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22 fall: path > Test 1: lecture 9: neoplasia > Flashcards

Test 1: lecture 9: neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

5 round cell tumors

A

lymphocyte → lymphoma

plasma cells → plasmacytoma or myeloma

mast cell → graded in dogs

histiocytic → histiocytoma or histiocytic sarcoma

TVT → venereal spread

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2
Q

acute inflammation cells

A

neutrophils

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3
Q

chronic inflammation cells

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells and macrophages

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4
Q

granulomatous inflammation cells

A

epithelioid macrophages

giant cells

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5
Q

histiocytoma

A

surgical emergency

can resolve on their own

type of benign round cell tumor

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6
Q

A swollen part; swelling; protuberance; commonly used term for a neoplasm.

A

tumor

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7
Q

Malignant and invasive growth or tumor; Any evil condition or thing that spreads destructively.

A

cancer

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8
Q

The formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue.

A

neoplasia/neoplasm

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9
Q

study of neoplasms (onco, neoplasm and logos, study of)

A

oncology

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10
Q

a mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to that particular site.

A

hamartoma

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11
Q

a mass of normal tissue at an abnormal site, also referred to as a heterotopic rest of cells.

A

Choristoma

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12
Q

refers to the lack of uniformity of individual cells as well as loss in architectural orientation.

A

dysplasia → premalignant condition

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13
Q
A

Fibroadnexal Hamartoma
disorganized but should be there

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14
Q
A

Splenic choristoma (in the pancreas)

a tissue growing somewhere it should not be- grows normally

hamartoma- disorganized growth of tissue that should be there

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15
Q

what are some ways neoplastic cells have developed to survive

A

require fewer growth factors

nonantigenic- body can’t see it

invasive

metastatic

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16
Q

benign mesenchymal tissues neoplasms are called __

A

cell type + OMA

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17
Q

benign neoplasm of smooth muscle

A

Leio (smooth) myo (muscle) + OMA (mesenchymal tissue)

leiomyoma

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18
Q
A

gastric leiomyoma

smooth muscle benign neoplasm

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19
Q
A

lipoma

Fat/Lipocyte/Adipocyte + OMA = benign neoplasm of fat

Lipo + OMA = LIPOMA

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20
Q
A

Connective tissue/Fibroblasts/cytes + OMA = benign neoplasm of
fibrous connective tissue

Fibroblasts/cytes + OMA = FIBROMA

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21
Q

how to name benign glandular epithelial tissue neoplasm

A

Cell/Tissue + Adenoma = name of neoplasm

Hepatoid Gland + Adenoma = Hepatoid Gland Adenoma

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22
Q

how to name a benign non glandular epithelial neoplasm

A

Papilloma vs. polyp – non glandular epithelial neoplasms

• Squamous epithelium + papilloma = Squamous Papilloma

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23
Q
A

Sebaceous glands (sebocytes) + OMA = benign neoplasm of sebaceous glands

• Sebaceous adeno (gland) + OMA = SEBACEOUS ADENOMA

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24
Q
A

Parathyroid gland + OMA = benign neoplasm of the parathyroid
gland

Parathyroid adeno + OMA = PARATHYROID ADENOMA

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25
Q
A

Oligodendroglioma

benign mesenchymal tissue

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26
Q
A

Viral papilloma

Papilloma vs. polyp – benign non glandular epithelial neoplasms

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27
Q
A

Fibroepithelial polyp

Papilloma vs. polyp – benign non glandular epithelial neoplasms

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28
Q
A

Endometrial (Uterine) polyp

Papilloma vs. polyp – benign non glandular epithelial neoplasms

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29
Q
A

osteoma

oma → benign mesenchymal tissue

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30
Q
A

hemangioma

oma: benign mesenchymal tissue

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31
Q
A

apocrine cytoadenoma

adenoma : benign glandular epithelial tissue

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32
Q

how to name malignant mesenchymal tissue

A

sarcoma

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33
Q

malignant neoplasm of skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdo (rod-shaped) myo (muscle) + Sarcoma = Rhabdomyosarcoma

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34
Q
A

Fat + Sarcoma = malignant neoplasm of adipocytes (fat) (mesenchymal cell)

liposarcoma= malignant mesenchymal cell

lipoma = benign mesenchymal cell

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35
Q
A

osteosarcoma = malignant tumor of bone (osteoblasts) (malignant mesenchymal)

osteoma= benign mesenchymal

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36
Q
A

hemangiosarcoma- malignant mesenchymal

hemagioma- benign mesenchymal

neoplasm of endothelium of blood vessels

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37
Q

how to name malignant epithelial non glandular neoplasm

A

carcinoma

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38
Q

carcinoma vs carcinoma in situ

A

carcinoma in situ: malignant neoplasm of non glandular epithelial tissue that has not broken through the basement membrane

