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22 fall: path > Test 3: urinary > Flashcards

Test 3: urinary Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the kidney from out to inside

A

Capsule
* Cortex
* Medulla
* Renal papilla/crest
* Renal pelvis
* Hilus

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2
Q

what are some functions of the kidney

A

Eliminate metabolic waste, toxic substances, drugs

  • Fluid (water), acid-base, electrolyte homeostasis
  • Conserve nutrients (proteins, glucose)
  • Endocrine
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • Erythropoietin
  • Vitamin D activation
  • Prostaglandin production
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3
Q

valve between ureters and the bladder

A

Vesicoureteral valve

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4
Q

where are some common places for stones in a male

A

urethral process (tip of penis)
sigmoid flexure
urethral recess- ruminants

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5
Q

in fetal anatomy the umbilical — and — are near the bladder

A

artery
urachus

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6
Q
A

renal dysplasia
maldevelopment

Disorganized development of the renal parenchyma (in utero or neonatal period)

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7
Q

how to tell dysplasia from hypoplasia

A

dysplasia- will be lumpy bumby- Disorganized development of the renal parenchyma (in utero or neonatal period). histo will have Inappropriate structures for the stage of development

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8
Q

Persian cats and bull terriers have a — mutation that leads to Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

PKD1 gene mutation

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9
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease causes

A

fluid filled cysts in the kidney
leading to chronic renal failure

inherited condition- persian cats and bull terrier

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10
Q

animals with Polycystic Kidney Disease can have cysts

A

kidney
liver
pancreas

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11
Q
A

renal cysts

can be incidental finding in pigs

can become inflamed/infected

congenital or acquired

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12
Q

renal cysts can be — or —

A

congenital or acquires

incidental or can become inflamed/infected

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13
Q

what are three type of urachal abnormalities

A
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14
Q

the main function of the glomerulus is

A

blood filtration

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15
Q

the main function of tubules are

A

Water homeostasis, electrolyte and acid-base balance

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16
Q

how to measure GFR

A

measure urea nitrogen, creatinine and SDMA in the blood

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17
Q

— in the kidney should stay the same despite systemic changes

A

GFR

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18
Q

— are sensors between the afferent and efferent arterioles in the glomerulus

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

macula densa- sense the change

JG cells produce renin

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19
Q

azotemia

A

increase in BUN and creatinine

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20
Q

how does RAAS work

A
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21
Q

— produce renin

A

JG cells

renin is produced when there is a decrease in GFR

will activate angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1, then ACE will activate that into angiotensin II

angiotensin II will stimulate pituitary to make ADH, adrenal glands to make aldosterone and will constrict arterioles in the kidney leading to INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE

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22
Q

what does angiotensin II do to the pituitary

A

produce ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

ADH will cause collecting duct to increase water reabsorption

angiotensin II also stimulates adrenal gland to make aldosterone which will increase water retention by increasing sodium reabsorption

angiotensin II will also cause hypothalamus to stimulate thirst

increase blood pressure and volume to maintain constant GFR

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23
Q

what type of cells in the ureters and urinary bladder

A

Mucosa (transitional epithelium/urothelium)

Smooth muscle wall
* Bladder: detrusor muscle

Serosa/adventitia

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24
Q

what type of cells in the urethra

A

depends where in the urethra

Mucosa
* Urothelium (cranial)
* Stratified squamous epithelium (caudal - female)

Smooth muscle wall
* Internal urethral sphincter
* External urethral sphincter (urethralis muscle)

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25
Q

tubule rupture is also called

A

tubulorrhexis

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26
Q

what are some defense mechanisms of the urinary tract

A

Immune system
* Basement membranes
* Mesangial cells (phagocytic)
* Urine flow
* Urine pH & osmolality
* Mucus

