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22 fall: path > Test 3: repro > Flashcards

Test 3: repro Flashcards

1
Q

— maintain the blood testis barrier

A

sertoli cells

provide support and nutrients

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2
Q

— make testosterone in the testis

A

leydig cells
interstitial endocrine cells

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3
Q

what is the fibrous capsule outside the testis

A

tunica albuginea

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4
Q

what is the function of seminiferous tubulues?

A

germ cell and spermatozoa

Spermatogonia → spermatocytes → spermatids→
spermatozoa

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5
Q

where do sperm mature

A

epididymis

head, body and tail

long coiled tube lined by ciliated columnar epithelium

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6
Q

— have erectile penis; prepuce produces smegma

A

horse

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7
Q

— have long fibrous penis with some erectile tissue, sigmoid flexure, retractor muscle

A

ruminants and pigs

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8
Q

what is the urethral process at the end of sheep penis

A

vermiform appendage

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9
Q

— have erectile penis with bone (os penis)

A

dog and cat

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10
Q

make makes a male

A

SRY
anti mullerian hormone
XY
Testosterone from leydig cells
Dihydrotestosterone

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11
Q

4 portals of entry to the male repro

A
  1. DIRECT PENETRATION (e.g., trauma)
  2. ASCENDING INFECTION (e.g., E. coli)
  3. HEMATOGENOUS LOCALIZATION
    (e.g., Brucella spp.)
  4. PERITONEAL SPREAD (e.g., FIP)
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12
Q

fluid build up between the tunic layers is called

A

hydrocele

connected to the peritoneum

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13
Q

periorchitis

A

spread of peritonitis into the vaginal tunic

e.g., polyserositis in pigs, FIP in cat

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14
Q

what are some cancers of the vaginal tunic

A

mesothelioma

peritoneal carcinomatosis

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15
Q

what are 4 things that cause increased testis size

A

testicular hypertrophy
inflammation
cancer
torsion

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16
Q

— is Common disorder of sexual development characterized by incomplete testicular descent

A

cryptorchidism

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17
Q

what happens with cryptorchidism

A

genetic trait

can cause testicular atrophy, torsion and neoplasia

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18
Q

how to tell hypoplasia vs atrophy of testis

A

hypoplasia- small epididymis and testis

atrophy- epididymis normal sized

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19
Q

— is Testis does not reach full size at puberty

A

hypoplasia

will have small epididymis and testis

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20
Q

— is Testis decreases in size after
puberty due to degeneration

A

atrophy

will have normal sized epididymis

can be resolved if germ cells remain

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21
Q

testis

A

granulomatous inflammation

due to free spermatozoa released from the seminiferous tubules into the interstitium and causing inflammation

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22
Q

what causes epididymitis

A

Mostly ascending (e.g., Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus somni, E. coli)

Brucella spp. (hematogenous)

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23
Q

epididymitis is usually bilateral or unilateral

A

unilateral

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24
Q

epididymitis is usually caused by ascending infection what is the exception

A

Brucella spp. (hematogenous)

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25
Q

Possible sequelae of epididymitis

A
  • Testicular atrophy (degeneration)
  • Adhesions between vaginal tunics
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26
Q

orchitis is

A

inflammation of the testis

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27
Q

primary orchitis usually —

A

hematogenous

can be ascending from epididymitis

Brucella spp. in multiple species
* Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in rams, bucks
* FIP in cats

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28
Q

what are some things that cause orchitis

A

Brucella spp. in multiple species

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in rams, bucks

FIP in cats

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29
Q

three types of neoplasia of the testis

A

GERM CELL TUMORS:
* SEMINOMA
* TERATOMA

SEX CORD-STROMAL TUMORS:
* INTERSTITIAL (LEYDIG) CELL TUMOR
* SERTOLI CELL TUMOR

MIXED TUMORS

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30
Q

testicular neoplasia are normally malignant or benign?

