Test 4: 3 :ocular Flashcards
eye adnexa
the eyelids, the conjunctival sac, the lacrimal drainage system, the lacrimal gland, and the orbital contents except for the eye and optic nerve.
uvea
middle layer of the eye
iris, ciliary body, choroid
point where cornea and sclera meet
limbus
anterior and posterior chamber are filled with
aqueous humor
what part of the eye is filled with vitreous humor
posterior segment
three layers of the eye
Fibrous outer tunic
* Cornea and sclera
Vascular middle tunic
* Iris * Ciliary body * Choroid
Nervous inner tunic
* Retina
two type of defective migration of mesenchymal eye tissue
Choroidal hypoplasia
Iris hypoplasia
Mesenchymal
* corneal stroma & endothelium, uveal stroma, hyaloid artery system, choroid, orbital cartilage & bone, sclera
2 types of incomplete atrophy of mesenchymal eye tissue
- Persistent pupillary membrane
- Goniodysgenesis
Mesenchymal
* corneal stroma & endothelium, uveal stroma, hyaloid artery system, choroid, orbital cartilage & bone, sclera
Choroidal hypoplasia is a hallmark of — . Other finding are posterior — and retinal separation.
Collie Eye Anomaly
coloboma- notch defect
vision is only midly affected if not retinal separation
feline persistent pupillary membrane
opacity
persistent hyaloid artery
what went wrong in the left picture
eye
goniodysgenesis
filtration angle not open, leads to glaucoma
name for abdnormal eyelash direction
eyelid agenesis with trichiasis
distichiasis- additional cilia(eyelashes) protruding from the Meibomian gland opening and contacting the cornea.
limbal dermoid
not cancer, haired skin, causes opacity
what kind of defect
retinal dysplasia
retinal folds
most common in dogs (& as part of Collie eye anomaly) and cattle
causes include:
1. Failure of proper apposition of the two layers of the optic cup
2. Failure of induction by defective retinal pigmented epithelium
3. Necrosis or dysplasia of developing retina by viruses (BVDV, bluetongue, CHV1, panleukopenia, FeLV)
term for developmental defects of the anterior chamber mesenchyme at the iridocorneal angle that predispose dogs
to glaucoma
Goniodysgenesis
trichiasis
cilia/eyelashes pointed wrong way and poke eye
distichiasis
2nd row of eyelashes that poke the eye
eyelid inflammation
Blepharitis
another name for stye
Hordeolum
suppurative adenitis (inflammation of gland)
Dacryoadenitis
lacrimal gland inflammation
another name for dry eye
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Chalazion
granulomatous inflammation due to leakage of Meibomian secretion
leads to epithelial macrophages and MNGC
eye gland issue called
chalazion →granulomatous inflammation due to leakage of Meibomian secretion
white areas of lipid
Typically adjacent to adenoma of the Meibomian gland, but can be associated with any injury to the Meibomian gland.
chemosis
edema of conjunctiva
conjunctivitis
inflammation of conjunctiva
can be acute or chronic with purulent discharge
chemosis and conjunctivitis in cats can be caused by
Feline herpesvirus-1
Chlamydia felis
Mycoplasma felis, M. gatae
Feline calicivirus
what are some things that can cause bovine conjunctivitis and corneal edema?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever – MCF
* Gammaherpesvirinae – 10 viruses in the group
* Ovine Herpesvirus-2 most common cause in North America
* Systemic disease
— is a common component of feline upper respiratory tract disease caused by FHV-1, Chlamydia felis, and/or Mycoplasma spp.
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation and damage to the lacrimal glands can compromise the tear film and lead to chronic —
keratitis
inflammation of cornea
needs to be organized, non keratinized and avascular to allow light to pass through
what are some responses to chronic injury
Erosion or ulceration
* Descemetocele
Metaplasia, melanosis
Stromal edema
Stromal neovascularization
* 4 days after injury; 1mm/day
Stromal necrosis/ keratomalacia (melting ulcer)
Stromal fibrosis
Keratitis- inflammation of cornea
Severe chronic keratitis (Keratoconjunctivitis sicca) with corneal cutaneous metaplasia
descemetocele
herniation of Descemet’s membrane (usually outward through the corneal stroma and epithelium)
what can cause this
cat scratch
septic implantation syndrome
equine fungal keratitis leads to —
deep ulcers with keratomalacia (melting ulcer)
coroneal endothelial dystrophy occurs in what breeds? and causes ?
