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22 fall: path > Test 4: 3 :ocular > Flashcards

Test 4: 3 :ocular Flashcards

1
Q

eye adnexa

A

the eyelids, the conjunctival sac, the lacrimal drainage system, the lacrimal gland, and the orbital contents except for the eye and optic nerve.

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2
Q

uvea

A

middle layer of the eye

iris, ciliary body, choroid

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3
Q

point where cornea and sclera meet

A

limbus

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4
Q

anterior and posterior chamber are filled with

A

aqueous humor

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5
Q

what part of the eye is filled with vitreous humor

A

posterior segment

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6
Q

three layers of the eye

A

Fibrous outer tunic
* Cornea and sclera

Vascular middle tunic
* Iris * Ciliary body * Choroid

Nervous inner tunic
* Retina

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7
Q

two type of defective migration of mesenchymal eye tissue

A

Choroidal hypoplasia
Iris hypoplasia

Mesenchymal
* corneal stroma & endothelium, uveal stroma, hyaloid artery system, choroid, orbital cartilage & bone, sclera

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8
Q

2 types of incomplete atrophy of mesenchymal eye tissue

A
  • Persistent pupillary membrane
  • Goniodysgenesis

Mesenchymal
* corneal stroma & endothelium, uveal stroma, hyaloid artery system, choroid, orbital cartilage & bone, sclera

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9
Q

Choroidal hypoplasia is a hallmark of — . Other finding are posterior — and retinal separation.

A

Collie Eye Anomaly

coloboma- notch defect

vision is only midly affected if not retinal separation

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10
Q
A

feline persistent pupillary membrane

opacity

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11
Q
A

persistent hyaloid artery

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12
Q

what went wrong in the left picture

eye

A

goniodysgenesis

filtration angle not open, leads to glaucoma

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13
Q

name for abdnormal eyelash direction

A

eyelid agenesis with trichiasis

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14
Q
A

distichiasis- additional cilia(eyelashes) protruding from the Meibomian gland opening and contacting the cornea.

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15
Q
A

limbal dermoid

not cancer, haired skin, causes opacity

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16
Q

what kind of defect

A

retinal dysplasia

retinal folds

most common in dogs (& as part of Collie eye anomaly) and cattle

causes include:
1. Failure of proper apposition of the two layers of the optic cup
2. Failure of induction by defective retinal pigmented epithelium
3. Necrosis or dysplasia of developing retina by viruses (BVDV, bluetongue, CHV1, panleukopenia, FeLV)

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17
Q

term for developmental defects of the anterior chamber mesenchyme at the iridocorneal angle that predispose dogs
to glaucoma

A

Goniodysgenesis

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18
Q

trichiasis

A

cilia/eyelashes pointed wrong way and poke eye

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19
Q

distichiasis

A

2nd row of eyelashes that poke the eye

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20
Q

eyelid inflammation

A

Blepharitis

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21
Q

another name for stye

A

Hordeolum

suppurative adenitis (inflammation of gland)

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22
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

lacrimal gland inflammation

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23
Q

another name for dry eye

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

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24
Q

Chalazion

A

granulomatous inflammation due to leakage of Meibomian secretion

leads to epithelial macrophages and MNGC

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25
Q

eye gland issue called

A

chalazion →granulomatous inflammation due to leakage of Meibomian secretion

white areas of lipid

Typically adjacent to adenoma of the Meibomian gland, but can be associated with any injury to the Meibomian gland.

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26
Q

chemosis

A

edema of conjunctiva

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27
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of conjunctiva

can be acute or chronic with purulent discharge

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28
Q

chemosis and conjunctivitis in cats can be caused by

A

Feline herpesvirus-1
Chlamydia felis
Mycoplasma felis, M. gatae
Feline calicivirus

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29
Q

what are some things that can cause bovine conjunctivitis and corneal edema?

A

Malignant Catarrhal Fever – MCF
* Gammaherpesvirinae – 10 viruses in the group
* Ovine Herpesvirus-2 most common cause in North America
* Systemic disease

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30
Q

— is a common component of feline upper respiratory tract disease caused by FHV-1, Chlamydia felis, and/or Mycoplasma spp.