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39
Q

how to name a malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm

A

adenocarcinoma

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40
Q

carcinoma is used for

A

malignant non glandular epithelial neoplasms

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41
Q

adenocarcinoma is used for

A

malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm

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42
Q

oma is used for

A

benign mesenchymal tissue neoplasms

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43
Q

adenoma is used for

A

benign glandular epithelial tissue neoplasms

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44
Q

papilloma is used for

A

benign non glandular epithelial neoplasms

(can also use polyp)

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45
Q

polyp is used for

A

benign non glandular epithelial neoplasma

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46
Q

sarcoma is used for

A

malignant mesenchymal tissue neoplams

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47
Q

benign mesenchymal neoplasms end in ___. malignant end in ___

A

oma

sarcoma

travel in the blood stream (hematogenous)

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48
Q

benign epithelial non glandular tissue

malignant

A

papilloma vs polyp

carcinoma

travel in the lymph nodes

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49
Q

benign glandular epithelial tissue vs malignant

A

adenoma

adenocarcinoma

50
Q

left is normal

A

carcinoma in situ (has not broken basement membrane)

malignant non glandular epithelial neoplasm

51
Q
A

mammary adenocarcinoma

malignant glandular epithelial tissue neoplasm

52
Q
A

chondro sarcoma

sarcoma= malignant mesenchymal tissue

53
Q
A

squamous cell carcinoma

carcinoma = malignant non glandular epithelial tissue

54
Q

demarcation

A

how well defined the borders of a neoplasm are

55
Q

Well-encapsulated neoplasm

A

demarcation

56
Q

well demarcated or invasive?

A

invasive→ malignant

57
Q
A

infiltrative adenocarcinoma

causing desmoplasia- stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma by the host

58
Q

stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma by the host

A

desmoplasia

59
Q
A

mitotic figures

60
Q

how do malignant epithelial cell tumors spread

A

carcinomas spread by the lymphatics

61
Q

how do malignant mesenchymal cell tumors spread

A

sarcomas spread by blood vessels (hematogenous)

62
Q

another name for seeding

A

transcoelomic

carcinomatosis

63
Q

is this the primary or secondary lesion

A

secondary → traveled from somewhere else

primary lesion usually only have 1 tumor

64
Q

___ is performed by clinicians.

___ is performed by pathologists.

A

Staging

Grading

65
Q

Based on data that relates specific pathologic features to clinical behavior and prognosis

A

grading

done by a pathologist

66
Q
A

soft tissue carcinoma

mast cell tumor

malignant non glandular epithelial cell tissue

67
Q

“New growth.” The formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue. A process in which normal cells undergo irreversible genetic changes, which render them unresponsive to ordinary control on growth.

68
Q
  1. A swollen part; swelling; protuberance.
  2. An uncontrolled, abnormal, circumscribed growth of cells in any animal or plant tissue; neoplasm
69
Q

adnexal hamartoma

A

disorganized tissue of cells that are from that area

70
Q

progeny spleen is an example of ___

A

choristoma

organized growth of tissue not from that area

71
Q

Some neoplasms stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma by the host, referred to as ___, and thus feel very firm or scirrhous.

A

desmoplasia

72
Q

implies that the neoplasm is considered relatively innocuous based on its gross and microscopic appearance.

73
Q

Mesenchymal neoplasms:
• In general, attach the suffix ___

74
Q

___ is a benign epithelial neoplasm with a glandular pattern or of glandular tissue.

75
Q

___ is a benign cystic epithelial neoplasm

A

Cystadenoma

76
Q

___ is a benign epithelial neoplasm growing on an epithelial surface that forms microscopic or macroscopic finger like projections

A

Papilloma

may be associated with papillomavirus infection.

77
Q

___ is a mass projecting above an epithelial surface that forms a macroscopically (grossly) visible structure.

78
Q

Mesenchymal neoplasms:
• In general, attach the suffix

79
Q

malignant whether of ectodermal or endodermal origin

80
Q

the malignant neoplastic epithelial cells are present in a glandular pattern.

A

adenocarcinoma

81
Q

a pre-invasive stage which does not invade through the basement membrane characterized by severe dysplasia of the epithelial cells, including: mitoses above the basal cell layer, nuclear and cellular pleomorphism, darker staining nuclei (hyperchromasia),loss of architectural orientation.

A

carcinoma in situ

82
Q

If the epithelial component is malignant then it is a ___. If the epithelial and mesenchymal (cartilage or bone) components are malignant then it is called a ___

A

complex carcinoma

carcinosarcoma or malignant mixed tumor.

83
Q

Arises from totipotential cells, primarily in the ovary and testis.