A

benign

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31
Q

white, soft, bulging testis cancer

A

seminoma

Most common type in stallion,
2nd most common in dog

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32
Q

seminomas are common in —

A

Most common type in stallion,
2nd most common in dog

white, soft, bulging germ cell tumor

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33
Q

Yellow, soft, hemorrhage testis tumor

A

Interstitial cell tumor (leydig)

Most common type in bull, dog, cat

May produce hormones (e.g., testosterone)

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34
Q

interstitial cell tumors produce —

A

testosterone

yellow, soft, hemorrhage

most common testis tumor in bull, dog and cat

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35
Q

sertoli cell tumors are common in —

A

3rd most common type in dog;
rare in other species

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36
Q

white, firm, lobulated testis tumor

A

Sertoli cell tumor

3rd most common type in dog; rare in other species

May produce hormones (e.g., estrogen or inhibin)

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37
Q

sertoli cell tumors may produce —

A

estrogen or inhibin

3rd most common type in dog; rare in other species

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38
Q

dilation/tortuosity of veins of pampiniform plexus + thrombosis

A

VARICOCELE

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39
Q

twisting of spermatic cord; usually in retained testes, esp. if neoplasm present

A

torsion

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40
Q

inflammation of spermatic cord

A

FUNICULITIS

Follows contamination of castration wound

“Scirrhous cord” when chronic

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41
Q

what is a differential diagnosis for swelling in the region of the scrotum

A

inguinal/scrotal hernia

varicocele- dilation of the pampiniform plexus +/- thrombus

torsion

funiculitis- inflammation

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42
Q

prostatic — is common following castration

A

atrophy

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43
Q

prostatitis is caused by hematogenous infection by — or by ascending infection by —

A

Brucella

E. coli, Proteus

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44
Q
A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

caused by estrogen and testosterone

can cause obstipation or urethral obstruction

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45
Q

inability to extrude
penis

A

phimosis

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46
Q

inability to retract penis into prepuce

A

paraphimosis

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47
Q

persistent erection

A

priapism

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48
Q

band of tissue between the ventral raphe of penis & prepuce

A

PERSISTENT PENILE FRENULUM

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49
Q

inflammation of penis

A

phallitis

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50
Q

inflammation of head (glans) of penis

A

balanitis

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51
Q

inflammation of prepuce

A

posthitis

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52
Q

inflammation of penis & prepuce

A

balanoposthitis

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53
Q

Corynebacterium renale causes

A

pizzle rot
ovine posthitis

urease-producing bacteria

caused by high protein diet → high urea concentration in urine → bacteria convert urea to ammonia (cytotoxic) → ulceration near preputial orifice

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54
Q

what causes this

A

aberrant migration of Habronema muscae larvae

Equine penile habronemiasis

Differential diagnosis includes exuberant granulation tissue, sarcoid

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55
Q

TVT effects

A

male and female Canine transmissible venereal tumor

Large round cells, lightly staining cytoplasm with peripheral vacuoles

May spontaneously regress

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56
Q

TVT will look like what microscopically?

A

Canine transmissible venereal tumor

Large round cells, lightly staining cytoplasm with peripheral vacuoles

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57
Q

Equine penile squamous cell carcinoma is associated with —

A

equine (Equus caballus)
papillomavirus-2

keratin pearls

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58
Q

Bovine penile fibropapilloma is caused by

A

bovine papillomavirus-1

Similar appearance to equine sarcoid (neoplasm associated with bovine papillomavirus-1/2
infection in horses)

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59
Q

ovary capsule in lined by

A

surface epithelium

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60
Q

uterine tubes are lined by

A

ciliated columnar epithelium

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61
Q

cervix, vagina and vulva are lined by

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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62
Q

what makes a female

A

XX

FOXL2 → ovarian development and inhibits testis development

Mullerian ducts

urogenital sinus

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63
Q

freemartinism

A

male and female twin cows

male hormones causes females to develop incorrectly

small ovaries, hypoplastic vagina ect.

