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22 fall: path > Test 3: skin > Flashcards

Test 3: skin Flashcards

1
Q

— prevents water loss and protect from environmental insults

A

enclosing barrier
stratum corneum

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2
Q

3 ways skin acts as barrier

A

continuously shed- desquamation

hydrophobic

inherent immune system= keratinocytes, langerhands, dendritic cells and lymphocytes

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

basal layer of skin attaches to basement membrane by —

A

hemidesmosomes

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5
Q

what do merkel cells do

A

sensory in skin, can tell if hair is moved

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6
Q

histiocytosis is cancer of —

A

langerhans cell- can spontaneously regress

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7
Q

melanocytes transfers melanin to —

A

keratinocytes

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8
Q

what causes hyperpigmentation after injury such as constant scratching

A

melanocyte

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9
Q

vitiligo is also called

A

depigmentation
leukoderma

loss of melanocytes

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10
Q

is this malignant?

A

no not melanoma

flat/macules of pigment
lentigo simplex

incidental finding

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11
Q
A

melanocytoma

raised black nodule on haired skin

melanoma- usually in oral cavity

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12
Q

merkel cells are mechanoreceptors in — and hair follicles

A

tylotrich pads

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13
Q

keratinization is also called

A

cornification

keratinocytes deposit keratin to form barrier

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14
Q

sarcoma has —intermediate filament

A

vimentin

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15
Q

carcinoma has — intermediate filament

A

keratin

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16
Q

— have hemidesmosomes that attach to basement membrane

A

stratum basale

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17
Q

stratum basale is the — layer with slow cycling stem cells

A

progenitor layer

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18
Q

stratum spinosum attaches by —

A

desmosomes

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19
Q

where can you find langerhans cells

A

stratum spinosum

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20
Q

what does filaggrin do?

A

takes keratin filaments and packs them together

contains keratohyalin granules

found in the stratum granulosum layer

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21
Q

— is the outermost layer of skin that is fully keratinized, anucleate and dead

A

stratum corneum

continuously shed
mortar and bricks

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22
Q

primary abnormalities of cornification are —

A

mutations in the enzymes, structural proteins or lipids that form the outer layer of skin

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23
Q

fish scale disease is called

A

ichthyosis

genetic condition of scaling due to faulty formation of stratum corneum

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24
Q

xerosis means

A

dry skin

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25
Q

how does cornification work

A

1) Cleavage of keratinocyte cytoplasmic contents

2) Compaction of keratinocytes
* Binding of keratin via Filaggrin
* Replacing cell membrane via Transglutaminase

3) Lipid bilayer formation

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26
Q

stratum corneum with retained nuclei

A

parakeratosis

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27
Q

how is lipid bilayer formed in skin

A

lamellar granules will unfurl and dump lipid into junction between granular and corneum layer

lipids hold corneocytes together and repels water- provides moisture and hydrophobic barrier

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28
Q

harlequin ichthyosis

A

defective lamellar bodies- no lipids in top layer

can’t slough stratum corneum

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29
Q

what happens with golden retriever ichthyosis

A

shedding/scaling

abnormal lipid

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30
Q
A

Epidermolytic ichthyosis Keratin mutation
Norfolk terrier

become very pigmented and scaly

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31
Q

cell membrane in corneum layer becomes— by —

A

cornified envelope

transglutaminases (TGM1)

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32
Q

jack russel

A

transglutaminases (TGM1) mutation

cells membrane is not changed into cornified envelope

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33
Q

what causes desquamation

A

sloughing/shedding of skin

enzymes

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34
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa

A

problem with basement membrane- skin falls off, hoof falls off

epidermis is not anchored to dermis

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35
Q

clear zone in the basement membrane seen on electron microscopy

A

lamina lucida

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36
Q

part of basement membrane that contains primarily type IV collagen

A

lamina densa

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37
Q

part of basement membrane that anchors fibrils and type VII collagen

A

sublamina densa

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

blisters

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquista

problem with basement membrane- leads to blister and epidermis not attaching to dermis

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40
Q

what causes wrinkles in shar pei

A

excess hyaluronic acid- filler

can lead to vesicles

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41
Q
A

ehlers-danlos

problem with collagen

affects connective tissue, primarily the skin, joints, and blood vessel walls.