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27
Q

what are four portals of entry to the urinary system

A

Ascending
* Example: bladder kidney

Hematogenous
* Example: sepsis with embolic inflammation

Descending
* Example: kidney bladder

Direct
* Example: direct-acting toxins

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28
Q

BUN stands for

A

blood urea nitrogen

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29
Q

— is a sensitive & early marker of decreased GFR (dogs & cats)

A

SDMA

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30
Q

uremia:

A

urine in blood (uremic toxins & others)

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31
Q

Isosthenuria:

A

the kidney is unable to
concentrate or dilute urine
* “fixed” USG: 1.008-1.012

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32
Q

Anuria:

A

kidneys are unable to
produce urine

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33
Q

Oliguria:

A

production of a small
volume of urine

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34
Q

Polyuria:

A

production of a large
volume of urine (often dilute)

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35
Q

Polydipsia:

A

increased thirst (water
consumption)

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36
Q

renal failure means

A

only 25% of kidney is still working

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37
Q

acute kidney injury is measured

A

graded I-V

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38
Q

chronic kidney disease is measured

A

stage 1-4

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39
Q

what are some clinical signs of acute kidney injury

A

Rapid onset
Vomiting, lethargy, diarrhea
* Decreased urine production
* Bloodwork changes:
* Azotemia (increased BUN, creatinine)
* +/- metabolic acidosis

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40
Q

what are some causes of acute kidney injury

A

toxin
ischemia
infection
obstruction

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41
Q

grossly what will an AKI kidney look like?

A

wet, swollen red

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42
Q

AKI stage is based on

A

creatinine level and clinical signs such as ultrasound

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43
Q

chronic or acute kidney disease will show anemia in the blood work

A

chronic

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44
Q

chronic kidney disease will present with

A

Vomiting, lethargy, diarrhea,
poor body condition
* PU/PD
Bloodwork changes:
* Azotemia, ANEMIA
* +/- metabolic acidosis

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45
Q

Tubular or lower urinary tract injury will cause what dysfunction

A

accumulate metabolic waste leading to azotemia, uremia, and uremic syndrome

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46
Q

tubular necrosis will cause —

A

Unable to maintain fluid, acid-base and electrolyte homeostasis

leading to dehydration, PU
metabolic acidosis

too much Na, K and Ca in the blood

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47
Q

damage to GBM will cause the loss of —

A

selective blood filtration leading to loss of glucose and protein in the urine

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48
Q

Interstitial necrosis,
inflammation, fibrosis will cause —

A

Endocrine alterations

leading to Decreased erythropoietin →anemia

decreased Vit D activation → secondary hyperparathyroidism

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49
Q

uremia is Multisystemic manifestation of circulating — due to
acute or chronic renal failure

A

uremic toxins

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50
Q

uremic toxins interfere with — and damage —

A

electrolyte, protein, and acid-base metabolism

endothelial & epithelial cells

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51
Q

where are common places for uremic lesions

A

stomach
left atrium
pleura
Uremic pneumonitis
* Alveolar walls & blood vessels mineralize
Uremic encephalopathy
* Reactive astrogliosis (horses, camelids)

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52
Q

how does renal failure cause hyperparathyroidism

A
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53
Q

kidney disease will cause —parathyroidism

A

hyper

decreased GFR will cause increased phosphous in the blood, body tries to correct Ca:P ratio by decreasing Vit D activation, and bone resorption

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54
Q

ischemia in the kidney usually caused by

A

renal artery infarct

renal papillary/crest necrosis

acute tubular injury

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55
Q
A

renal hemorrhage
caused by systemic disease

such as herpes, African swine fever

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56
Q

acute renal infarcts look

A

swollen, red (hemorrhage) to tan (necrosis)

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57
Q

chronic renal infarcts look

A

depressed, firm and tan (fibrosis)

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58
Q

what are some things that cause ischemia in the kidney

A

Thrombi/thromboemboli
* Valvular endocarditis
* Bacterial emboli
* Neoplastic emboli

toxins

vasculitis

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59
Q
A

renal crest necrosis

caused by NSAIDs, pyelitis/pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, amyloid

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60
Q

renal papillary necrosis is caused by

A

ischemia

NSAIDs, pyelitis/pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, amyloid

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61
Q

how does NSAIDs lead to renal crest necrosis?

