. Cells subject to this toxic waste may die, and if enough die, whole organs might fail
The main force enabling all the movement of material at the cellular level
Diffusion
Cells are surrounded by fluid that allows for ___
Easy movement of nutrients and wastes
A critical factor for cell survival of the fluid surrounding the cells is ___
pH
Neutral pH
7.0
Acidic pH
Less than 7.0
Alkaline pH
Greater than 7.0
pH for fluid around cells
Near neutral (7.35 - 7.45)
The pH of cells waste products are often ___
Acidic
Carbon dioxide is transported from the cells by ___
Combining with water to create carbonic acid, which is more soluble in the plasma
Plasma contains ___ to act as a buffer for cellular waste products
Sodium bicarbonate
The blood and the lungs interact continuously to help maintain the pH level in the body by ___
Controlling the level of carbon dioxide and therefore the level of carbonic acid in the blood
How does the body reduce the acidity of the blood?
Respiratory centers in the brainstem will increase breathing to blow off more carbon dioxide
If too much carbon dioxide is blow off, the body can become ___
Too alkaline
What happens to the pH of the blood during hyperventilation
Becomes too alkaline
Most common airway obstruction
The tongue
When a person is unconscious the tongue ___
Relaxes and sags posteriorly in the mouth
Two ways to express the amount of oxygen in the air
- Straight percentage
- A fraction of the inspired oxygen, expressed as the decimal equivalent of the percentage of oxygen being delivered)
Overall effect of respiratory compromise
- Oxygen levels fall and CO2 levels rise in the body
- Brain detects CO2 increase
- Body increases respiration rate to normalize
- Blood becomes more acidic
- Blood oxygen levels fall
Decreased oxygen levels will force cells to use ___ metabolism
Anaerobic
Complete lack of oxygen for ___ can overwhelm the body
1 to 3 minutes
A condition in which organs and tissues receive an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen (inadequately perfused)
Shock
Oxygen delivery is directly related to ___
- Concentration of red blood cells (and their hemoglobin concentration)
- Amount of oxygen being carried by the blood (oxygen saturation)
- Pumping ability of the heart (cardiac output)
Impairment to any of the three oxygen delivery factors will lead to ___
Impaired oxygen delivery and shock
Impaired oxygen delivery causes ___
Cellular hypoxia, which leads to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid production, and organ disfunction
Shock is categorized by ___
Cause
Types of shock
- Hypovolemic
- Cardiogenic
- Obstructive
- Anaphylactic
- Septic
- Neurogenic
Categories of respiratory compromise
- Ventilation
- Respiration
- Oxygenation
Shock resulting from lack of blood volume. Circulating blood volume is inadequate to deliver sufficient oxygen and nutrients to the body
Hypovolemic shock
Shock associated with impaired heart function. Compromised heart function prevents wastes and nutrients from moving around the body effectively
Cardiogenic shock
Shock resulting from blocked blood flow back to or through the heart
Obstructive shock
Shock resulting from sever allergic reaction
Anaphylactic shock
Shock resulting from severe infection. Blood vessels dilate and decreased blood pressure results; leads to dysfunction in multiple organ systems and death
Septic shock
Shock resulting from injury to the nervous system. Spinal cord injury may result in dilation of vessels below the level of the injury for example
Neurogenic shock
Ultimately the effect of all types of shock is ___
Decreased availability of fuel for the cells and the impairment of cellular metabolism
Cell death is followed by ___
Necrosis
Necrosis
A process in which the cell wall breaks down. The cell membrane becomes abnormally permeable, leading to an influx of electrolytes and fluids. The cell and its components (organelles) swell and are ultimately destroyed