64
Q

ovary

A

intraovarian cysts- follicular cysts or remnant of embryonal structure

65
Q

germ cell tumors in ovaries

A

DYSGERMINOMA (analogous to testicular
seminoma; similar gross appearance)

TERATOMA

66
Q

sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary

A

granulosa cell tumors- similar to sertoli cell tumor in males

thecoma

luteoma

67
Q

Arises from totipotential primordial germ cells of

A

teratoma

contains at least 2-3 embryonic germ layers

68
Q

granulosa cell tumors look

A

Firm, tan, multiloculated; atrophy of contralateral ovary

most common ovarian cancer in large animals

produce: AMH, astrogen, androgens and inhibin

69
Q

granulosa cell tumors make

A

AMH, astrogen, androgens and inhibin

firm, tan, multilocaulated with atrophy of contralateral ovary

70
Q

inflammation of uterine tube, usually due to ascending bacterial infection

A

SALPINGITIS

71
Q

what are two non inflammatory uterus disorders caused by acquired or congenital obstruction

A

hydrometra
mucometra

72
Q

two types of endometrial hyperplasia

A

segmental/pseudoplacentational

generalized cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)

73
Q

Is endometrial hyperplasia an indication of neoplasia?

A

no, but can lead to infection

74
Q

— occurs in early diestrus (requires estrogen priming followed by progesterone)

A

GENERALIZED cystic endometrial hyperplasia
(CEH)

75
Q

uterine inflammation is usually due to

A

ascending infection when cervix is open (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma)

otherwise hematogenous (brucellosis, salmonellosis, pestivirus, herpesvirus, fungal infections)

76
Q

inflammation of all layers of uterine wall (more severe)

A

metritis

77
Q

pyometra can result in

A

septicemia, endotoxemia,
uterine rupture/septic peritonitis and death

78
Q

how can bacteria cause hyperplasia and pyometra in canines

A

Prolonged progesterone elevation during luteal
phase → increased endometrial sensitivity to irritation (e.g., trauma, mild bacterial infection) → CEH (cystic endometrial hyperplasia) → accumulation of endometrial secretions in uterine lumen providing environment for massive bacterial proliferation → suppurative inflammation & luminal exudate (PYOMETRA)

79
Q

what are some common uterine neoplasias

A

LYMPHOSARCOMA:

LEIOMYOMA:

UTERINE (ENDOMETRIAL) CARCINOMA:

80
Q

uterine lymphosarcoma are associated with

A

BLV (bovine leukemia virus)

also attacks the right
atrium, abomasum, uterus, spinal canal, retrobulbar region, kidney, lymph nodes

81
Q

uterus firm rubber ball tumor

A

leiomyoma-

benign smooth muscle tumor

82
Q

leiomyoma are benign or malignant?

A

benign

83
Q

uterine carcinomas are benign or malignant

A

metastasize to regional lymph nodes, lungs, or seed abdominal serosa (carcinomatosis)

84
Q

vaginal polys are often —, with stalk attached to
vaginal wall

A

solitary and benign

85
Q

SCC of the vulva is most common in —

A

cow, ewe, and mare

UV exposure from tail docking

metastasize to the iliac lymph nodes

86
Q

how to tell leiomyoma from poly

A

histopath

87
Q

what are three common vulvar neoplasia

A

SCC- light exposure- malignant (keratin pearls)

vaginal leiomyoma- benign

canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)- round cell tumor that may spontaneously regress

88
Q

equine coital exanthema is caused by

A

equine herpesvirus-3

type of vulvar inflammation

Venereal spread; characterized by vesicles & erosions of external genitalia in mares & stallions (transient)

Depigmentation with healing

89
Q

bovine infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (balanoposthitis) is caused by

A

bovine herpesvirus-1

Transmitted by coitus, artificial insemination + nose-to-vulva contact; characterized by hyperemia & edema →petechial
hemorrhages & erosions/ulcers

  • Resolution of disease is rapid
90
Q

mammary glands are modified —

A

apocrine sweat glands

91
Q

mammary alveoli lined by
luminal secretory
—, surrounded by basal
—

A

epithelium

myoepithelium

92
Q

milk retention (failure of milk letdown)

A

GALACTOSTASIs

93
Q

inappropriate
lactation/precocious lactation

A

GALACTORRHEA

94
Q

failure of milk
production (rare)

A

Aglactia

95
Q

Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in cats is enlargement of the

