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22 fall: path > Test 2: respiratory > Flashcards

Test 2: respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of epithelial cells in upper respiratory tract

A

Stratified squamous

Transitional

Ciliated respiratory

Olfactory

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

normal fetal lungs will

A

sink
dark red purple
rubbery

atelectasis- collapsed alveoli
no air

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4
Q

collapsed alveoli

A

atelectasis

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5
Q

what do normal post natal lungs look like

A

Aerated lung tissue is
pink, spongy, & floats in
water or formalin

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6
Q

Parietal layer of pulmonary pleura include

A

costal,
mediastinal, & diaphragmatic
pleurae

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7
Q

air in birds move

A

unidirectional flow

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8
Q
A

conducting airways- trachea and bronchi

can see cartilage

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9
Q
A

transitional airways (bronchioles)

Basement membrane, smooth muscle, connective tissue (no cartilage or glands)

has club cells that produce immune modulator- surfactant, antioxidants, antibacterial ect.- can act as stem cell to repopulate surrounding cells if injured

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10
Q
A

alveoli

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11
Q

alveoli are made of what type of cells

A

Type I pneumocytes (flat)

Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal)- act as stem cells

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12
Q

two routes of exposure to lungs

A

aerogenous- airborne microbes, particulates, toxic
gases

hematogenous- circulating microbes, toxins, emboli

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13
Q

lines airways, traps particles/microbes, propelled to pharynx for
elimination

A

mucus

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14
Q

kill/opsonize microbes, prevent colonization in respiratory tract

A

antimicrobial proteins

IgA, IgG, defensins, cathelicidins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, complement
proteins, collectins, etc.

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15
Q

engulf particles/microbes, trigger inflammation if injurious agent cannot be contained

A

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

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16
Q

three defenses of respiratory tract

A

mucus
antimicrobial proteins
alveolar macrophages

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17
Q
A

Wry nose (midline deviation) BRACHYGNATHIA superior/inferior (shortened jaws)

PALATOSCHISIS (midline defect of hard & soft palate)

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18
Q

BRACHYGNATHIA

A

superior/inferior (shortened jaws)

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19
Q

PALATOSCHISIS

A

(midline defect of hard & soft palate)

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20
Q

Palatoschisis

A

soft palate) with feed material in nasopharynx

Sequela: aspiration pneumonia

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21
Q
A

Bilateral choanal atresia

there is thin bone blocking nasal from throat- can’t breathe through the nose

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22
Q
A

Small epiglottis enveloped by aryepiglottic fold

epiglottic entrapment- smaller then normal and get stuck

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23
Q

4 issues with brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

Stenotic nares

  1. Overlong soft palate
  2. Hypoplastic trachea
  3. Everted laryngeal saccules
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24
Q

auditory tube/
guttural pouch inflammation

A

EUSTACHITIS

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25
Q

excess mucous is also called

A

catarrhal

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26
Q

— can cause catarrhal rhinitis

A

bot flies
foreign body- plants

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27
Q

— can cause mucopurulent rhinitis

A

feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, Mycoplasma felis, other infections

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28
Q

— cause fibrinonecrotic rhinitis and pharyngitis

A

bovine herpesvirus 1 infection (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)

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29
Q

— cause purulent rhinitis and sinusitis

A

periodontal disease → feed impaction & tooth root abscess with extension into sinus & nasal cavity

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30
Q

— can cause granulomatous rhinitis

A

Rhinosporidium seeberi (protistan parasite) infection

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31
Q
A

guttural pouch empyema

Purulent (suppurative) eustachitis

Streptococcus equi (subspecies equi (stangles) or zooepidemicus) infection

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32
Q

— can cause guttural pouch empyema

A

(stangles) Streptococcus equi subspecies equi

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33
Q

— cause guttural pouch mycosis

A

Fungal plaque (hyphae & fibrinonecrotic exudate); may invade arteries/cranial nerves → hemorrhage/dysphagia

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34
Q

guttural pouch lie next to —

A

internal carotid artery

CN 9,10,11

hemorrhage and dysphagia

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35
Q

necrotic laryngitis is caused by

A

“Calf diphtheria”

Cause: Fusobacterium necrophorum infection

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36
Q

URT inflammation will cause goblet cell — or squamous —

A

hyperplasia (increase in number)

metaplasia (change type)