Boston Terriers, Chihuahuas, Dachshunds
Causes progressive bilateral corneal edema.
corneal stroma dystrophy causes —
wide range of breed-specific lipid and or mineral deposits.
lipidosis of the cornea is secondary to
hypercholesterolemia or corneal injury
Corneal — often describes corneal lesions characterized by noninflammatory loss of epithelial or stromal cells.
Degeneration
Feline corneal sequestrum:
discrete orange brown discoloration of the central cornea.
* Persian or Himalayan
* Necrosis of stromal cells; sequestrum will eventually slough, heals by granulation tissue. May be an uncommon sequel to corneal ulceration in cats
Spontaneous Chronic Corneal Epithelial Defects (“indolent” or “Boxer” ulcer)
recurrent shallow central corneal erosion/ulcers; epithelial cells unable to anchor.
Canine. Corneal lipid/cholesterol deposits.
what kind of cats get corneal sequestrum
persian, burmese, himalayan
discrete orange brown discoloration of the central cornea.
Necrosis of stromal cells; sequestrum will eventually slough, heals by granulation
tissue. May be an uncommon sequel to corneal ulceration in cats
Anterior uveitis
iris and ciliary body inflammation
Posterior uveitis
choroid inflammation
Panuveitis
iris, ciliary body, and choroid inflammation
Chorioretinitis
choroid and retina inflammation
aqueous flare
mild, Serous – Protein-rich fluid in anterior chamber in aqueous membrane
hypopyon
bacterial infection in the uvea that leads to supprative discharge in the anterior chamber
most common cause of glaucoma in cats
Lymphoplasmacytic Anterior Uveitis
buildup of lymphoid and plasma cells in the filtration angle
nonspecific inflammatory reaction
unknown cause
front of eye
Suppurative anterior uveitis – usually associated with bacterial infection
forms Hypopyon
FIP will cause —
anterior uveitis
Keratic precipitates – inflammatory cells adhered to the corneal endothelium
Corneal neovascularization
Ocular manifestation of systemic disease
what causes this
damge to corneal endothelium leading to edema
canine adenovirus-1
— is the most common cause of glaucoma and blindness in horses
Equine recurrent uveitis.
leads to Cataract, Retinal detachment, Fibrovascular proliferation, Synechiae, Glaucoma
caused by lepto virus
what causes this in horses
lepto
recurrent uveitis
most common causes of glaucoma and blindness in horses
leads to
Cataract * Retinal detachment * Fibrovascular proliferation * Synechiae * Glaucoma
anterior and posterior synechiae
iris stuck to cornea
iris stuck to lens
phthisis bulbi
hypotonic. shrunken disorganized eye
Anterior synechia with corneal opacity
iris stuck to cornea
what will happen
synechia will block filtration angle and cause glaucoma
Pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane with peripheral anterior synechia.
Fibrovascular proliferation lines the anterior face of the iris and spans the iridocorneal angle (asterisk), obstructing aqueous outflow
iris attached to lens is called
posterior synechiae
cataract
PIFM- pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane
hemorrhage
— is caused by chronic uveitis
phthisis bulbi
lens opacity is called
cataract
phakitis
inflammation of lens of eye
lens of eye
Cataract; Morgagnian globules, lens fiber degeneration, epithelial posterior migration
anterior lens luxation
— dogs will have a mutation in ADAMTS17 that leads to —
jack russel
primary lens luxation from zonular dysplasia
leads to intraocular inflammation and glaucoma
Increased opacity of the lens due to degeneration of — is
called a cataract
lens fibers
Displacement of the lens is called lens luxation and can cause — inflammation and —
intraocular
glaucoma
complete retinal detachment
morning glory flower
The — is responsible for retinal blood
supply and removing waste products
RPE
retinal pigment epithelium
will cause tombstoning/ hypertrophy if seperated
Chorioretinitis
inflammation of chroion and retina
all retinal degeneration execpt for glaucome will progress from —
outerlayer
inward
toxic, injury, idiopathic, nutritional defiencies
common inherited cause of retinal degeneration that is found in >100 breeds of dogs
Progressive Retinal Atrophy:
autosomal recessive
Progresses to blindness; unassociated with inflammation
Ultrastructural and biochemical changes, age of onset, speed of progression differ from breed to breed (common in Irish Setters, Norwegian elkhounds, collies and miniature poodles)
Papilledema
swelling of optic disc caused by Increased CSF pressure, inflammation, decreased IOP
The separated retina cannot be properly nourished by the underlying —
RPE and choroid
leads to atrophy
Nodular granulomatous scleritis/episcleritis in dogs causes