A

NSAIDS inhibit COX
this leads to decrease in prostaglandins
decrease in vasodilation
which leads to local ischemia and coagulative necrosis

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62
Q

inflammation of renal pelvis +/- tubulointerstitium

A

PYELITIS/PYELONEPHRITIS

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63
Q

inflammation of tubules & interstitium

A

TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS

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64
Q

inflammation of urinary bladder

A

cystitis

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65
Q

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis is injury to the — also impairs tubular function & eventually
— function

A

interstitium

glomerular

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66
Q

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis can be caused by

A

infectious and non infectious

ischemia
lepto
lyme disease

results in interstitial fibrosis and nephron loss

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67
Q

what are some causes

A

acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

possible cause: lepto, lyme, adenovirus, ischemia

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68
Q

pyelitis/pyelonephritis is usually caused by

A

ascending bacterial infection

Ecoli, corynebacterium

renal pelvis +/- tubulointerstitium inflammation

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69
Q

what are some predisposing factors for Pyelitis/Pyelonephritis

A
  • Vesicoureteral reflux
  • Urine stasis
  • Short urethra (females)

usually caused by ascending bacterial infection such as ecoli

renal pelvis +/- tubulointerstitium inflammation

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70
Q

how to tell chronic pyelonephritis from chronic infarct

A

chronic pyelonephritis will have regression of the renal pelvis

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71
Q

embolic nephritis is usually caused by

A

fungi, bacteria from the blood →hematogenous infection

from Glomerular or peritubular/interstitial capillaries

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72
Q

what are some predisposing factors for embolic nephritis

A

Sepsis/septicemia

spread by blood

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73
Q

what are some causes of embolic nephritis

A

E. coli (calves)
* Actinobacillus equuli (foals)
* E. rhusiopathiae (swine)
* Disseminated fungal infections

74
Q
A

embolic nephritis

Ecoli or fungal infection from blood

75
Q

cystitis is usually caused by

A

bacteria or toxins

76
Q

what are some predisposing factors for cystitis

A

Damage to the mucosa (ex: uroliths, trauma)
* Incomplete emptying of the bladder
* Diabetes mellitus (dog, cat) - emphysematous cystitis

77
Q

pizzle rot is caused by

A

Corynebacterium renale

causes ulcerative urethritis/posthitis

78
Q
A

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
* Pyogranulomatous and necrotizing vasculitis

79
Q
A

Dog – Dioctophyma renale “giant kidney worm”

80
Q

Inflammation restricted to glomeruli

A

Glomerulitis

81
Q

glomerulitis is often associated with

A

septicemia

82
Q

Glomerulonephritis is often —

A

immune-mediated

83
Q

what are the three layers of glomerular

A

endothelium (blood vessel)

glomerular basement membrane

Visceral epithelium with podocytes

84
Q

glomerular dysfunction leads to

A

non selective filtration

proteinuria

85
Q

loss of albumin in the urine will cause

86
Q

loss of antithrombin III in the urine will cause

A

hypercoaguable state

87
Q

nephrotic syndrome leads to

A

proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hypercholesterolemia

88
Q

Dysfunction of the glomerular filtration
membrane will cause cells to form —

A

hypercellular tuft

Endothelial, epithelial or mesangial cell proliferation

89
Q

Fibrosis/scarring of the glomerulus

A

Glomerulosclerosis

90
Q

Glomerular obsolescence

A

Glomerulus is shrunken, hypocellular & sclerotic (fibrosis)

