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22 fall: path > Test 3: endocrine > Flashcards

Test 3: endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

pituitary will secrete ACTH which will cause the release of — from the adrenal glands which causes

A

cortisol

inhibitory to secretion of ACTH

feedback inhibition

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2
Q

give example of feedback inhibition

A

ACTH and cortisol

primary product will cause secondary organ to secrete a hormone which will turn off pathway

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2
Q

give example of feedback inhibition

A

ACTH and cortisol

primary product will cause secondary organ to secrete a hormone which will turn off pathway

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary is called

A

adenohypophysis

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5
Q

posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

neurohypohysis

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6
Q

three type of cells in the pars distalis

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

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7
Q

acidophils secrete

A

somatotrophs→growth hormones

luteotrophs→ LTH and prolactine

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8
Q

basophils secrete

A

thyrotrophs- TSH
gonadotrophs- LH and FSH

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9
Q

chromophobes secrete

A

ACTH
melanocyte secreting hormone (MSH)

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10
Q

the posterior pituitary is made from — cells

A

modified glial cells (pituicytes) and axonal processess

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11
Q

cells in the posterior pituitary extend from the

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei down the pituitary stalk to the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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12
Q

posterior pituitary secretes

A

ADH and oxytocin

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13
Q

— cause contraction of smooth muscle in
uterus and myoepithelial cells surrounding
mammary gland ducts

A

oxytocin

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14
Q

corticotroph adenoma will cause

A

bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal glands

and/or

CNS damage

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15
Q

pars distalis adenoma is most common in

A

dogs

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16
Q

pars intermedia adenoma are most common in

A

horses

less common in dogs

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17
Q
A

Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

unique form of cushings

caused by mass on pars intermedia

increased production of POMC peptides

loss of normal inhibitory control

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18
Q

what causes equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfuction

A

tumor in pars intermedia

decrease in dopamine

causes increased production of POMC peptides

from loss of inhibitory control

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19
Q

what controls the pars intermedia

A

dopamine

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20
Q

PPID is caused by a decrease in — which leads to —

A

dopamine → normally
inhibits cells (melanotrophs) in the pars
intermedia

loss of inhibition leading to hypertrophy and hyperplasia = mass

Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

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21
Q

POMC is turned into — in the pars distalis

A

ACTH, β-endorphin, β-
lipotropin

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22
Q

POMC is turned into — in the pars intermedia

A

ACTH → α-MSH,
corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP), β-MSH, β-endorphin

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23
Q

Plasma cortisol inhibits ACTH secretion by the — but has little effect on the —

A

pars distalis

pars intermedia

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24
Q

clinical signs of equine with mass in pars intermedia

A

PPID→ Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

fever, sweating, hypertrichosis/hirsutism
increased POMC
weight loss, muscle weakness
poor wound healing
PU/PD, increased appetite

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25
Q

hyperhidrosis

A

generalized sweating

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26
Q

hypertrichosis

A

hirsutism- too much hair- failure of seasonal shedding

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27
Q

what do acidophils produce

A

somatotrophs- growth hormones
luteotrophs- LTH and prolactin

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28
Q

acidophilic adenoma are seen in —

A

middle-aged to older, often male, cats

rare in dogs

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29
Q

acidophilic adenoma cause

A

acromegaly from too much growth hormone

cardiomegaly, enlargement of other organs

bone growth- broad facial structures

increased weight due to increased size of bone, muscle and organs

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30
Q

feline acromegaly can cause severe—- due to GH induced insulin resistance

A

insulin-resistant, diabetes mellitus

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31
Q

three causes of hypofunction of the pituitary glands

A

Compressive disease

Trauma

Congenital defects

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32
Q

pituitary carcinomas are usually nonfunctional, — and —

A

compressive and infiltrative

can expand and destroy the remaining pituitary and hypothalamus

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33
Q

ADH is released by the —

A

neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

travels to the kidney and causes fluid retention

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34
Q

diabetes insipidus is a problem with —

A

ADH receptors

can be congenital- lack adenylate cyclase in the cytoplasm

can be secondary to a pyometra

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35
Q

what type of diabetes insipidus would improve with ADH supplement

A

hypophyseal form- brain form

nephrogenic form is issue with ADH receptor in the kidney

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36
Q
A

Hypofunction: Juvenile Panhypopituitarism (pituitary dwarfism)

due to lack of anterior pituitary - adenohypophysis

autosomal recessive trait in german shepherds

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37
Q

Panhypopituitarism clinical signs is due to

A

growth hormone
deficiency; +/- hypothyroidism and
hypoadrenocorticism

dwarfism

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38
Q

what part of the adrenal gland is NOT controlled by the pituitary?