-nodular proliferative inflammatory lesions of the sclera
-behaves as a locally infiltrative neoplasm
treatable and common
The single most consistently recognized feature of all glaucomas in
veterinary patients is —
elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP)
Aqueous humor is produced by the —
ciliary body epithelium
Aqueous humor leaves the anterior chamber at the —
iridocorneal angle
filtration angle
two primary causes of glaucoma
Goniodysgenesis – congenital malformation of the filtration apparatus. Onset of glaucoma at maturity or middle age onset (why?); most common in dogs; rare in cats
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)
Sequelae of Glaucoma
- Optic disc cupping
- Corneal edema
- Buphthalmos - bulging of eye
- Exposure keratitis -inflammation of cornea from not being able to blink
- Cataract
- Atrophy of iris and ciliary body
- Retinal atrophy
- Retinal separation
- Scleral thinning
- Lens luxation / subluxation
- Corneal striae (breaks in descement’s membrane)
glaucoma causes — at back of eye
optic disc cupping and retinal separation
Glaucoma can lead to increased size of the globe (—) and
exposure keratitis
buphthalmia
some causes of secondary glaucoma
anything that increases intraocular pressure other then Goniodysgenesis and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)
examples: cancer, synechiae, hemorrhage, uveitis
SCC
Incidence: bovine > equine > feline > canine (limbus > 3rd eyelid > eyelid)
Pathogenesis: UV light → epidermal plaque →papilloma → carcinoma in situ →carcinoma (invasive, may metastasize)
Meibomian gland adenoma and
epithelioma
* Common, benign (70% of eyelid tumors)
Meibomian gland adenocarcinoma
* Rare, malignant - invasive
what kind of cancer in dogs
Canine
- Prognosis based on histologic criteria (anaplasia, mitoses, invasion)
- Sites: iris - common - 90% benign; choroid - rare - usually benign
melanocytomas in dogs are usually —
in cats —
Canine
- Prognosis based on histologic criteria (anaplasia, mitoses, invasion)
- Sites: iris - common - 90% benign; choroid - rare - usually benign
Feline
- Diffuse iris melanoma more common than solitary masses
- May obstruct filtration angle and cause glaucoma
- Greater risk for distant metastasis with longer latency (3-5 years)
cat
Feline
- Diffuse iris melanoma more common than solitary masses
- May obstruct filtration angle and cause glaucoma
- Greater risk for distant metastasis with longer latency (3-5 years)
what kind of tumor
iridociliary adenoma
2nd most common eye cancer, 2nd to melanomas
cat
Feline post-traumatic sarcoma (fibrosarcoma): Variable lag time – 5 months to 11 years – between trauma and neoplasia
- Thought to arise from metaplasia of lens epithelium following injury with a long latency period of several months to years
- Several variants: Spindle cell (fibrosarcoma) most common; osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma; round-cell variant (B-cell lymphoma)
- Aggressive locally infiltrative behavior, can extend along the optic nerve to the brain
why should you remove a feline post traumatic sarcoma
very infiltrative
can crawl along optic nerve to the brain
metaplasia from trauma to lens
what kind of cancer
Ocular Lymphoma (can be solitary or part of systemic lymphoma)
Better outcomes than when part of multicentric lymphoma
orbital meningioma
on optic nerve
three types of orbital neoplasms
- Orbital nerve meningioma
- Sarcomas
- Lacrimal adenocarcinoma
— carcinoma of the conjunctiva is common in cattle and horses, and can occur in other species
Squamous cell
Incidence: bovine > equine > feline > canine (limbus > 3rd eyelid > eyelid)
Pathogenesis: UV light → epidermal plaque →papilloma → carcinoma in situ →carcinoma (invasive, may metastasize)
— adenomas are very common, benign tumors in dogs eyes
Meibomian
70% of eye lid tumors are this type
The clinical behavior of feline — melanoma is hard to predict,
with a subset of tumors metastasizing widely
diffuse iris
Diffuse iris melanoma more common than solitary masses
May obstruct filtration angle and cause glaucoma
Greater risk for distant metastasis with longer latency (3-5 years)
Feline post-traumatic ocular sarcoma is locally invasive and can occur many months to years after a —
traumatic incident
- Thought to arise from metaplasia of lens epithelium following injury with a long latency period of several months to years
- Several variants: Spindle cell (fibrosarcoma) most common; osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma; round-cell variant (B-cell lymphoma)
- Aggressive locally infiltrative behavior, can extend along the optic nerve to the brain
a developmental defect characterized by complete absence of the eye(s).