A

Conjunctivitis

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31
Q

Inflammation and damage to the lacrimal glands can compromise the tear film and lead to chronic —

A

keratitis

inflammation of cornea

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32
Q
A

needs to be organized, non keratinized and avascular to allow light to pass through

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33
Q

what are some responses to chronic injury

A

Erosion or ulceration
* Descemetocele
Metaplasia, melanosis
Stromal edema
Stromal neovascularization
* 4 days after injury; 1mm/day
Stromal necrosis/ keratomalacia (melting ulcer)
Stromal fibrosis
Keratitis- inflammation of cornea

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34
Q
A

Severe chronic keratitis (Keratoconjunctivitis sicca) with corneal cutaneous metaplasia

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35
Q
A

descemetocele

herniation of Descemet’s membrane (usually outward through the corneal stroma and epithelium)

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36
Q

what can cause this

A

cat scratch
septic implantation syndrome

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37
Q

equine fungal keratitis leads to —

A

deep ulcers with keratomalacia (melting ulcer)

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38
Q

coroneal endothelial dystrophy occurs in what breeds? and causes ?

A

Boston Terriers, Chihuahuas, Dachshunds

Causes progressive bilateral corneal edema.

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39
Q

corneal stroma dystrophy causes —

A

wide range of breed-specific lipid and or mineral deposits.

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40
Q

lipidosis of the cornea is secondary to

A

hypercholesterolemia or corneal injury

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41
Q

Corneal — often describes corneal lesions characterized by noninflammatory loss of epithelial or stromal cells.

A

Degeneration

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42
Q

Feline corneal sequestrum:

A

discrete orange brown discoloration of the central cornea.
* Persian or Himalayan
* Necrosis of stromal cells; sequestrum will eventually slough, heals by granulation tissue. May be an uncommon sequel to corneal ulceration in cats

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43
Q

Spontaneous Chronic Corneal Epithelial Defects (“indolent” or “Boxer” ulcer)

A

recurrent shallow central corneal erosion/ulcers; epithelial cells unable to anchor.

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44
Q
A

Canine. Corneal lipid/cholesterol deposits.

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45
Q

what kind of cats get corneal sequestrum

A

persian, burmese, himalayan

discrete orange brown discoloration of the central cornea.

Necrosis of stromal cells; sequestrum will eventually slough, heals by granulation
tissue. May be an uncommon sequel to corneal ulceration in cats

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46
Q

Anterior uveitis

A

iris and ciliary body inflammation

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47
Q

Posterior uveitis

A

choroid inflammation

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48
Q

Panuveitis

A

iris, ciliary body, and choroid inflammation

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49
Q

Chorioretinitis

A

choroid and retina inflammation

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50
Q

aqueous flare

A

mild, Serous – Protein-rich fluid in anterior chamber in aqueous membrane

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51
Q

hypopyon

A

bacterial infection in the uvea that leads to supprative discharge in the anterior chamber

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52
Q

most common cause of glaucoma in cats

A

Lymphoplasmacytic Anterior Uveitis

buildup of lymphoid and plasma cells in the filtration angle

nonspecific inflammatory reaction

unknown cause

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53
Q

front of eye

A

Suppurative anterior uveitis – usually associated with bacterial infection

forms Hypopyon

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54
Q

FIP will cause —

A

anterior uveitis

Keratic precipitates – inflammatory cells adhered to the corneal endothelium

Corneal neovascularization

Ocular manifestation of systemic disease

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55
Q

what causes this

A

damge to corneal endothelium leading to edema

canine adenovirus-1

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56
Q

— is the most common cause of glaucoma and blindness in horses

A

Equine recurrent uveitis.

leads to Cataract, Retinal detachment, Fibrovascular proliferation, Synechiae, Glaucoma

caused by lepto virus

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57
Q

what causes this in horses

A

lepto

recurrent uveitis

most common causes of glaucoma and blindness in horses

leads to
Cataract * Retinal detachment * Fibrovascular proliferation * Synechiae * Glaucoma

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58
Q

anterior and posterior synechiae

A

iris stuck to cornea

iris stuck to lens

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59
Q

phthisis bulbi

A

hypotonic. shrunken disorganized eye

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60
Q
A

Anterior synechia with corneal opacity

iris stuck to cornea

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61
Q

what will happen

A

synechia will block filtration angle and cause glaucoma

Pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane with peripheral anterior synechia.

