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22 fall: path > Test 2: 5 stomach > Flashcards

Test 2: 5 stomach Flashcards

1
Q

— part of the stomach secretes mucin only

A

cardia

surface is foveolar cells

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2
Q

— part of the stomach secretes pepsinogen and HCL and mucin

A

fundus/body

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3
Q

— part of the stomach secrete mucin and gastrin

A

pylorus

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4
Q

G cells produce — and are found

A

gastrin

pylorus of stomach

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5
Q

chief cells produce

A

pepsinogen

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6
Q

parietal cells produce

A

HCl

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7
Q

foveolar cell produce

A

mucus and bicarb

found on the surface of the cardia

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8
Q

gastric mucosal barrier is made of what 4 things

A
  1. Mucous “gel” secretions
    * Lubricates & protects from self- digestion
  2. Bicarbonate ions (HCO
    * Buffers HCl (acid neutralization)
  3. Replacement cells (every 3-5d)
  4. BLOOD FLOW
    – Brings O2 and energy for cell growth
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9
Q

prostaglandin controls

A

secretions (bicarb and mucus)

cell turnover

microvascular blood flow

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10
Q

erosion in stomach

A

a superficial mucosal defect limited to the mucosa/lamina propria

can bleed

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11
Q

ulcer in stomach

A

a deep mucosal defect that extends through the epithelium into the submucosa/wall

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12
Q

acute ulcers will look

A

Red-to-brown mucosal depression
– Active bleeding +/- fibrin layer
“Coffee ground” digested blood common

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13
Q

chronic stomach ulcers will look

A

raised tan “indurated” crater-like

tan base from re-epithelialization

+/- active hemorrhage (if deep ulcer)

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14
Q

sequelae of ulcer

A

Bleeding→ anemia→ “internal exsanguination”

Transmural perforation → septic peritonitis

Healing & Fibrous scar
→ dysmotility or outflow obstruction→ impaction

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15
Q
A

chronic ulcer

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16
Q

gastric ulcers can be caused by — parietal/chief cell secretion or by — in the mucosal barrier

A

increased (HCl and pepsinogen)

decreased

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17
Q

clinical signs of gastric ulcer in dogs and cats

A

vomiting, inappetance,
abdominal pain, anemia, melena

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18
Q

clinical signs of gastric ulcer in cattle

A

partial→ complete anorexia,
decreased milk production, melena, palpaple discomfort (+ grunt test)

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19
Q

clinical signs of gastric ulcers in horses

A

anorexia, poor
performance, bruxism (Grinding of the teeth)

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20
Q

clinical signs of gastric ulcers in pigs

A

anorexia, peracute death- ulcer erodes major blood vessel and bleeds out

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21
Q

5 causes of gastric ulcers

A

Vascular Compromise
Dietary Disturbances
Trauma/toxic
Neoplasms
Infectious/inflammatory (GASTRITIS)

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22
Q

3 causes of vascular compromise that leads to gastric ulcers

A

Pharmacologic (NSAIDS, Corticosteroids)

Supraphysiologic stress (nor-epi/epi)

Displacements - stomach twist and cut off blood supply

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23
Q

2 causes of trauma/toxic causes of gastric ulcers

A

– Foreign bodies

– Caustic (exogenous or endogenous/systemic)

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24
Q

NSAIDs cause — inhibition

A

COX 1 and 2

inhibit thromboxane and prostaglandin production

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25
Q

steroids inhibit

A

PLA2 enzyme- needed for COX1 and 2 activation

will also stop COX 1 and cox 2

Decreases immune cell activation (cytokines, LC activation),
induces immune cell apoptosis (LC, Eos)

26
Q

pathogenesis of NSAID ulcers will cause
— Acid secretion by parietal cells
— Bicarbonate & Mucus secretion
— Mucosal Microcirculation and — Replacement cells

A

increased

decreased, decreased, decreased

cox 1/2 enzyme inhibition

decreased prostaglandin synthesis

27
Q

where does horse form gastric ulcers

A

margo plicatus

28
Q

how does stress cause gastric ulcers?

A

epi/norepinephrine cause vasoconstriction to gastric wall

cause local ischemic episodes→necrosis →erosion→ ulcers

29
Q

displacement and dilation of the stomach can cause

A

gastric dilation- volvulus → passive congestion→ ischemia mucosal/mural infarct→ ulcer

bloat can compress vena cave and cause death, sepsis, pulmonary atelectasis

septic peritonitis

30
Q

right or left displaced abomasum is worse?

