Test 2: respiratory Flashcards
4 types of epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract
Stratified squamous
Transitional
Ciliated respiratory
Olfactory
normal fetal lungs will
sink
dark red purple
rubbery
atelectasis- collapsed alveoli
no air
collapsed alveoli
atelectasis
what do normal post natal lungs look like
Aerated lung tissue is
pink, spongy, & floats in
water or formalin
Parietal layer of pulmonary pleura include
costal,
mediastinal, & diaphragmatic
pleurae
air in birds move
unidirectional flow
conducting airways- trachea and bronchi
can see cartilage
transitional airways (bronchioles)
Basement membrane, smooth muscle, connective tissue (no cartilage or glands)
has club cells that produce immune modulator- surfactant, antioxidants, antibacterial ect.- can act as stem cell to repopulate surrounding cells if injured
alveoli
alveoli are made of what type of cells
Type I pneumocytes (flat)
Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal)- act as stem cells
two routes of exposure to lungs
aerogenous- airborne microbes, particulates, toxic
gases
hematogenous- circulating microbes, toxins, emboli
lines airways, traps particles/microbes, propelled to pharynx for
elimination
mucus
kill/opsonize microbes, prevent colonization in respiratory tract
antimicrobial proteins
IgA, IgG, defensins, cathelicidins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, complement
proteins, collectins, etc.
engulf particles/microbes, trigger inflammation if injurious agent cannot be contained
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
three defenses of respiratory tract
mucus
antimicrobial proteins
alveolar macrophages
Wry nose (midline deviation) BRACHYGNATHIA superior/inferior (shortened jaws)
PALATOSCHISIS (midline defect of hard & soft palate)
BRACHYGNATHIA
superior/inferior (shortened jaws)
PALATOSCHISIS
(midline defect of hard & soft palate)
Palatoschisis
soft palate) with feed material in nasopharynx
Sequela: aspiration pneumonia
Bilateral choanal atresia
there is thin bone blocking nasal from throat- can’t breathe through the nose
Small epiglottis enveloped by aryepiglottic fold
epiglottic entrapment- smaller then normal and get stuck
4 issues with brachycephalic airway syndrome
Stenotic nares
- Overlong soft palate
- Hypoplastic trachea
- Everted laryngeal saccules
auditory tube/
guttural pouch inflammation
EUSTACHITIS
excess mucous is also called
catarrhal
— can cause catarrhal rhinitis
bot flies
foreign body- plants
— can cause mucopurulent rhinitis
feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, Mycoplasma felis, other infections
— cause fibrinonecrotic rhinitis and pharyngitis
bovine herpesvirus 1 infection (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
— cause purulent rhinitis and sinusitis
periodontal disease → feed impaction & tooth root abscess with extension into sinus & nasal cavity
— can cause granulomatous rhinitis
Rhinosporidium seeberi (protistan parasite) infection
guttural pouch empyema
Purulent (suppurative) eustachitis
Streptococcus equi (subspecies equi (stangles) or zooepidemicus) infection
— can cause guttural pouch empyema
(stangles) Streptococcus equi subspecies equi
— cause guttural pouch mycosis
Fungal plaque (hyphae & fibrinonecrotic exudate); may invade arteries/cranial nerves → hemorrhage/dysphagia
guttural pouch lie next to —
internal carotid artery
CN 9,10,11
hemorrhage and dysphagia
necrotic laryngitis is caused by
“Calf diphtheria”
Cause: Fusobacterium necrophorum infection
URT inflammation will cause goblet cell — or squamous —
hyperplasia (increase in number)
metaplasia (change type)
epistaxis
bloody nose
local extension of URI inflammation
Brain (meningitis/encephalitis)
Bone (osteomyelitis/osteolysis)
atrophic rhinitis of pigs
Cause: Pasteurella multocida (cytotoxin-producing strains)
atrophic rhinitis of pigs is caused by
Pasteurella multocida (cytotoxin-producing strains)
Bacterial toxins inhibit osteoblastic activity &
promote osteoclastic resorption →atrophy &
malformation of nasal conchae
Nasopharyngeal polyp
Inflammatory mass arising from middle ear or auditory tube; due to chronic inflammation
ethmoid hematoma
submucosal hemorrhage and vascular proliferation with inflammation, cause unknown
Inflammatory mass arising from middle ear or auditory tube; due to chronic inflammation
Nasopharyngeal polyp
paranasal sinus cyst
Non-neoplastic expansile mass that can distort the skull Thin bony wall lined by respiratory epithelium & filled with fluid
“Enzootic nasal carcinoma”
Retrovirus-induced nasal adenocarcinoma in sheep & goats
nasal adenocarcinoma
subepiglottic cyst
Laryngeal rhabdomyoma
(benign skeletal muscle neoplasm)
Unilateral paralysis also called
hemiplegia
laryngeal hemiplegia is caused by
Injury or idiopathic degeneration of
left recurrent laryngeal nerve → DENERVATION ATROPHY of left cricoarytenoideus (CAD) muscle
Injury or idiopathic degeneration of
left recurrent laryngeal nerve → — of left cricoarytenoideus (CAD) muscle
DENERVATION ATROPHY
trachea
tracheal froth secondary to pulmonary edema
tracheal collapse