Anophthalmos
enlargement and distension of the fibrous coats of the eye
Buphthalmos
an apparent absence or defect of some ocular tissue, usually resulting from a failure of a part of the fetal fissure to close.
Coloboma
(notch defect) think collie eye syndrome
inflammation involving the ocular cavities and their adjacent structures (uvea, retina).
Endophthalmitis:
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball.
Exophthalmos:
a group of diseases characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure which causes pathological changes in the eye.
Glaucoma:
a congenitally small eye(s) may be associated with other ocular defects.
Microphthalmos (microphthalmia)
inflammation of all the structures or tissues of the eye (including sclera).
Panophthalmitis
shrinking, wastage, and hypotony of the eyeball.
Phthisis bulbi
inflammation of the eyelids.
Blepharitis
chronic granulomatous inflammation of an eyelid (Meibomian) gland
Chalazion
inflammation of the lacrimal gland(s).
Dacryoadenitis
the presence of a double row of eyelashes on an eyelid, one or both of which are turned in against the eyeball.
Distichiasis:
the turning outward (eversion) of an edge or margin, as of the eyelid, resulting in exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva.
Ectropion:
the turning inward (inversion) of an edge or margin, as of the margin of the eyelids turned in toward the eyeball.
Entropion:
localized purulent inflammatory of one or more Meibomian glands of the eyelids.
Hordeolum (stye)
inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Conjunctivitis
herniation of Descemet’s membrane (usually outward through the corneal stroma and epithelium).
Descemetocele:
a congenital lesion on the corneal or bulbar conjunctival surface resembling skin.
Dermoid (choristoma):
inflammation of the cornea
Keratitis:
inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
Keratoconjunctivitis
inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva associated with or due to drying (desiccation) of these structures. Usually there is decreased tear production or the tears are unable to reach these structures.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca:
superficial vascularization of the cornea with infiltration of granulation tissue.
Pannus:
absence of the lens; either congenital or acquired.
Aphakia:
opacity of the crystalline lens.
Cataract:
conical protrusion of the substance of the crystalline lens.
Lenticonus
abnormally small crystalline lens.
Microphakia:
age related compression of the lens fibers causing central lens opacity or translucency.
Nuclear sclerosis:
inflammation of the choroid and retina.
Chorioretinitis:
inflammation of the choroid.
Choroiditis:
an accumulation of neutrophils (pus) in the anterior chamber.
Hypopyon
inflammation of the iris.
Iritis
inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.
Iridocyclitis:
adhesion of parts; particularly adhesion of the iris to other structures.
Synechia:
adhesion of the iris to the cornea.
Anterior synechia:
adhesion of the iris to the capsule of the lens or rarely to the vitreous body.
Posterior synechia
inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid).
Uveitis:
inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.
Anterior uveitis
inflammation of the choroid.
Posterior uveitis
Choroiditis
hydropic swelling (edema) of the optic disc.
Papilledema:
inflammation of the retina (usually also involves the choroid).
Retinitis:
a bulging of the sclera, usually through a defect (coloboma).
Scleral ectasia:
a partial or full thickness defect in the cornea or sclera lined by protruding uveal tissue.
Staphyloma:
synophthalmos/ cyclopia
veratrum californicum
Enlargement and distension of the eye
Buphthalmia
Herniation of Descemet’s membrane
Correct match:
Descemetocele
Granulomatous inflammation of the Meibomian gland
Chalazion
Inflammation of all the structures or tissues of the eye including sclera
Panophthalmitis
True or false
Pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes (PIFMs) may result from uveitis and lead to secondary glaucoma.
true
Which of the following is NOT a common sequelae of chronic glaucoma?
Inner retinal atrophy
Chemosis
Exposure keratitis
Scleral thinning
Lens subluxation
Chemosis
Sequelae of glaucoma:
Buphthalmia
Scleral thinning
Corneal edema
Corneal striae (breaks in Descemet’s membrane)
Exposure keratitis (secondary to buphthalmos)
Lens luxation or subluxation due to zonule damage
Cataract (lens malnutrition?)
Atrophy of iris and ciliary body
Retinal atrophy (inner layers first)
Retinal separation (after buphthalmos)
Optic disc cupping
his 8-year-old mixed breed dog is diagnosed with severe chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca due to immune-mediated damage to the tear producing (lacrimal) glands. Which of the following reactions to corneal injury is NOT depicted here?
Epithelial (cutaneous) hyperplasia and metaplasia
Descemetocele
Neovascularization
Keratitis
Stromal fibrosis
Descemetocele
herniation of Descemet’s membrane (usually outward through the corneal stroma and epithelium).