A

right

can twist and cut off blood supply- volvulus

31
Q

canine GVD are caused by

A

large chested breeds

anaerobes produce gas that allow for volvulus

ulcers form and can cause hypovolemia, sepsis, and electrolyte derangement

32
Q

equine acute gastric dilation will cause

A

rupture

severe reflex- HORSE CAN NOT VOMIT

33
Q

when you feed pigs — they tend to get bleeding ulcers

A

small feed particle size

34
Q

what part of the stomach does pig develop ulcer

A

pars esophagea

stratified squamous without glandular tissue

35
Q

what are exogenous dietary things that cause gastric ulcers

A

Obstructive/Penetrating Foreign Body

Caustic substances- exogenous
* Chemicals (dogs, cows)

Oral cavity→ esoph→ stomach

36
Q

two “Endogenous” gastric neoplasms with Epithelial-origin

A

Adenocarcinoma (K9)

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (EQ)

37
Q

Exogenous ”outside” infiltrates that cause neoplastic disease in stomach

A

Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) (BV BLV(bovine leukemia virus) > K9, FE)

Mast cell tumors- typically arise outside of stomach (skin, spleen)

38
Q

mast cells secrete — which trigger — in stomach

A

histamine

gastric acid secretion

39
Q

what do gastric adenocarcinoma look like

A

chronic ulcer
firm, tan and white, thickened

infiltrative (not raised)

40
Q

gastric adenocarcinoma occurs in —

A

older male dog stomachs

+/- widespread metastasis → poor prognosis

41
Q

do gastric adenocarcinomas metastasize?

A

yes widespread →poor prognosis

looks like chronic ulcer

42
Q

what is is called when cancer seeds

A

carcinomatosis

43
Q

cauliflower like

A

verrucous

44
Q

what does squamous cell carcinoma look like?

A

exophytic- into lumen
Verrucous (Cauliflower-like) * Ulcerative
* Desmoplasia→ white-tan w/ firm texture

45
Q

what animal usually gets squamous cell carcinomas?

A

older horses

verrucous, ulcerative

46
Q

will squamous cell carcinoma metastasize?

A

uncommon widespread mets

but poor prognosis

47
Q

in cows lymphosarcoma (LSA) is associated with —

A

bovine leukemia virus (BLV)

most common site will be abomasum

48
Q

bovine leukemia virus will cause —- in cow’s —

A

lymphosarcoma (LSA)

abomasum, epidural & retrobulbar spaces, uterus,
heart

49
Q

in cats feline leukemia virus will cause

A

lymphosarcoma (LSA)

50
Q
A

lymphosarcoma- would see round cells on histo

51
Q

mast cells effect —

A

skin and viscera

usually the pyloric or anterior duodenal ulcers

52
Q

mast cell tumors are caused by excess

A

histamine

53
Q

what are some viruses that cause gastritis

A

COWS- BVD, MCF, Bluetongue

54
Q

what are some bacteria that cause gastritis

A

Clostridium perfringens
Helicobacter pylori
Lactobacillus in Swine

55
Q

clostridium perfringens produce — that damage —

A

exotoxins

epithelial and micro vessels

cause emphysema, erosion/ulcers and hemorrhage

56
Q

—- bacteria leads to emphysema, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage

A

clostridium perfringens (gram + anaerobes)

57
Q

Canine Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is caused by

A

clostridium perfringens (gram + anaerobes)

leads to emphysema, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage

58
Q

cow stomach what is it called in a dog

A

Canine Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE)

leads to emphysema, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage

caused by bacteria Clostridium perfringens

59
Q

Immune-mediated Gastritis (IBD) Eosinophilic Gastritis/ Gastroenteritis is caused by —

A

dietary/environmental component

in dogs, cats, horses

type of hypersensitivity reaction

60
Q

Immune-mediated Gastritis (IBD) Eosinophilic Gastritis/ Gastroenteritis will cause —

A

Eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic
inflammation

→ Hyperplasia of mucosa, erosions +/- ulcers → Eventual loss of gastric glands (atrophy) → Fibrosis (sclerosis)

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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