dorsoventral flattening with widened dorsal membranes
common in toy breeds or miniature horses
Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis (IBR)
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Parasitic tracheitis (Oslerus osleri infection (worms))
Tracheal perforation due to overinflation of endotracheal tube cuff
lungs
lung lobe torsion
congestion and infarct
Incomplete expansion of the alveoli
atelectasis
two types of acquired atelectasis
alveoli collapse due to
obstruction (B) or compression (C)
(gas distension) of interlobular septa
EMPHYSEMA
Common agonal change in cattle (does not necessarily indicate lung disease)
Pulmonary congestion due to left CHF; hemosiderin in PAMs (“heart failure cells”)
Pulmonary edema Fluid oozes from lung when cut; fluid & PAMs in alveoli
—- are heart failure cells found in lungs
alveolar macrophages that tried to eat edema/red blood cells caused by CHF and turned brown from hemosiderin
lung
pulmonary infarct
Pulmonary contusions due to blunt force trauma
exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)
uremic mineralization
secondary to renal failure
Lungs fail to collapse due to mineral in alveolar septa
May also have gritty plaques on costal pleura
uremic mineralization in lungs post mortem
will not collapse due to mineral in alveolar septa
May also have gritty plaques on costal pleura- crumbly or crispy
primary lung neoplasms are
Epithelial (adenoma/carcinoma) most
common
— lung cancer will metastasis to digits in cats
pulmonary carcinoma
lung-digit
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA): retrovirus-induced neoplasm in sheep > goats
dull tan and firm
bronchopneumonia has what kind of distribution in the lungs
interstitial pneumonia has what kind of distribution
diffuse
embolic pneumonia has what kind of distribution
focal
airway disease will effect what cells? and will cause what symptoms
epithelial cells- cause inflammation and necrosis
coughing, airway obstruction and impaired lung defenses
chronic bronchitis will cause
excess mucus +/- inflammation
lung
BRONCHIECTASIS = permanent bronchial dilation due to chronic injury/inflammation
bronchiectasis
permanent bronchial dilation due to chronic injury/inflammation
secondary to airway disease
BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERAN
fibrovascular polyp covered by respiratory epithelium that occludes bronchiolar lumen
how is bronchopneumonia spread
by air- aerogenous
usually bacterial pathogens that gain access
Exudative lesion originating
at the bronchiolar-alveolar
junction (infection of the
airspace)
— is Exudative lesion originating at the bronchiolar-alveolar
junction (infection of the
airspace)
bronchopneumonia
spread by air, usually bacterial
describe bronchopneumonia
spread by air
usually bacterial
forms exudate that will fill airways and surrounding alveolar
usually cranioventral
gross findings of bronchopneumonia
cranioventral consolidation (discolored, firm, sinks) due to gravitational influences
microscopic findings for bronchopneumonia
neutrophils +/- fibrin and macrophages fill bronchiolar lumens & spill into alveoli
— is a common pathogen in live stock that causes bronchopneumonia
Pasteurellaceae (Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus, Histophilus, Bibersteinia)
Bronchopneumonia with abscesses
Cause: Mycoplasma bovis infection
Other sites affected: middle ears, joints, mammary glands (in cows)
lungs
Bronchopneumonia with abscesses/pyogranulomas
Cause: Rhodococcus equi infection
Other sites affected: lymph nodes, cecum, bones/joints, eyes
aspiration pneumonia
subtype of bronchopneumonia due to aspiration of foreign material
aspiration pneumonia Lesion distribution depends on the animal’s ___
position at the time of aspiration (gravitational influences)
interstitial pneumonia effects what part of the lungs
all lungs fields (can be multifocal or diffuse)
interstitial pneumonia is spread by
hematogenous
but can be spread in the air- toxins
—- is damage to, or inflammation involving, the alveolar/ interlobular septa
interstitial pneumonia
gross findings of interstitial pneumonia
lungs fail to fully collapse, rib impressions on surface, multifocal to diffuse discoloration, firm or rubbery texture, sink
microscopic findings of interstitial pneumonia
damage to alveolar and interlobular septa
diffuse alveolar injury characterized by edema, macrophages & neutrophils
in alveoli +/- type II pneumocyte hyperplasia (subacute) & interstitial fibrosis (chronic)
light pink fibrin
what kind of pneumonia
interstitial
Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF)
caused by equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) infection
what interstitial pneumonia forms hyaline membranes on the border of the alveoli
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)
fibrin and surfactant bind together to make hyaline membranes
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)
extreme variation of interstitial pneumonia characterized by simultaneous capillary & type I pneumocyte injury due to “cytokine storm”
form hyaline membrane