Fibrovascular proliferation lines the anterior face of the iris and spans the iridocorneal angle (asterisk), obstructing aqueous outflow

62
Q

iris attached to lens is called

A

posterior synechiae

cataract
PIFM- pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane
hemorrhage

63
Q

— is caused by chronic uveitis

A

phthisis bulbi

64
Q

lens opacity is called

A

cataract

65
Q

phakitis

A

inflammation of lens of eye

66
Q

lens of eye

A

Cataract; Morgagnian globules, lens fiber degeneration, epithelial posterior migration

67
Q
A

anterior lens luxation

68
Q

— dogs will have a mutation in ADAMTS17 that leads to —

A

jack russel

primary lens luxation from zonular dysplasia

leads to intraocular inflammation and glaucoma

69
Q

Increased opacity of the lens due to degeneration of — is
called a cataract

A

lens fibers

70
Q

Displacement of the lens is called lens luxation and can cause — inflammation and —

A

intraocular
glaucoma

71
Q
A

complete retinal detachment

morning glory flower

72
Q

The — is responsible for retinal blood
supply and removing waste products

A

RPE
retinal pigment epithelium

will cause tombstoning/ hypertrophy if seperated

73
Q

Chorioretinitis

A

inflammation of chroion and retina

74
Q

all retinal degeneration execpt for glaucome will progress from —

A

outerlayer
inward

toxic, injury, idiopathic, nutritional defiencies

75
Q

common inherited cause of retinal degeneration that is found in >100 breeds of dogs

A

Progressive Retinal Atrophy:

autosomal recessive

Progresses to blindness; unassociated with inflammation

Ultrastructural and biochemical changes, age of onset, speed of progression differ from breed to breed (common in Irish Setters, Norwegian elkhounds, collies and miniature poodles)

76
Q

Papilledema

A

swelling of optic disc caused by Increased CSF pressure, inflammation, decreased IOP

77
Q

The separated retina cannot be properly nourished by the underlying —

A

RPE and choroid

leads to atrophy

78
Q

Nodular granulomatous scleritis/episcleritis in dogs causes

A

-nodular proliferative inflammatory lesions of the sclera

-behaves as a locally infiltrative neoplasm

treatable and common

79
Q

The single most consistently recognized feature of all glaucomas in
veterinary patients is —

A

elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP)

80
Q

Aqueous humor is produced by the —

A

ciliary body epithelium

81
Q

Aqueous humor leaves the anterior chamber at the —

A

iridocorneal angle
filtration angle

82
Q

two primary causes of glaucoma

A

Goniodysgenesis – congenital malformation of the filtration apparatus. Onset of glaucoma at maturity or middle age onset (why?); most common in dogs; rare in cats

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

83
Q

Sequelae of Glaucoma

A
  • Optic disc cupping
  • Corneal edema
  • Buphthalmos - bulging of eye
  • Exposure keratitis -inflammation of cornea from not being able to blink
  • Cataract
  • Atrophy of iris and ciliary body
  • Retinal atrophy
  • Retinal separation
  • Scleral thinning
  • Lens luxation / subluxation
  • Corneal striae (breaks in descement’s membrane)
84
Q

glaucoma causes — at back of eye

A

optic disc cupping and retinal separation

85
Q

Glaucoma can lead to increased size of the globe (—) and
exposure keratitis

A

buphthalmia

86
Q

some causes of secondary glaucoma

A

anything that increases intraocular pressure other then Goniodysgenesis and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

examples: cancer, synechiae, hemorrhage, uveitis

87
Q
A

SCC

Incidence: bovine > equine > feline > canine (limbus > 3rd eyelid > eyelid)

Pathogenesis: UV light → epidermal plaque →papilloma → carcinoma in situ →carcinoma (invasive, may metastasize)

88
Q
A

Meibomian gland adenoma and
epithelioma
* Common, benign (70% of eyelid tumors)

Meibomian gland adenocarcinoma
* Rare, malignant - invasive

89
Q

what kind of cancer in dogs

A

Canine
- Prognosis based on histologic criteria (anaplasia, mitoses, invasion)
- Sites: iris - common - 90% benign; choroid - rare - usually benign