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42
Q
A
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43
Q

sebaceous gland in hair follicle is what type of secretion

A

holocrine

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44
Q

hair cycle

A

anagen- growing
telogen- arrested

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45
Q

furunculosis

A

rupture of hair follicle

leads to hair loss

can be secondary to inflammation in infundibulum of hair follicle →folliculitis

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46
Q

what hormones inhibit hair growth

A

Glucocorticoids
Estrogen

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47
Q

what hormones stimulate hair growth

A

thyroid hormone and androgens

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48
Q

Tylotrich hairs are —

A

mechanoreceptors that attach to merkel cells

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49
Q
A

sebaceous adenitis

problem with sebaceous gland, leads to decrease in lipids, corneum can’t slough, leads to scaling

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50
Q

eccrine sweat galnds (atrichial) are found —

A

paw pads

empty directly onto surface of skin

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51
Q

apocrine sweat glands (epitrichial) are found —

A

empty into hair follicle

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52
Q
A

papules- little raised lesions

demodex infestation

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53
Q
A

plaques- large flat lesion

eosinophilic granuloma complex

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54
Q
A

pustule → papule filled with pus

eosinophilic or neutrophilic

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55
Q
A

pustule and crust

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56
Q

crust vs scale

A

crust- ruptured pustule, cell debris, bacteria

scale- dandruff, stratum corneum

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57
Q
A

hemorrhagic crust

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58
Q
A

scale

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59
Q

hypothyroidism will do what to blood work?

A

hypercholesterol

mild anemia

60
Q
A

eschar resulting from thermal burn

61
Q
A

bullae

62
Q
A

vesicles- smaller then bullae

63
Q
A

wheal- hives- solid firm raised

64
Q
A

macules- flat/even with skin surface

sertoli cell tumor producing estrogen

65
Q
A

patches- flat/ even with skin surface

66
Q
A

patches- flat/ even with skin surface

> 1 cm

67
Q
A

erosion

above basement membrane

68
Q
A

ulcer

below basement membrane

69
Q
A

comedomes - blackheads

70
Q

comedo can be caused by

A

demodex mites
or
filled with keratin

71
Q

where are scabies and demodex found?

A

demodex- in hair follicle

scabies- on skin surface

72
Q

hyperplastic change resulting from chronic friction or inflammation

A

Lichenification

73
Q
A

epidermal collarette

rums of flaking scale and the erosion of the center

74
Q

itching is also called

A

pruritus

75
Q

caused by

A

epidermal collarette

superficial pyoderma- caused by Staph Pseudintermedius

76
Q

what is the most common cause of pyoderma in dogs

A

staph pseudintermedius

77
Q

name 4 chronic changes

A

Alopecia
lichenification
erythema
hyperpigmentation

78
Q

with chronic skin trauma what will happen to the hair follicles, glands and dermis

A

hyperplasia and folliculitis

sebaceous glands- hyperplasia

apocrine gland- cystic dilation and inflammation

dermis- fibrosis

79
Q
A

sub-epidermal vesicular pattern/ pustular dematitis

80
Q
A

Perivascular Dermatitis

81
Q
A

lichenoid Interface Dermatitis

82
Q
A

Epidermal Vesicular and Pustular Dermatit

83
Q
A

Nodular and Diffuse Dermatitis- panniculitis

84
Q
A

Folliculitis/ perifolliculitis and furunculosis

85
Q
A

Atrophic Dermatoses

86
Q

Acantholysis is the hallmark of — which is driven by a Type II hypersensitivity reaction to intercellular adhesion molecules.