91
Q

what causes glomerulonephritis

A

immune mediated

antigen-antibody complexes get stuck/ deposit into the glomerulus membrane

92
Q

what can cause ICGN

A

any disease with prolonged antigenemia & IC formation
* Examples: dirofilariasis, Feline Leukemia Virus, pyometra, Systemic Lupus Erythematous

immune complex Glomerulonephritis

93
Q

how to test for ICGN

A

hard to test for
* Clinical pathology
* Histochemical stains
* Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
* Immunofluorescent antibodies (IFA)
* Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

immune complex Glomerulonephritis

94
Q

kidney with amyloidosis will appear

A

waxy, firm, tan
congo red stain

95
Q

what happens to the kidney during Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

DCT & CD do not respond to ADH

  • Congenital (foals) or acquired (pyometra)
96
Q

what is filtered in the proximal tubular

A

Conserve glucose and protein (amino acids)

Excrete metabolic waste (UREA)

Electrolyte balance (Na, Cl, K, Ca, Phos, Mg)

97
Q

what is filtered in the loop of henle

A

Water homeostasis (concentrate
or dilute urine)

NaCl in or out controls water

98
Q

distal tubule controls filter of —

A

Acid-base homeostasis (retain bicarbonate & excrete acids)

99
Q

renal tubules will filter

100
Q

the main function of the renal tubules is

A

modify ultrafiltrate

101
Q

major consequence of tubular dysfunction is

A

unmodified urine

102
Q

what are some sequelae of tubular dysfunction

103
Q

what is a tubular cast

A

accumulation of dead cells that can obstruct the tubule

104
Q

acute tubular injury is the — of tubular epithelial cells that will form downstream — and can —

A

necrosis and sloughing

casts

regeneration

105
Q

hemoglobinuria is caused by

A

ischemia and cytotoxicity

RBC are being broken down- hemolysis

Copper toxicity (sheep and goats), Red maple (Acer rubrum) toxicity (horses), babesiosis (cattle), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (dogs)

106
Q

myoglobinuria is caused by

A

Causes of extensive muscle necrosis (rhabdomyolysis):

Trauma, exertional rhabdomyolysis (horses), capture myopathy (wildlife), other myopathies

107
Q

another name for red-brown urine

A

pigmenturia

108
Q
A

hemoglobinuria

hemolysis from copper toxicosis

109
Q

ethylene glycol toxicosis is caused by ingestion of

A

antifreeze

110
Q

Ethylene Glycol Toxicosis will cause the formation of

A

calcium oxalate crystals

will obstruct tubules and damage epithelial cells

can also deposit in the brain and cause pulmonary edema

111
Q

stones are also called

A

Urolithiasis

112
Q

sequelae of lower urinary tract dysfunction

A

retained urine

Retain K+: hyperkalemia

Retain acids: metabolic acidosis

Retain waste: azotemia, uremia

Hyperkalemia: can cause acute cardiac arrhythmias or arrest

113
Q

Sabulous urolithiasis are — and made of —

A

Masses of sandy sludge

Organic matrix

*urethral plugs (cat), neurogenic (horse)

114
Q

what are some factors that are involved in urolith formation

A

urine pH, hydration status,
infection, diet, breed

115
Q

obstruction in the lower urinary tract can lead to

116
Q
A

hydronephrosis caused by obstruction that lead to distention and pressure atrophy of the renal pelvis

117
Q

feline lower urinary tract disease presents in — cats

A

Young-middle age, overweight male

118
Q

what are some causes of feline lower urinary tract disease

A

Urolithiasis (urethra)
* Urethral plugs (common)
* Strictures, developmental anomalies
* Bacterial cystitis
* Feline Interstitial Cystitis (neurogenic)
* Idiopathic (common)

119
Q

urate crystal deposition in birds and reptiles are called

A

urate tophi

caused by renal disease, too much uric acid and dehydration

120
Q

most common neoplasia of the epithelial cells in the kidney

A

renal cell carcinoma

Adenoma (uncommon)
Urothelial cell (transitional cell) carcinoma

121
Q

most common neoplasia of the mesenchymal cells in the kidney

A

Lymphoma

Hemangioma/sarcoma

Nephroblastoma (swine, chickens, dogs)