90
Q

melanocytomas in dogs are usually —

in cats —

A

Canine
- Prognosis based on histologic criteria (anaplasia, mitoses, invasion)
- Sites: iris - common - 90% benign; choroid - rare - usually benign

Feline
- Diffuse iris melanoma more common than solitary masses
- May obstruct filtration angle and cause glaucoma
- Greater risk for distant metastasis with longer latency (3-5 years)

91
Q

cat

A

Feline
- Diffuse iris melanoma more common than solitary masses
- May obstruct filtration angle and cause glaucoma
- Greater risk for distant metastasis with longer latency (3-5 years)

92
Q

what kind of tumor

A

iridociliary adenoma

2nd most common eye cancer, 2nd to melanomas

93
Q

cat

A

Feline post-traumatic sarcoma (fibrosarcoma): Variable lag time – 5 months to 11 years – between trauma and neoplasia

  • Thought to arise from metaplasia of lens epithelium following injury with a long latency period of several months to years
  • Several variants: Spindle cell (fibrosarcoma) most common; osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma; round-cell variant (B-cell lymphoma)
  • Aggressive locally infiltrative behavior, can extend along the optic nerve to the brain
94
Q

why should you remove a feline post traumatic sarcoma

A

very infiltrative

can crawl along optic nerve to the brain

metaplasia from trauma to lens

95
Q

what kind of cancer

A

Ocular Lymphoma (can be solitary or part of systemic lymphoma)

Better outcomes than when part of multicentric lymphoma

96
Q
A

orbital meningioma

on optic nerve

97
Q

three types of orbital neoplasms

A
  • Orbital nerve meningioma
  • Sarcomas
  • Lacrimal adenocarcinoma
98
Q

— carcinoma of the conjunctiva is common in cattle and horses, and can occur in other species

A

Squamous cell

Incidence: bovine > equine > feline > canine (limbus > 3rd eyelid > eyelid)

Pathogenesis: UV light → epidermal plaque →papilloma → carcinoma in situ →carcinoma (invasive, may metastasize)

99
Q

— adenomas are very common, benign tumors in dogs eyes

A

Meibomian

70% of eye lid tumors are this type

100
Q

The clinical behavior of feline — melanoma is hard to predict,
with a subset of tumors metastasizing widely

A

diffuse iris

Diffuse iris melanoma more common than solitary masses
May obstruct filtration angle and cause glaucoma
Greater risk for distant metastasis with longer latency (3-5 years)

101
Q

Feline post-traumatic ocular sarcoma is locally invasive and can occur many months to years after a —

A

traumatic incident

  • Thought to arise from metaplasia of lens epithelium following injury with a long latency period of several months to years
  • Several variants: Spindle cell (fibrosarcoma) most common; osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma; round-cell variant (B-cell lymphoma)
  • Aggressive locally infiltrative behavior, can extend along the optic nerve to the brain
102
Q

a developmental defect characterized by complete absence of the eye(s).

A

Anophthalmos

103
Q

enlargement and distension of the fibrous coats of the eye

A

Buphthalmos

104
Q

an apparent absence or defect of some ocular tissue, usually resulting from a failure of a part of the fetal fissure to close.

A

Coloboma

(notch defect) think collie eye syndrome

105
Q

inflammation involving the ocular cavities and their adjacent structures (uvea, retina).

A

Endophthalmitis:

106
Q

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball.

A

Exophthalmos:

107
Q

a group of diseases characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure which causes pathological changes in the eye.

A

Glaucoma:

108
Q

a congenitally small eye(s) may be associated with other ocular defects.

A

Microphthalmos (microphthalmia)

109
Q

inflammation of all the structures or tissues of the eye (including sclera).

A

Panophthalmitis

110
Q

shrinking, wastage, and hypotony of the eyeball.

A

Phthisis bulbi

111
Q

inflammation of the eyelids.

A

Blepharitis

112
Q

chronic granulomatous inflammation of an eyelid (Meibomian) gland

A

Chalazion

113
Q

inflammation of the lacrimal gland(s).

A

Dacryoadenitis

114
Q

the presence of a double row of eyelashes on an eyelid, one or both of which are turned in against the eyeball.