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37
Q

epistaxis

A

bloody nose

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38
Q

local extension of URI inflammation

A

Brain (meningitis/encephalitis)

Bone (osteomyelitis/osteolysis)

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39
Q
A

atrophic rhinitis of pigs

Cause: Pasteurella multocida (cytotoxin-producing strains)

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40
Q

atrophic rhinitis of pigs is caused by

A

Pasteurella multocida (cytotoxin-producing strains)

Bacterial toxins inhibit osteoblastic activity &
promote osteoclastic resorption →atrophy &
malformation of nasal conchae

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41
Q
A

Nasopharyngeal polyp

Inflammatory mass arising from middle ear or auditory tube; due to chronic inflammation

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42
Q
A

ethmoid hematoma

submucosal hemorrhage and vascular proliferation with inflammation, cause unknown

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43
Q

Inflammatory mass arising from middle ear or auditory tube; due to chronic inflammation

A

Nasopharyngeal polyp

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44
Q
A

paranasal sinus cyst

Non-neoplastic expansile mass that can distort the skull Thin bony wall lined by respiratory epithelium & filled with fluid

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45
Q
A

“Enzootic nasal carcinoma”

Retrovirus-induced nasal adenocarcinoma in sheep & goats

nasal adenocarcinoma

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46
Q
A

subepiglottic cyst

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47
Q
A

Laryngeal rhabdomyoma

(benign skeletal muscle neoplasm)

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48
Q

Unilateral paralysis also called

A

hemiplegia

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49
Q

laryngeal hemiplegia is caused by

A

Injury or idiopathic degeneration of
left recurrent laryngeal nerve → DENERVATION ATROPHY of left cricoarytenoideus (CAD) muscle

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50
Q

Injury or idiopathic degeneration of
left recurrent laryngeal nerve → — of left cricoarytenoideus (CAD) muscle

A

DENERVATION ATROPHY

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51
Q

trachea

A

tracheal froth secondary to pulmonary edema

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52
Q
A

tracheal collapse

dorsoventral flattening with widened dorsal membranes

common in toy breeds or miniature horses

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53
Q
A

Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis (IBR)

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

54
Q
A

Parasitic tracheitis (Oslerus osleri infection (worms))

55
Q
A

Tracheal perforation due to overinflation of endotracheal tube cuff

56
Q

lungs

A

lung lobe torsion

congestion and infarct

57
Q

Incomplete expansion of the alveoli

A

atelectasis

58
Q

two types of acquired atelectasis

A

alveoli collapse due to
obstruction (B) or compression (C)

59
Q

(gas distension) of interlobular septa

A

EMPHYSEMA

Common agonal change in cattle (does not necessarily indicate lung disease)

60
Q
A

Pulmonary congestion due to left CHF; hemosiderin in PAMs (“heart failure cells”)

61
Q
A

Pulmonary edema Fluid oozes from lung when cut; fluid & PAMs in alveoli

62
Q

—- are heart failure cells found in lungs

A

alveolar macrophages that tried to eat edema/red blood cells caused by CHF and turned brown from hemosiderin

63
Q

lung

A

pulmonary infarct

64
Q
A

Pulmonary contusions due to blunt force trauma

65
Q
A

exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

66
Q
A

uremic mineralization

secondary to renal failure

Lungs fail to collapse due to mineral in alveolar septa

May also have gritty plaques on costal pleura

67
Q

uremic mineralization in lungs post mortem

A

will not collapse due to mineral in alveolar septa

May also have gritty plaques on costal pleura- crumbly or crispy

68
Q

primary lung neoplasms are

A

Epithelial (adenoma/carcinoma) most
common

69
Q

— lung cancer will metastasis to digits in cats

A

pulmonary carcinoma

lung-digit

70
Q
A

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA): retrovirus-induced neoplasm in sheep > goats

dull tan and firm

71
Q

bronchopneumonia has what kind of distribution in the lungs

A
72
Q

interstitial pneumonia has what kind of distribution

A

diffuse

73
Q

embolic pneumonia has what kind of distribution

A

focal

74
Q

airway disease will effect what cells? and will cause what symptoms

A

epithelial cells- cause inflammation and necrosis

coughing, airway obstruction and impaired lung defenses

75
Q

chronic bronchitis will cause

A

excess mucus +/- inflammation

76
Q

lung

A

BRONCHIECTASIS = permanent bronchial dilation due to chronic injury/inflammation

77
Q

bronchiectasis

A

permanent bronchial dilation due to chronic injury/inflammation

secondary to airway disease

78
Q

BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERAN

A

fibrovascular polyp covered by respiratory epithelium that occludes bronchiolar lumen