A

pemphigus foliaceus

antibodies attack adhesion molecule between keratinocytes

87
Q

two differentials

A

superficial pyoderma

or

Pemphigus foliaceus- autoimmune type II reaction

88
Q

three differentials for filliculitis

A

staph pseud
demodex
dermatophytosis (ring worm)

89
Q

what can cause this

A

steroid- cause epidermal atrophy and hair loss/atrophy

90
Q
A

Perivascular Dermatitis

Inflammatory cells
aggregate around
blood vessels

nonspecific

91
Q

dermal edema/ space between epidermal cells

A

spongiosis

92
Q

chronic perivascular will cause

A

Epidermal hyperplasia
Acanthosis
Spongiosis
Rete ridges

93
Q

Orthokeratotic vs Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

A

ortho- normal formation, just alot of keratin

para- abnormal, still has nucleus

94
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

mast cell histamine

produce wheal/ hive

95
Q

superficial perivascular dematitis can be caused by hypersensitivity disorders such as — or by —

A

flea bite hypersensitivity

atopy- the genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis (eczema)

food allergy

ectoparasitism- sarcoptic mange

96
Q

Pruritus vs Pruritic

A
  • Pruritus = unpleasant sensation which provokes the desire to scratch
    (itching)

*Pruritic = itchy

97
Q

what three things can cause this

A
  • Superficial trauma

*Bacterial

  • Fungal- Malassezia
98
Q
A

Lichenification: thickening of the skin associated with accentuation of the normal skin markings

hyperpigmentation

99
Q

what does Malassezia look like

A

snow man or foot prints - fungus

100
Q
A

flea bite hypersensitivity reaction

101
Q
A

sarcoptic mange- ears, elbows, eyes

Notoedres cati - “feline scabies”

102
Q

what causes parakeratosis

A

increased epidermal turnover or metabolic disease

can be caused by trauma, malassezia (fungi) infection

corneum with nucleus

103
Q
A

Zinc Responsive Dermatosis with Pa rakeratosis

zinc is needed for epidermal differentiation

Arctic breeds but any breed possible if poor diet, scaly plaques on face and pressure points. Perivascular dermatitis with epidermal and follicular parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

104
Q

Zinc-responsive dermatosis occurs in — and causes the formation of —-

A

Arctic breeds but any breed possible if poor diet, scaly plaques on face and pressure points. Perivascular dermatitis with epidermal and follicular parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

105
Q
A

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND)

(Hepatocutaneous syndrome)

causes parakeratosis

skin disorder in dogs caused either liver disease (hepatocutaneous syndrome) or less likely glucagonoma (glucagonoma syndrome). Characteristic low magnification features: parakeratotic hyperkeratosis (red), acanthosis with intracellular edema in spinous layer (pallor- white), hyperplasia of basal layer keratinocytes (blue); so-called “red, white, and blue” appearance. Poor prognosis

106
Q

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND) is caused by — and forms — in the skin

A

liver disease (hepatocutaneous syndrome) or less likely glucagonoma (glucagonoma syndrome),

faulty proteins- have very low animo acids

effects paw pads, lips and genitalia

Characteristic low magnification features: parakeratotic hyperkeratosis (red), acanthosis with intracellular edema in spinous layer (pallor- white), hyperplasia of basal layer keratinocytes (blue); so-called “red, white, and blue” appearance. Poor prognosis

107
Q
A

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND)

108
Q

Pathologic events target basal keratinocytes and dermoepidermal
junction

A

Interface Dermatitis

109
Q

three causes of Interface Dermatitis

A

Immune complex deposition

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

Autoreactive cytotoxic T cells

110
Q

what are some differentials for interface dermatitis

A

drug reaction
lupus

111
Q

german short hair pointer

A

Exfoliative Cutaneous lupus

form of interface dermatitis

112
Q

Erythema multiforme can be caused by —. what happens to skin?

A

adverse drug reaction

Lymphocyte-mediated destruction of keratinocytes

113
Q

— is Lymphocyte-mediated destruction of keratinocytes

A

Erythema multiforme

114
Q

how does interface dermatitis differ from pericascular dermatitis

A

usually immune dysfunction

attacks basal keratinocytes and dermoepidermal junction

can be caused by immune complex, type II hypersensitivity, autoreactive cytotoxic T cells, drug reaction

example: lupus or erythema multiforme

115
Q

vesicle vs bulla

A

blisters

vesicle smaller then bulla

116
Q

— are keratinocytes which separate
completely from their neighbors, become round, with a round nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm

A

acantholytic cells

117
Q

— is the loss of cohesion between epidermal cells or keratinocytes. Results in the formation of clefts, vesicles and pustules.