122
Q

metastatic cancers of the kidney

A

Lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma

123
Q

cancers of the epithelial cells of the lower urinary tract

A

Urothelial cell (transitional cell) carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Papilloma

124
Q

cancers of the mesenchymal cells of the lower urinary tract

A

Lymphoma

Hemangioma/sarcoma

Leiomyoma/sarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (young dogs)

125
Q

pig

A

nephroblastoma

cancer of the mesenchymal cells of the kidney

in dogs can occur ectopically in the spinal canal

126
Q
A

bovine lymphoma

big,white, soft, bulging

127
Q

bladder

A

urothelial cell (transitional cell) carcinoma

128
Q

bladder

A

bovine hemangiosarcoma

Urinary bladder neoplasia associated with Bracken Fern & Bovine Papilloma Virus-2

129
Q

GFR — with declining renal function. The — is an important mechanism that helps the kidney maintain a constant GFR despite systemic changes in blood flow.

A

decreases

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)

130
Q

Tubules are lined by a single layer of epithelium along a basement membrane. They are surrounded by an intricate network of capillaries, called the —

A

vasa recta

131
Q

Interstitial cells in the renal medulla produce prostaglandins that act — on interstitial blood vessels.

A

locally

(act as vasodilator)

132
Q

The proximal convoluted tubules have 1-alpha-hydroxylase, which convert inactive vitamin D to the active form. Cells within the interstitium also make —, which stimulates red blood cell production.

A

erythropoietin

133
Q

how does RAAS work?

A

decreased renal blood flow cause Lower levels of Na and Cl arrive at the macula densa in the distal convoluted tubule.

this triggers the juxaglomerular cells to produce renin, which then activates angiotensinogen

Angiotensinogen II travels to the adrenal glands (release aldosterone), pituitary gland (release ADH), and back to the kidney to increase blood pressure in the glomerulus and increase water reabsorption in the tubules and collecting duct.

kidney maintains normal GFR despite systemic hypotension

134
Q

BUN increases or decreases with decreased GFR

A

increases

BUN (blood urea nitrogen): byproduct of protein metabolism that is excreted by the kidneys

135
Q

Azotemia: excess urea (BUN) & creatinine in blood

Can be Pre-renal (ex: —)

Renal (due to —)

Post-renal (ex: —)

A

dehydration or hypovolemia

kidney disease

lower urinary tract obstruction

136
Q

Severe —kalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias or arrest

137
Q

how do NSAIDs cause renal crest necrosis

A

Administration of systemic NSAIDs results in inhibition of COX enzymes throughout the body. One side effect of this is decreased production of prostaglandins (PGE2) by the medullary interstitial cells in the kidney. The production of PGE2 in the inner medulla is important for regulating blood flow in that area. Without PGE2, interstitial blood vessels in the renal papilla do not dilate and there is regional ischemia, followed by necrosis

138
Q

ascular injury in the kidney is common. All of the following are TRUE except:

Renal vasculature is complex with multiple sharp turns

Hemorrhage is typically a manifestation of systemic disease

The kidney receives a large (20-25%) proportion of cardiac output

Chronic infarcts are easy to tell apart from chronic pyelonephritis

A

Chronic infarcts are easy to tell apart from chronic pyelonephritis

139
Q

Kidney from a pig. The part of the kidney most severely affected is the ___. The name (morphologic diagnosis or condition) of this lesion is ___

A

renal papilla

renal papillary necrosis

secondary to NSAID

140
Q

— is a term commonly used in pathology when describing chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (cause).