PNEUMOTOXICOSIS can be caused by
Inhalation of gases or fumes that are directly toxic to
epithelial or endothelial cells
- Ingestion or inhalation of toxins that are metabolized to reactive intermediates (mainly by club cells or type II pneumocytes)
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Inhaled persistent material (e.g., asbestos or fiberglass)
- Xenobiotic-induced carcinogenicity
toxic lung injury can be caused by Inhalation of gases or fumes that are — to epithelial or endothelial cells or by toxins that are —
directly toxic
metabolized to reactive intermediates (mainly by club cells or type II pneumocyte)
fog fever is caused by
Acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema
toxic lung injury from eating forage with high levels of tryptophan
gets turned into 3-methylindole in
rumen
then 3-MI is metabolized by club cells into a toxic compound that causes type 1 pneumocyte necrosis
lung what can cause this
toxic lung injury
Acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (fog fever) → from eating high tryptophan forage
what foods can cause toxic lung injury
4-ipomeanol in moldy sweet potatoes contaminated with fungus Fusarium solani
L-tryptophan in forage
Perilla mint
rapeseed
kale
Refers to specific injury of
pneumocytes & airway
epithelium at the broncho-
alveolar junction
bronchointerstitial pneumonia
microscopic diagnosis
caused by virus- usually lobular pattern
bronchointerstitial pneumonia is caused by
virus- canine distemper or BRSV
usually lobular
refers to specific injury to pneumocytes & airway
epithelium at the broncho-alveolar junction
sheep lung
embolic penumonia
spread in blood- bacteria, protozoa or fungi
multifocal
embolic pneumonia is spread by — and has a — distribution
hematogenous- bacteria, protozoa, fungi
multifocal
melanosis
incidental lung finding
lung incidental finding
SUBPLEURAL MACROPHAGE FOCI
(“endogenous lipid pneumonia”)
CHYLOTHORAX
associated with ruptured thoracic duct
lymph (milky fluid) fluid in the pleural space
inflammation of the pleura
PLEURITIS
what kind of pneumonia, can be peeled off lung
Necrotizing pleuropneumonia
PLEUROPNEUMONIA = bronchopneumonia + pleuritis
what virus caused this in cats
Pyogranulomatous phlebitis & pleuritis due to
feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus infection
differentials
pleural mesothelioma
Metastatic neoplasm
carcinomatosis- seeding of area
TRANSPLEURAL DISSEMINATION of carcinomas or sarcomas
- PLEUROPERITONEAL MIGRATION of carcinomas through diaphragm
—- (inflammation of the lung parenchyma) is usually associated with a firm texture, while — (collapse or incomplete expansion of the lung parenchyma) is often rubbery
Pneumonia
atelectasis
A —pattern is characterized grossly by consolidation (firm texture) of the lung tissue in the cranioventral region.
bronchopneumonia
The abnormal lung tissue is often sharply demarcated from the remainder of the lung tissue (we sometimes refer to this line of demarcation as the “—-“).
line of life
bronchopneumonia pattern
bronchopneumonia distribution is by —-
air
bacterial pathogen
Microscopically, inflammatory exudates (usually a mixture of neutrophils, macrophages, and fibrin) fill the airway lumina and spill into the surrounding alveoli
Microscopically, bronchopneumonia, —-(usually a mixture of neutrophils, macrophages, and fibrin) fill the airway lumina and spill into the surrounding alveoli
inflammatory exudates
—-pattern is characterized grossly by lungs that are firm/rubbery and fail to collapse upon release of negative pleural pressure.
interstitial pneumonia
what type of pneumonia has All lung fields are typically affected, though the distribution may be multifocal or diffuse.
interstitial pneumonia pattern
interstitial pneumonia is spread by
blood
viral pneumonia, toxic lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
lung, what type of pneumonia
interstitial pneumonia
Which cell adaptation is primarily responsible for increased myocardial mass in an adult animal?
hypertrophy
Concentric hypertrophy occurs when sarcomeres are added in parallel due to
pressure overload
Eccentric hypertrophy occurs when sarcomeres are added in series due to
volume overload
is an inflammatory condition of the endocardium and usually develops secondary to bacteremia and endocardial injury.
Endocarditis
is a non-inflammatory condition of the endocardium (usually seen in dogs) characterized by idiopathic degeneration of the valvular collagen.
Endocardiosis
This two-word term refers to a life-threatening condition in which the heart is compressed and prevented from adequately filling due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity:
cardiac tamponade
Bronchopneumonia is typically characterized by cranioventral consolidation of the lungs and is usually associated with a(n)— route
aerogenous
Interstitial pneumonia typically affects all lung lobes in a multifocal to diffuse pattern and is often associated with a(n) — route
hematogenous
Inflammation of guttural pouch
Eustachitis
Malignant neoplasm of blood vessel endothelium
Hemangiosarcoma