A

Acantholysis (loosening of the spines Gk .)

not the same as acanthosis- hyperplasia of the stratum spinosum

118
Q
A

Acantholysis- (loosening of the spines Gk .) is the loss of cohesion between epidermal cells or keratinocytes. Results in the formation of clefts, vesicles and pustules.

119
Q

most common cause of acantholysis

A

Autoimmune disease due to autoantibody production to cell
adhesion molecules

type II hypersensitivity reaction

120
Q

other then autoimmune what else can cause acantholysis

A

bacterial infection with release of proteolytic enzymes and bacterial
toxins

(rare) dermatophytosis (Trichophyton sp.)

severe edema (spongiosis)

121
Q

caused by autoantibody to —

A

desmocollin-1

Pemphigus Foliaceus

sterile pustules

Acantholysis, healthy neutrophils, no bacteria

122
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris is caused by antibody to —

A

desmoglein-3

(lower in the skin then Pemphigus foliaceus)

found in the mouth

Acantholysis with suprabasilar clefting

123
Q

— caused Acantholysis with suprabasilar clefting and is found in the mouth

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

Desmoglein-3 autoantibody

get tombstone effect

124
Q

— causes tombstone effect basal cells stay cause disease does not attack hemidesmosomes

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

Acantholysis with suprabasilar clefting

mouth

Desmoglein-3 autoantibody

125
Q

PF vs pyoderma

A

PF- no bacteria, healthy neutrophils

pyoderma- + bacteria, necrotic cells, smaller, minimal acantholysis

126
Q

PF has autoantibody to –

A

intracellular molecule in the desomones that hold cells together

causes cells to break apart

PF= desmocollin-1 autoantibody

PV= Desmoglein-3 autoantibody (mouth)

127
Q

blistering disorder of the basement membrane caused by autoantibody formation

A

epidermolysis bullosa aquisita

bullous pemphigoid

128
Q

can peel off skin

A

Co ngenital Epidermolysis Bullosa

129
Q

skin peeling off

A

Epidermolysis Bullosa

130
Q

nodular/diffuse dermatitis will have infiltrate with —

A

(1) neutrophilic (e.g. bacterial)

(2) eosinophilic (e.g. parasitic or eosinophilic granuloma)

(3) histiocytic - chronic granulomatous or pyogranulomatous lesions (e.g. mycobacteria, fungal, foreign body)

131
Q

acid fast stain showing mycobacteria what type of dermatitis?

A

infectious nodular/diffuse

132
Q

what are two causes of noninfectious diffuse/nodular dermatitis?

A

Eosinophilic collagenolytic granuloma

Often associated with hypersensitivity disorder

133
Q

what type of organism cause nodular/diffuse dermatitis?

A

mycobacteria, fungal

134
Q

How does the character of the infiltrate of nodular/diffuse dermatitis give clues to cause?

A

epithelioid macrophages= granuloma =mycobacteria or fungus or foreign body

neutrophilic (e.g. bacterial)

(2) eosinophilic (e.g. parasitic or eosinophilic granuloma)

135
Q

— forms scabs with oily exudate, in dogs often idiopathic and sterile

A

panniculitis

136
Q

inflammation of the hair follicle

A

folliculitis

137
Q

follicle rupture with inflammation;

A

Furunculosis

138
Q

What are the three major causes of folliculitis?

A

bacteria infection- staph pseud

dermatophyte- ringworm

demodex mites

139
Q

what kind of bacteria causes folliculitis?

A

Staph. pseud

140
Q

ringworm is also called

A

dermatophytosis (fungi)

141
Q

Dermatophytosis is a Specific group of fungal organisms that utilize — in hair

A

keratin

ringworm= Microsporum, trichophyton, epidermophyton

cause folliculitis and furunculosis

142
Q

clinical presentation of folliculitis

A

alopecia

nodules

143
Q

What inflammatory reaction occurs when the hair follicle ruptures?

A

granulomatous

144
Q

atrophic dermatoses cause atrophy of skin and is caused by —

A

steroids

or

spontaneous Hyperadrenocorticism

145
Q

caused by steroid use

A

calcinosis cutis

spontaneous Hyperadrenocorticism

or from steroid use

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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