A

Tubulointerstitial nephritis

141
Q

PYELITIS or PYELONEPHRITIS are terms used to describe inflammation of the renal —

A

renal papilla

142
Q

The pathogenesis of pyelonephritis most commonly includes a — bacterial infection that begins in the lower urinary tract.

143
Q

EMBOLIC NEPHRITIS is usually the result of a HEMATOGENOUS infection and is secondary to —

A

septicemia/bacteremia

144
Q

this is a kidney from a cow. Neutrophils and necrotic debris (suppurative inflammation) fill the renal pelvis and extends into the medulla. The term that best describes this lesion/condition is

A

pyelonephritis

145
Q

— is the term used for disease that primarily targets the glomerulus, but may also affect the tubulointerstitial compartment.

A

Glomerulonephritis (GN)

146
Q

3 parts of filtration membrane of glomerulus

A

he capillary endothelial cells

the basement membrane

the visceral epithelial cells (Podocytes)

147
Q

Damage to any of the three filtration membrane components will result in — of particles from the blood into the urine ultrafiltrate

A

NON-SELECTIVE FILTRATION

148
Q

When the filtration membrane is damaged, — is able to cross the membrane and enter the urine, resulting in proteinuria and — (low protein in the blood).

A

albumin

hypoproteinemia

149
Q

The sequela of hypoproteinemia is EDEMA due to decreased —

A

plasma colloid oncotic pressure.

150
Q

In animals (especially dogs & cats), glomerulonephritis is most often a — disease.

A

immune-mediated

151
Q

The most common type of immune-mediated GN in animals is due to the deposition of — in the glomerulus.

A

IMMUNE COMPLEXES (IC)

152
Q

Prolonged — can stimulate the production of IC, which typically consist of an antibody-antigen complex and sometimes incorporate complement proteins.

A

antigenemia

FLV, heartworm, lupus

153
Q

The glomerulus can respond to this injury with proliferation of the endothelial, epithelial or mesangial cells, creating a —. This is characterized as —

A

hypercellular glomerular tuft

proliferative Glomerulonephritis

154
Q

In addition to albumin, — is another important molecule that can be “lost” into the urine when there is damage to the filtration membrane. What are the sequela to loss of this molecule?

A

antithrombin III,

Antithrombin III (AT III) is normally selectively filtered by the glomerulus. AT III helps to balance the coagulation cascade and prevent excessive clot formation. When AT III is “lost” into the urine, the body is in a hypercoaguable state. Remembering back to General Pathology, hypercoagulability is one component of Virchow’s triad, which can lead to thrombosis.

155
Q

In dogs and cats, glomerulonephritis is most often immune-mediated. What is the pathogenesis for this disease?

A

prolonged antigenemia

production of IC

IC deposited in the glomerular filtration membrane (anywhere)

flattening of the endothelial cells, thickening of the basement membrane, and effacement (loss) of the epithelial foot processes (filtration membrane damage)

glomerulus undergoes proliferation of the endothelial, epithelial or mesangial cells, thickening of the basement, or a combination

glomerulonephritis and glomerular dysfunction

156
Q

As the epithelial cells are the “workhorse” of the renal tubules, this is a very meaningful finding. Necrotic cells will “slough” or fall off of the basement membrane and into the tubular lumen. Here, they can mix with mucoproteins or other debris and form

157
Q

The tubular segments have a multitude of specialized functions, but the overarching goal of the tubules is to —

A

modify the ultrafiltrate that the glomeruli produce into urine

158
Q

the tubules perform numerous important functions to maintain water balance in the body (— or — urine), maintain acid-base homeostasis (retain — and excrete acid), maintain electrolyte homeostasis (balance — and others), excrete metabolic waste in the form of urea, and conserve nutrients (amino acids, glucose)

A

dilute or concentrate

bicarbonate

Na, Cl, K

159
Q

Two common causes of acute tubular necrosis in animals are —

A

toxins and ischemia

160
Q

Ethylene glycol is metabolized by the liver, but predominately causes lesions in the kidney due to the formation of numerous —

A

Calcium Oxalate crystals

161
Q

— is released into the blood when there is extensive muscle damage.