79
Q

how is bronchopneumonia spread

A

by air- aerogenous

usually bacterial pathogens that gain access

Exudative lesion originating
at the bronchiolar-alveolar
junction (infection of the
airspace)

80
Q

— is Exudative lesion originating at the bronchiolar-alveolar
junction (infection of the
airspace)

A

bronchopneumonia

spread by air, usually bacterial

81
Q

describe bronchopneumonia

A

spread by air
usually bacterial

forms exudate that will fill airways and surrounding alveolar
usually cranioventral

82
Q

gross findings of bronchopneumonia

A

cranioventral consolidation (discolored, firm, sinks) due to gravitational influences

83
Q

microscopic findings for bronchopneumonia

A

neutrophils +/- fibrin and macrophages fill bronchiolar lumens & spill into alveoli

84
Q

— is a common pathogen in live stock that causes bronchopneumonia

A

Pasteurellaceae (Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus, Histophilus, Bibersteinia)

85
Q
A

Bronchopneumonia with abscesses

Cause: Mycoplasma bovis infection

Other sites affected: middle ears, joints, mammary glands (in cows)

86
Q

lungs

A

Bronchopneumonia with abscesses/pyogranulomas

Cause: Rhodococcus equi infection

Other sites affected: lymph nodes, cecum, bones/joints, eyes

87
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

subtype of bronchopneumonia due to aspiration of foreign material

88
Q

aspiration pneumonia Lesion distribution depends on the animal’s ___

A

position at the time of aspiration (gravitational influences)

89
Q

interstitial pneumonia effects what part of the lungs

A

all lungs fields (can be multifocal or diffuse)

90
Q

interstitial pneumonia is spread by

A

hematogenous

but can be spread in the air- toxins

91
Q

—- is damage to, or inflammation involving, the alveolar/ interlobular septa

A

interstitial pneumonia

92
Q

gross findings of interstitial pneumonia

A

lungs fail to fully collapse, rib impressions on surface, multifocal to diffuse discoloration, firm or rubbery texture, sink

93
Q

microscopic findings of interstitial pneumonia

A

damage to alveolar and interlobular septa

diffuse alveolar injury characterized by edema, macrophages & neutrophils
in alveoli +/- type II pneumocyte hyperplasia (subacute) & interstitial fibrosis (chronic)

light pink fibrin

94
Q

what kind of pneumonia

A

interstitial

Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF)

caused by equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) infection

95
Q

what interstitial pneumonia forms hyaline membranes on the border of the alveoli

A

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)

fibrin and surfactant bind together to make hyaline membranes

96
Q

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)

A

extreme variation of interstitial pneumonia characterized by simultaneous capillary & type I pneumocyte injury due to “cytokine storm”

form hyaline membrane

97
Q

PNEUMOTOXICOSIS can be caused by

A

Inhalation of gases or fumes that are directly toxic to
epithelial or endothelial cells

  • Ingestion or inhalation of toxins that are metabolized to reactive intermediates (mainly by club cells or type II pneumocytes)
  • Hypersensitivity reactions
  • Inhaled persistent material (e.g., asbestos or fiberglass)
  • Xenobiotic-induced carcinogenicity
98
Q

toxic lung injury can be caused by Inhalation of gases or fumes that are — to epithelial or endothelial cells or by toxins that are —

A

directly toxic

metabolized to reactive intermediates (mainly by club cells or type II pneumocyte)

99
Q

fog fever is caused by

A

Acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema

toxic lung injury from eating forage with high levels of tryptophan

gets turned into 3-methylindole in
rumen

then 3-MI is metabolized by club cells into a toxic compound that causes type 1 pneumocyte necrosis

100
Q

lung what can cause this

A

toxic lung injury

Acute bovine pulmonary edema & emphysema (fog fever) → from eating high tryptophan forage

101
Q

what foods can cause toxic lung injury

A

4-ipomeanol in moldy sweet potatoes contaminated with fungus Fusarium solani
L-tryptophan in forage
Perilla mint
rapeseed
kale