84
Q

There are tissues of epithelial, mesenchymal and neural origin within the neoplasm (e.g haired skin, respiratory epithelium, bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, neural tissue and dental tissue).

85
Q

___ refers to the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally

A

differentiation

86
Q

“to form backward” - refers to a lack of differentiation of the neoplastic cells on microscopic examination and implies de-differentiation or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells.

A

anaplasia

Most cancers do not represent “reverse differentiation” of mature normal cells but arise from stem cells that fail to differentiate.

87
Q

variation in shape and size, refers to the entire cell or the nucleus

A

pleomorphism

88
Q

cells of different sizes

A

anisocytosis

89
Q

nuclei of different sizes

A

anisokaryosis

90
Q

The greater the cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, the less the
neoplastic cell resembles the normal differentiated cell, the
more ___ the cell.

A

anaplastic

91
Q

The nuclei of neoplastic cells may contain abundant chromatin
and are dark staining called ___

A

hyperchromatic

92
Q

The nuclei are disproportionately large for the cell, and the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio is distorted may approach 1:1 instead of the normal 1:4 or 1:6.

A

karyomegaly (large nuclei)

93
Q

When compared with benign tumors and some well- differentiated malignant neoplasms, undifferentiated neoplasms usually have large numbers of ___, reflecting the higher proliferative activity.

94
Q

___neoplasms often have atypical, bizarre mitotic figures, sometimes producing tripolar, quadripolar, or multipolar spindles.

95
Q

___(# of mitoses in 10 consecutive high power fields) - is often a good indication of the growth rate and malignant potential of a neoplasm

A

Mitotic index

96
Q

Some non-endocrine cancers produce hormones - a condition
known as ___

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome.

97
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome.

A

Some non-endocrine cancers produce hormones

The most common paraneoplastic syndrome is hypercalcemia due to the synthesis of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by neoplastic cells (e.g. LSA, anal sac gland carcinoma)

98
Q

Rate of growth determined by 3 factors: (1) ___ of tumor cells, (2) fraction of tumor cells that are in the ___ pool and (3) rate at which cells are ___

A

doubling time

replicative

shed or die.

99
Q

The growth rate of tumors correlates with their level of differentiation, and thus most ___ tumors grow more rapidly than ___ lesions.

A

malignant

benign

100
Q

___ Grow as cohesive expansile masses that remain localized to their site of origin and do not infiltrate, invade or metastasize.

A

benign neoplasma

101
Q

the development of secondary neoplasms at sites distant from the primary neoplasm.

A

metastasis

102
Q

___ spread is mostly found with carcinomas.

103
Q

carcinomas spread to the __

A

lymphatics then into blood and lungs

104
Q

____ spread is mostly found with sarcomas

A

Hematogenous

105
Q

sarcomas spread by ___

A

hematogenous spread

cancer grows into veins or venules and lead to the lungs and liver

106
Q

___ or seeding occurs when cancers invade and seed a natural body cavity (thorax or abdominal cavity) and re-implant at distant sites within the cavity

A

Transcoelomic spread

107
Q

transcoelomic spread is most
commonly seen with carcinomas of the ___, and is referred to as
___

A

ovary, gastrointestinal tissue and lung

carcinomatosis.

108
Q

carcinomatosis.

A

transcoelomic spread/ seeding

109
Q

TVT

A

Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT).

Transmission occurs only by transplantation of viable neoplastic cells during coitus. Immunocompromised dogs may show distant metastasis.

The normal chromosome number is reduced from 78 to 58 or 59 in the neoplastic cells.

110
Q

staging is done by the ___

A

clinician

extent of the spread

111
Q

grading is done by the ___

A

pathologist

based upon the microscopic appearance of a neoplasm with H&E staining. In general, a higher grade means that there is a lesser degree of differentiation and the worse the biologic behavior of a malignant neoplasm will be.

112
Q

benign and malignant neoplasm of Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Papilloma

Squamous cell carcinoma

113
Q

benign and malignant neoplasm of Glandular/ductal epithelium

A

adenoma, papilloma, cystadenoma

andenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma

114
Q

benign and malignant neoplasm of Liver cells

A

hepatocellular adenoma

hepatocellular carcinoma

115
Q

benign and malignant neoplasm smooth muscle

A

leiomyoma

leiomyosarcoma

116
Q

benign and malignant neoplasm of skeletal muscle

A

rhabdomyoma

rhabdomyosarcoma

117
Q

malignant lymphoid tissue

118
Q

malignant hematopoietic cells

119
Q

benign and malignant melanocytes

A

melanocytoma

malignant melanoma

120
Q

benign and malignant adrenal medulla cells

A

pheochromocytoma

pheochromocytoma

121
Q

benign or malignant totipotential cells

A

teratoma

malignant teratoma

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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