162
Q

What are some important sequelae to drinking antifreeze?

A

metabolic acidosis
uremia
azotemia
anuria
hyperkalemia

calcium oxalate crystal formation

163
Q

What are some important sequelae to this severe, acute tubular dysfunction? secondary to copper toxicosis

A

hemoglobin

164
Q

The most severe manifestation of urolithiasis is —

A

obstructive urolithiasis

165
Q

If the obstruction causes damage to the mucosa/wall, but is removed, the tissue may heal by fibrosis (scarring). As the scar tissue contracts, narrowing of the lumen may occur. This is called a —

166
Q

n cases of more chronic disease (typically partial or incomplete obstruction), distension of the proximal urinary tract may occur. The term for dilation of the renal pelvis is —

A

hydronephrosis

167
Q

This is the lower urinary tract (and 1 kidney) from a cat. The bladder is distended with urine and dark red. At the tip of the urethra, a small plug of debris is obstructing the lumen. The name of this clinical syndrome in cats is

A

feline lower urinary tract disease FLUTD

caused by an urethral obstruction. This syndrome is often diagnosed in male cats that are young to middle-aged, overweight and indoor-only. Urethral obstruction is one cause of this syndrome.

168
Q

The term for dilation of the renal pelvis is:

A

Hydronephrosis

169
Q

The most common primary renal neoplasm is dogs is —

A

renal cell carcinoma

170
Q

The most common primary renal neoplasm in cats is –

171
Q

A unique primary neoplasm of the kidney is —. This is a tumor of embryonic origin and is commonly found in young animals. In dogs, this tumor can also form next to the —

A

nephroblastoma

spinal cord (ectopic neoplasm)

172
Q

In cattle, an association has been identified between chronic — and —, and the development of urinary bladder neoplasia.

A

Bracken Fern toxicosis, Bovine Papillomavirus-2 infection

173
Q

type of tumor in a bladder

A

hemangiosarcoma

squamous cell carcinoma

urothelial/transitional cell carcinoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (young dog)

and others

174
Q

One of the most common primary urinary bladder tumors in dogs and cats is —

A

UROTHELIAL CELL CARCINOMA.

malignant

175
Q

urothelial cell carcinoma are also called

A

transitional cell carcinoma

malignant

176
Q

transitional cell carcinoma benign or malignant?

A

This neoplasm is malignant, can be locally aggressive (regional invasion) and metastasizes to lymph nodes, lung, skin, bone, and other organs.

177
Q

kidney what are some differentials

A

Renal cell carcinoma
Nephroblastoma
Urothelial cell carcinoma
Lymphoma
Hemangiosarcoma

178
Q

AZOTEMIA is defined as a(n) — in Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and a(n) — in creatinine concentration in the blood.

A

increase

increase

179
Q

The main function of the glomerulus is non-selective filtration of blood.

true or false

A

false

main function in selective filtration

when it goes wrong allows protein and sugar to leave

180
Q

All of the following statements are correct, EXCEPT:

Renal Failure is defined as the loss of >75% of renal function.

Injury to one part of the nephron results in eventual loss of the entire nephron.

The kidney can respond to vascular injury by making more nephrons.

Hyperkalemia is an important sequela of obstructive urolithiasis.

A

The kidney can respond to vascular injury by making more nephrons.

181
Q

PYELONEPHRITIS is typically the result of a(n) — infection, while EMBOLIC NEPHRITIS is typically the result of a(n) — infection.

A

ascending

hematogenous

182
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is an irreversible change that is always due to Acute Tubular Injury (ATI) and results in renal failure.

true or false

A

false

can recover

caused by toxins, ischemia, infection, obstruction

grade I-V

cause azotemia +/- acidosis

CKD is irreversible and causes anemia from decreased erythropoietin

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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