102
Q

Refers to specific injury of
pneumocytes & airway
epithelium at the broncho-
alveolar junction

A

bronchointerstitial pneumonia

microscopic diagnosis

caused by virus- usually lobular pattern

103
Q

bronchointerstitial pneumonia is caused by

A

virus- canine distemper or BRSV

usually lobular

refers to specific injury to pneumocytes & airway
epithelium at the broncho-alveolar junction

104
Q

sheep lung

A

embolic penumonia

spread in blood- bacteria, protozoa or fungi

multifocal

105
Q

embolic pneumonia is spread by — and has a — distribution

A

hematogenous- bacteria, protozoa, fungi

multifocal

106
Q
A

melanosis

incidental lung finding

107
Q

lung incidental finding

A

SUBPLEURAL MACROPHAGE FOCI
(“endogenous lipid pneumonia”)

108
Q

CHYLOTHORAX

A

associated with ruptured thoracic duct

lymph (milky fluid) fluid in the pleural space

109
Q

inflammation of the pleura

A

PLEURITIS

110
Q

what kind of pneumonia, can be peeled off lung

A

Necrotizing pleuropneumonia

PLEUROPNEUMONIA = bronchopneumonia + pleuritis

111
Q

what virus caused this in cats

A

Pyogranulomatous phlebitis & pleuritis due to

feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus infection

112
Q

differentials

A

pleural mesothelioma

Metastatic neoplasm

carcinomatosis- seeding of area

TRANSPLEURAL DISSEMINATION of carcinomas or sarcomas

  • PLEUROPERITONEAL MIGRATION of carcinomas through diaphragm
113
Q

—- (inflammation of the lung parenchyma) is usually associated with a firm texture, while — (collapse or incomplete expansion of the lung parenchyma) is often rubbery

A

Pneumonia

atelectasis

114
Q

A —pattern is characterized grossly by consolidation (firm texture) of the lung tissue in the cranioventral region.

A

bronchopneumonia

115
Q

The abnormal lung tissue is often sharply demarcated from the remainder of the lung tissue (we sometimes refer to this line of demarcation as the “—-“).

A

line of life

bronchopneumonia pattern

116
Q

bronchopneumonia distribution is by —-

A

air

bacterial pathogen

Microscopically, inflammatory exudates (usually a mixture of neutrophils, macrophages, and fibrin) fill the airway lumina and spill into the surrounding alveoli

117
Q

Microscopically, bronchopneumonia, —-(usually a mixture of neutrophils, macrophages, and fibrin) fill the airway lumina and spill into the surrounding alveoli

A

inflammatory exudates

118
Q

—-pattern is characterized grossly by lungs that are firm/rubbery and fail to collapse upon release of negative pleural pressure.

A

interstitial pneumonia

119
Q

what type of pneumonia has All lung fields are typically affected, though the distribution may be multifocal or diffuse.

A

interstitial pneumonia pattern

120
Q

interstitial pneumonia is spread by

A

blood

viral pneumonia, toxic lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

121
Q

lung, what type of pneumonia

A

interstitial pneumonia

122
Q

Which cell adaptation is primarily responsible for increased myocardial mass in an adult animal?

A

hypertrophy

123
Q

Concentric hypertrophy occurs when sarcomeres are added in parallel due to

A

pressure overload

124
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy occurs when sarcomeres are added in series due to

A

volume overload

125
Q

is an inflammatory condition of the endocardium and usually develops secondary to bacteremia and endocardial injury.

A

Endocarditis

126
Q

is a non-inflammatory condition of the endocardium (usually seen in dogs) characterized by idiopathic degeneration of the valvular collagen.

A

Endocardiosis

127
Q

This two-word term refers to a life-threatening condition in which the heart is compressed and prevented from adequately filling due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity:

A

cardiac tamponade

128
Q

Bronchopneumonia is typically characterized by cranioventral consolidation of the lungs and is usually associated with a(n)— route

A

aerogenous

129
Q

Interstitial pneumonia typically affects all lung lobes in a multifocal to diffuse pattern and is often associated with a(n) — route

A

hematogenous

130
Q

Inflammation of guttural pouch

A

Eustachitis

131
Q

Malignant neoplasm of blood vessel endothelium

A

Hemangiosarcoma

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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