A

epithelial ductal cells and surrounding stroma

MAMMARY GLAND HYPERPLASIA

96
Q

canine mammary neoplasia are benign or malignant

A

benign

97
Q

what increases the chance of dog getting mammary tumor

A

age and hormones
(if not spayed)

benign but very common in dogs

hyperplasia → dysplasia → neoplasia

98
Q

feline mammary neoplasia are normally —

A

malignant

3rd most common neoplasm in cats (1= LSA, 2= SCC)

99
Q

feline mammary hyperplasia can progress to —

A

adenoma →carcinoma (malignant)

Metastasize to regional lymph nodes, lungs, or other mammary glands; interval between diagnosis & death is often short

100
Q

large animal mammary tumors are —

A

uncommon

seldom metastasize

101
Q

chorioallantosis will touch

A

endometrium of mother

can be diffuse, cotyledonary or zonary

102
Q

allantosis holds —

A

fetal waste

103
Q

umbilical cord includes

A

umbilical vein- oxygen to fetus

paired umbilical arteries- waste from fetus

urachus- empties fetal bladder

104
Q

amniotic plaques are

A

incidental finding

raised plaques

105
Q

rubbery mass in placenta

A

hippomane

incidental finding

106
Q
A

adventitial placentation

incidental

107
Q

fetal membranes

A

mineralization

incidental finding

108
Q
A

malformed twin (acardiac monster)

incidental finding

109
Q

embryonic death is from day —

A

<35-45 day in large animals

<20 days in small animals

110
Q

fetus

A

maceration

bacteria in uterus breaks down fetus, bones remain

111
Q

what to look for in fetal pathology

A

gestational age

aeration of lungs

fetal hypoxia, malformation, infection

112
Q
A

meconium release

indicator of fetal hypoxia

113
Q

what are some non infectious causes of abortion in horses

A

umbilical cord torsion

premature placental separation- red bag delivery

placental insufficiency- twins or previous endometritis

114
Q

common toxic cause of abortion

A

Veratrum californicum

115
Q

— is the most common ovarian neoplasm we encounter in large animals, and it is especially common in mares.

A

granulosa cell tumor

116
Q
A

granulosa cell tumor

The neoplastic granulosa cells often line follicle-like cavities separated by a supporting stroma or theca cells. This follicle-like arrangement gives the tumors their characteristic multiloculated (polycystic) appearance

117
Q

GCTs are usually — and — but often produce hormones

A

unilateral

benign

118
Q

granulosa cell tumors produce what hormones

A

anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), estrogens, androgens, and/or inhibin (which inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone)

119
Q

what happens to the opposite ovary with a granulosa cell tumor

A

atrophy

120
Q

what are some behavior patterns caused by granulosa cell tumor

A

Anestrous (excess inhibin)

Continuous or intermittent estrus (excess estrogens)

Male behavior (excess androgens).

121
Q

— is the male counterpart of the female GCT.

A

sertoli cell tumor

122
Q

sertoli cell tumors are common in what animal

A

dogs

rare in other species

123
Q

what does sertoli cell tumor look like

A

firm, white lobulated

124
Q

The neoplastic — can have an intratubular or diffuse arrangement and are often separated by a dense fibrous connective tissue stroma, making the tumor feel much firmer than a — (which is usually soft and white) or — (which is usually soft and yellow).

A

Sertoli cells

seminoma

interstitial cell tumor

125
Q

sertoli cells tumors produce —

A

estrogen or inhibin

cause feminization of the dog

male mammary gland development (gynecomastia) and atrophy of the opposite testis.

126
Q

male mammary gland development

A

(gynecomastia)

caused by sertoli cell tumor making estrogen and inhibin

127
Q

clinical signs of sertoli cell tumor

A

(gynecomastia) and atrophy of the opposite testis.

symmetrical hair loss (alopecia)

hyperpigmentation

squamous metaplasia of the prostatic epithelium (often accompanied by prostatitis), and bone marrow suppression leading to pancytopenia (decreased number of red and white blood cells and platelets)

128
Q

— is inflammation of the mammary gland

A

mastitis

129
Q

mastitis is usually a response to — infection that enters the mammary gland via a — through the teat canal and duct system, though other routes of infection (such as hematogenous spread and direct penetration) are also possible.

