Test 1: lecture 1 Flashcards
Pathology:
The science and study of the origin, nature, and course of diseases. Pathology comes from the Greek words “pathos” (disease) and “logos” (treatise). The word pathology is sometimes misused to mean disease (e.g. they didn’t find any pathology in the patient). A medical doctor that specializes in pathology is a pathologist, who are experts at interpreting gross and microscopic diseases.
A pathologic change in a tissue/cell
lesion
Sequence of events that lead to or underlie a disease
Pathogenesis
Prediction of outcome of the pathologic process.
prognosis
A concise statement of the nature, cause or name of a disease.
diagnosis
categories of disease
MINI VAN DITTI
Metabolic
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Infectious
Vascular
Anomalous (congenital and genetic)
Nutritional
Degenerative
Idiopathic
Toxic
Traumatic
Iatrogenic
heart left mitral valve
Endocardiosis- the development and accumulation of fibrous tissue within the heart valves which in turn alters the physical structure of the valves.
chronic valve disease degenerative disease
thickened opaque nodules present with regurg and murmur yellow caused by regurg → jet lesion in atria endocardium
congenital
omphalocele
Mini Van Ditti
infectious
abomasum
Haemonchus contortus, the “barber’s pole” worm, a blood-sucking parasite of the abomasum, is one of the most significant helminth parasites of sheep and goats.
MINI VAN DITTI
nutritional- low vit C
scurvy
optic nerve neoplasia (cancer)
MINI VAN DITTI
idiopathic/ toxic
cirrhosis of the liver→ bumpy
MINI VAN DITTI
iatrogenic /toxic
(caused by NSAID use)
kidney- horse
renal papillary necrosis from ischemia
MINI VAN DITTI
toxic, infectious, nutritional
aortic mineralization- full, gritty hard, lumpy bumpy
clinical diagnosis
based on history, clinical signs, physical and other examinations (e.g. chewing gum seizures, depression, and facial tic suggestive of encephalopathy)
Differential diagnosis
what else can it be
list of diseases that could account for the findings in the case (e.g. congenital hydrocephalus, toxoplasma, neospora, canine distemper virus, lymphoma)
Clinical pathological diagnosis:
based on blood tests
based on changes in hematology, clinical chemistries, or
cytology (e.g. elevated WBCs and protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggestive of
meningoencephalitis)
Morphologic diagnosis:
lesion diagnosis, either gross or microscopic that includes
severity, duration, distribution, location, and nature of the lesion (e.g. severe multifocal
subacute lymphocytic meningoencephalitis with demyelination)
Etiologic diagnosis:
a diagnosis that includes the lesion and the cause
(e.g Morbilliviral encephalitis)
M in MINI VAN DITTI
Metabolic - usually a deficiency of an enzyme or hormone or secondary to organ failure (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, uremic pneumonitis, hepatic encephalopathy)
1st I in Mini VAN DITTI
Inflammatory - host response to a perceived injury
Appropriate - part of normal host defense (e.g. cystitis, bronchitis)
Allergic - hypersensitivity to exogenous antigens (e.g. allergic dermatitis)
Autoimmune - inflammation directed at host tissues (e.g. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia)
A in MINI VAN DITTI
Anomalies of development
Congenital - present at birth (e.g. two-faced kitten)
Genetic - caused by heritable DNA abnormality (e.g. polycystic kidney disease of Persian cats, severe combined immunodeficiency of Arabian horses, Basset hounds, and mice)
MINI CAN DITTI
2nd N
Nutritional - excess or deficiency or one or more nutrients (e.g. dilated cardiomyopathy due to taurine deficiency in cats; starvation; obesity)
D in MINI VAN DITTI
Degenerative - breakdown of cells and tissue over time (e.g. degenerative joint disease; endocardiosis)
3rd I in MINI VAN DITTI
Idiopathic - of unknown etiology
(e.g. epilepsy; chronic hepatitis; chronic interstitial nephritis)
T in MINI VAN DITTI
Traumatic (e.g. bullet wounds, bite wounds, hit by car)
Toxic - exogenous chemicals (including medications), plants, radiation (e.g. ethylene glycol nephrotoxicity, valium-induced hepatic necrosis in cats, leukoencephalomalacia in horses due to fungal toxins on moldy corn)
last I in MINI VAN DITTI
Iatrogenic - caused by treatment
(e.g. tracheal rupture due to endotracheal tube balloon inflation; gastric ulcers due to non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs))
gastric ulcers due to non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is an example of ___ type of disease
iatrogenic- caused by treatment
valium-induced hepatic necrosis in cats is an example of ___
toxic
MINI VAN DITTI
epilepsy is an example of ___
idiopathic- unknown etiology
endocardiosis is an example of
degenerative- breakdown of cells over time
starvation is an example of
nutritional
infarcts are examples of
vascular
hemangioma is an example of
neoplastic (cancer)
DM is an example of ___
metabolic disease
