Test 2: 5 stomach Flashcards
— part of the stomach secretes mucin only
cardia
surface is foveolar cells
— part of the stomach secretes pepsinogen and HCL and mucin
fundus/body
— part of the stomach secrete mucin and gastrin
pylorus
G cells produce — and are found
gastrin
pylorus of stomach
chief cells produce
pepsinogen
parietal cells produce
HCl
foveolar cell produce
mucus and bicarb
found on the surface of the cardia
gastric mucosal barrier is made of what 4 things
- Mucous “gel” secretions
* Lubricates & protects from self- digestion - Bicarbonate ions (HCO
* Buffers HCl (acid neutralization) - Replacement cells (every 3-5d)
- BLOOD FLOW
– Brings O2 and energy for cell growth
prostaglandin controls
secretions (bicarb and mucus)
cell turnover
microvascular blood flow
erosion in stomach
a superficial mucosal defect limited to the mucosa/lamina propria
can bleed
ulcer in stomach
a deep mucosal defect that extends through the epithelium into the submucosa/wall
acute ulcers will look
Red-to-brown mucosal depression
– Active bleeding +/- fibrin layer
“Coffee ground” digested blood common
chronic stomach ulcers will look
raised tan “indurated” crater-like
tan base from re-epithelialization
+/- active hemorrhage (if deep ulcer)
sequelae of ulcer
Bleeding→ anemia→ “internal exsanguination”
Transmural perforation → septic peritonitis
Healing & Fibrous scar
→ dysmotility or outflow obstruction→ impaction
chronic ulcer
gastric ulcers can be caused by — parietal/chief cell secretion or by — in the mucosal barrier
increased (HCl and pepsinogen)
decreased
clinical signs of gastric ulcer in dogs and cats
vomiting, inappetance,
abdominal pain, anemia, melena
clinical signs of gastric ulcer in cattle
partial→ complete anorexia,
decreased milk production, melena, palpaple discomfort (+ grunt test)
clinical signs of gastric ulcers in horses
anorexia, poor
performance, bruxism (Grinding of the teeth)
clinical signs of gastric ulcers in pigs
anorexia, peracute death- ulcer erodes major blood vessel and bleeds out
5 causes of gastric ulcers
Vascular Compromise
Dietary Disturbances
Trauma/toxic
Neoplasms
Infectious/inflammatory (GASTRITIS)
3 causes of vascular compromise that leads to gastric ulcers
Pharmacologic (NSAIDS, Corticosteroids)
Supraphysiologic stress (nor-epi/epi)
Displacements - stomach twist and cut off blood supply
2 causes of trauma/toxic causes of gastric ulcers
– Foreign bodies
– Caustic (exogenous or endogenous/systemic)
NSAIDs cause — inhibition
COX 1 and 2
inhibit thromboxane and prostaglandin production
steroids inhibit
PLA2 enzyme- needed for COX1 and 2 activation
will also stop COX 1 and cox 2
Decreases immune cell activation (cytokines, LC activation),
induces immune cell apoptosis (LC, Eos)
pathogenesis of NSAID ulcers will cause
— Acid secretion by parietal cells
— Bicarbonate & Mucus secretion
— Mucosal Microcirculation and — Replacement cells
increased
decreased, decreased, decreased
cox 1/2 enzyme inhibition
decreased prostaglandin synthesis
where does horse form gastric ulcers
margo plicatus
how does stress cause gastric ulcers?
epi/norepinephrine cause vasoconstriction to gastric wall
cause local ischemic episodes→necrosis →erosion→ ulcers
displacement and dilation of the stomach can cause
gastric dilation- volvulus → passive congestion→ ischemia mucosal/mural infarct→ ulcer
bloat can compress vena cave and cause death, sepsis, pulmonary atelectasis
septic peritonitis
right or left displaced abomasum is worse?
right
can twist and cut off blood supply- volvulus
canine GVD are caused by
large chested breeds
anaerobes produce gas that allow for volvulus
ulcers form and can cause hypovolemia, sepsis, and electrolyte derangement
equine acute gastric dilation will cause
rupture
severe reflex- HORSE CAN NOT VOMIT
when you feed pigs — they tend to get bleeding ulcers
small feed particle size
what part of the stomach does pig develop ulcer
pars esophagea
stratified squamous without glandular tissue
what are exogenous dietary things that cause gastric ulcers
Obstructive/Penetrating Foreign Body
Caustic substances- exogenous
* Chemicals (dogs, cows)
Oral cavity→ esoph→ stomach
two “Endogenous” gastric neoplasms with Epithelial-origin
Adenocarcinoma (K9)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (EQ)
Exogenous ”outside” infiltrates that cause neoplastic disease in stomach
Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) (BV BLV(bovine leukemia virus) > K9, FE)
Mast cell tumors- typically arise outside of stomach (skin, spleen)
mast cells secrete — which trigger — in stomach
histamine
gastric acid secretion
what do gastric adenocarcinoma look like
chronic ulcer
firm, tan and white, thickened
infiltrative (not raised)
gastric adenocarcinoma occurs in —
older male dog stomachs
+/- widespread metastasis → poor prognosis
do gastric adenocarcinomas metastasize?
yes widespread →poor prognosis
looks like chronic ulcer
what is is called when cancer seeds
carcinomatosis
cauliflower like
verrucous
what does squamous cell carcinoma look like?
exophytic- into lumen
Verrucous (Cauliflower-like) * Ulcerative
* Desmoplasia→ white-tan w/ firm texture
what animal usually gets squamous cell carcinomas?
older horses
verrucous, ulcerative
will squamous cell carcinoma metastasize?
uncommon widespread mets
but poor prognosis
in cows lymphosarcoma (LSA) is associated with —
bovine leukemia virus (BLV)
most common site will be abomasum
bovine leukemia virus will cause —- in cow’s —
lymphosarcoma (LSA)
abomasum, epidural & retrobulbar spaces, uterus,
heart
in cats feline leukemia virus will cause
lymphosarcoma (LSA)
lymphosarcoma- would see round cells on histo
mast cells effect —
skin and viscera
usually the pyloric or anterior duodenal ulcers
mast cell tumors are caused by excess
histamine
what are some viruses that cause gastritis
COWS- BVD, MCF, Bluetongue
what are some bacteria that cause gastritis
Clostridium perfringens
Helicobacter pylori
Lactobacillus in Swine
clostridium perfringens produce — that damage —
exotoxins
epithelial and micro vessels
cause emphysema, erosion/ulcers and hemorrhage
—- bacteria leads to emphysema, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage
clostridium perfringens (gram + anaerobes)
Canine Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is caused by
clostridium perfringens (gram + anaerobes)
leads to emphysema, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage
cow stomach what is it called in a dog
Canine Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE)
leads to emphysema, gastric ulcers and hemorrhage
caused by bacteria Clostridium perfringens
Immune-mediated Gastritis (IBD) Eosinophilic Gastritis/ Gastroenteritis is caused by —
dietary/environmental component
in dogs, cats, horses
type of hypersensitivity reaction
Immune-mediated Gastritis (IBD) Eosinophilic Gastritis/ Gastroenteritis will cause —
Eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic
inflammation
→ Hyperplasia of mucosa, erosions +/- ulcers → Eventual loss of gastric glands (atrophy) → Fibrosis (sclerosis)