A

bacterial

ascending route

130
Q

pathogens can be classified as — (primary reservoir is the cow; often transmitted during milking), —, or both:

A

contagious (step agalactiae, staph aureus, mycoplasma)

environmental (E. coli, trueperella pyogenes

Both (Strep dysgalactiae)

131
Q

Mammary gland masses are extremely common in —, less common in — , and rare in —

A

dogs

cats

other species

132
Q

— is a distinctive form of mammary hyperplasia common in young intact female cats with a high serum progesterone concentration (e.g., during luteal phase of estrus, early pregnancy, or after progestin therapy)

A

Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia

133
Q

Dilated mammary ducts also called

A

duct ectasia

134
Q

— is another non-neoplastic cause of gland enlargement and may involve the epithelium of a duct (papillary hyperplasia) or lobule (lobular hyperplasia).

A

Mammary hyperplasia

135
Q
A

Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia

non-neoplastic

resolves with spay

136
Q

— are most common in the dog and are usually well-circumscribed and well-differentiated.

A

Benign mammary neoplasms

137
Q

proliferation of both epithelial( tubular) and myoepithelial cells

mammary neoplasms

A

complex adenoma

138
Q

proliferaion of epithelial and myoepithelial cells with foci of cartilage and bone

type of mammary neoplasms

A

benign mixed tumor

139
Q

malignant mammary neoplasm undergo — to make them very firm

A

desmoplasia

140
Q

highly malignant type of mammary carcinoma in dogs

A

Anaplastic carcinoma

“inflammatory carcinoma” due to the swollen, red, warm appearance of the affected mammary gland.

Microscopically, the neoplastic anaplastic epithelial cells are poorly-differentiated with intervening desmoplasia and frequent invasion/occlusion of superficial dermal lymphatic vessels

141
Q

what is the prognosis of dog with anaplastic carcinoma in the mammary gland

A

poor

142
Q

grade 1 or 3 mammary carcinoma is worse?

A

grade 3

143
Q

how to start fetal autopsy

A

body weight, crown-rump length, and developmental feature

144
Q

what disease

A

equine herpesvirus 1

145
Q

equine herpesvirus 1 will cause — microscopically

A

Epithelial necrosis and intranuclear inclusion bodies

146
Q

cause later term abortion
bullseye target

A

Campylobacter spp

147
Q
A

Toxoplasma gondii

148
Q

three bacterial causes of abortion that are zoonotic

A
149
Q

what are come unique neonatal features

A

Pale pink-tan skeletal muscle (rather than red)

Predominantly brown fat distributed along the back (rather than white fat surrounding the organs)

Thymus occupies most of the cranial mediastinum

Thin renal cortex with fetal glomeruli (still developing)

Soft/mushy brain

Incomplete ossification of bone

Eyes and ears closed (depending on species)

150
Q

fetal malformations fall into what 4 categories

A
  1. Arrest in development
  2. Failure to close
  3. Failure to regress
  4. Duplication
151
Q

Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in a smaller than normal testis?

Cryptorchidism

Testicular hypoplasia

Testicular degeneration

Orchitis

A

Orchitis

152
Q

true or false

Testicular hypoplasia is readily distinguished from testicular atrophy by histopathology.

A

false

hard to tell apart

153
Q

Most infectious causes of orchitis/epididymitis arrive via the — route. A classic exception is brucellosis, which is typically the result of — infection with Brucella spp.

A

ascending

hematogenous

154
Q

Mammary neoplasms in cats are usually —-, while mammary neoplasms in dogs are more often —

A

malignant

benign

155
Q

Non-infectious causes of pregnancy failure are uncommon in horses.

true or false

A

false

156
Q

true or false

Endometrial hyperplasia often progresses to neoplasia in dogs

A

false

does not lead to cancer, but can cause infection

mammary hyperplasia can lead to cancer (dogs- benign, cats- malignant)

157
Q

A soft white bulging neoplasm in a testis is most likely a —.

A soft white bulging neoplasm in a ovary is most likely a —

A

seminoma (most common in horse, 2nd in dogs)- germ cell tumor

dysgerminoma - germ cell tumor

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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