A

Distichiasis:

115
Q

the turning outward (eversion) of an edge or margin, as of the eyelid, resulting in exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva.

A

Ectropion:

116
Q

the turning inward (inversion) of an edge or margin, as of the margin of the eyelids turned in toward the eyeball.

A

Entropion:

117
Q

localized purulent inflammatory of one or more Meibomian glands of the eyelids.

A

Hordeolum (stye)

118
Q

inflammation of the conjunctiva.

A

Conjunctivitis

119
Q

herniation of Descemet’s membrane (usually outward through the corneal stroma and epithelium).

A

Descemetocele:

120
Q

a congenital lesion on the corneal or bulbar conjunctival surface resembling skin.

A

Dermoid (choristoma):

121
Q

inflammation of the cornea

A

Keratitis:

122
Q

inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.

A

Keratoconjunctivitis

123
Q

inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva associated with or due to drying (desiccation) of these structures. Usually there is decreased tear production or the tears are unable to reach these structures.

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca:

124
Q

superficial vascularization of the cornea with infiltration of granulation tissue.

A

Pannus:

125
Q

absence of the lens; either congenital or acquired.

A

Aphakia:

126
Q

opacity of the crystalline lens.

A

Cataract:

127
Q

conical protrusion of the substance of the crystalline lens.

A

Lenticonus

128
Q

abnormally small crystalline lens.

A

Microphakia:

129
Q

age related compression of the lens fibers causing central lens opacity or translucency.

A

Nuclear sclerosis:

130
Q

inflammation of the choroid and retina.

A

Chorioretinitis:

131
Q

inflammation of the choroid.

A

Choroiditis:

132
Q

an accumulation of neutrophils (pus) in the anterior chamber.

A

Hypopyon

133
Q

inflammation of the iris.

A

Iritis

134
Q

inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.

A

Iridocyclitis:

135
Q

adhesion of parts; particularly adhesion of the iris to other structures.

A

Synechia:

136
Q

adhesion of the iris to the cornea.

A

Anterior synechia:

137
Q

adhesion of the iris to the capsule of the lens or rarely to the vitreous body.

A

Posterior synechia

138
Q

inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid).

A

Uveitis:

139
Q

inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.

A

Anterior uveitis

140
Q

inflammation of the choroid.

A

Posterior uveitis
Choroiditis

141
Q

hydropic swelling (edema) of the optic disc.

A

Papilledema:

142
Q

inflammation of the retina (usually also involves the choroid).

A

Retinitis:

143
Q

a bulging of the sclera, usually through a defect (coloboma).

A

Scleral ectasia:

144
Q

a partial or full thickness defect in the cornea or sclera lined by protruding uveal tissue.

A

Staphyloma:

145
Q
A

synophthalmos/ cyclopia
veratrum californicum

146
Q

Enlargement and distension of the eye

A

Buphthalmia

147
Q

Herniation of Descemet’s membrane

A

Correct match:
Descemetocele

148
Q

Granulomatous inflammation of the Meibomian gland

A

Chalazion

149
Q

Inflammation of all the structures or tissues of the eye including sclera

A

Panophthalmitis

150
Q

True or false
Pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes (PIFMs) may result from uveitis and lead to secondary glaucoma.

A

true

151
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common sequelae of chronic glaucoma?

Inner retinal atrophy

Chemosis

Exposure keratitis

Scleral thinning

Lens subluxation

A

Chemosis

Sequelae of glaucoma:

Buphthalmia
Scleral thinning
Corneal edema
Corneal striae (breaks in Descemet’s membrane)
Exposure keratitis (secondary to buphthalmos)
Lens luxation or subluxation due to zonule damage
Cataract (lens malnutrition?)
Atrophy of iris and ciliary body
Retinal atrophy (inner layers first)
Retinal separation (after buphthalmos)
Optic disc cupping

152
Q

his 8-year-old mixed breed dog is diagnosed with severe chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca due to immune-mediated damage to the tear producing (lacrimal) glands. Which of the following reactions to corneal injury is NOT depicted here?

Epithelial (cutaneous) hyperplasia and metaplasia

Descemetocele

Neovascularization

Keratitis

Stromal fibrosis

A

Descemetocele

herniation of Descemet’s membrane (usually outward through the corneal stroma and epithelium).

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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