A

Zona glomerulosa- makes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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39
Q

what parts of the adrenal gland is controlled by the pituitary

A

Zona fasciculata- makes glucocorticoids

Zona reticularis- makes sex hormones

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40
Q

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) are produced where in the adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa

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41
Q

Glucocorticoids (principally cortisol) which are synthesized in the

A

zona fasiculata

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42
Q

Sex steroids are made where in the adrenal gland

A

zona reticularis

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43
Q

normal cortex:medulla ratio for most species
examined is approximately

A

1:1

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44
Q

Adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin cells, which synthesize and secrete —

A

catecholamines-
mainly epinephrine

NOT controlled by the pituitary gland

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45
Q
A

Bilateral cortical hyperplasia of the adrenal gland

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46
Q

what makes this a carcinoma

A

invades the vena cava

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47
Q

primary adrenal hyperfunction is caused by

A

Adrenocortical adenoma/carcinoma

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48
Q

secondary adrenal hyperfunction is caused by

A

Corticotroph adenoma in Pituitary- aka “PDH”

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49
Q

What is the name given to syndrome of
adrenocortical hyperfunction?

A

cushings

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50
Q

What causes hyperfunction of the medulla of the adrenal gland?

A

Pheochromocytoma

too much epi or norepinephrine

51
Q

cushings disease is caused by —

A

too much cortisol

52
Q

cushing disease presents with

A

↑ALP
Pendulous abdomen “pot-belly”
PU/PD (dogs)
Increased appetite
Hepatomegaly
Panting!

53
Q

primary pituitary tumor will cause what to happen to the adrenal gland

A

bilateral hyperplasia

high ACTH and high cortisol

54
Q

one big adrenal gland with a tumor. is i functional?

A

yes
other adrenal gland has atrophied

high cortisol, low ACTH

55
Q

addisons disease does what to the adrenal gland

A

bilateral adrenal cortical atrophy

immune mediated

caused by atrophy of all 3 cortical zones

leads to decreased cortisol and increased ACTH

56
Q

what happens to ACTH and cortisol

A

high and high

57
Q
A

low ACTH
high cortisol

58
Q
A

non functional tumor
no change in ACTH and cortisol

59
Q
A

pheochromocytoma

60
Q

calcinosis cutis is —

A

mineralization of collagen of the dermis

can be caused by long term use of steroids

61
Q

how to treat cushings

A

trilostane

enzyme blocker in the steroidogenesis pathway

block cortisol production in the adrenal gland

62
Q

cats have what weird clinical sign with cushings

A

fragile skin

63
Q

what happens when you remove the adrenal glands?

A

death

high Potassium

low sodium

volume of extracellular fluid and blood decrease

the heart begins to function poorly, cardiac output declines and shock ensues

need to supplement with salt and mineralocorticoids

64
Q

primary hypoadrenocorticisim is also called

A

addison’s disease

65
Q

addisons disease does what to the adrenal galnd

A

Idiopathic loss/atrophy of all 3 cortical zones

body can’t produce cortisol

66
Q

clinical signs of addisons

A

Weakness/lethargy or collapse

Weak femoral pulse

Dehydration, bradycardia

Hypothermia

Abdominal pain, GI signs (e.g., diarrhea)

Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia with unconcentrated
urine. (low sodium, high potassium)

67
Q

low aldosterone will cause

A

high potassium

hypovolemia, hypotension, reduced cardiac output;
hyperkalemia leads to decreased myocardial
excitability, increased refractory period, slowing of conduction.

68
Q

low cortisol will cause what clinical signs

A

GI signs of
anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain (unknown
mechanism); weight loss; diminished energy
metabolism; impaired tolerance of stress

69
Q

secondary hypoadrenocorticism is caused by

A

long term steroid use

leads to decreased ACTH secretion, cause cortisol stops ACTH

70
Q

how can treatment for cushings lead to addisons

A

treatment attacks cells that produce cortisol can eventually kill and atrophy area to cause addisons (too low cortisol and too low aldosterone)

71
Q

What can cause hyperfunction of the adrenal medulla?

A

Tumor of medullary chromaffin cells.

pheochromocytoma

72
Q

what kind of animals get pheochromocytoma

A

horse and dogs
horses- benign but functional

dogs- nonfunctional but malignant

not cats

73
Q

clinical symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A

paroxysmal tachycardia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, vasoconstriction and diffuse sweating

74
Q

what does pheochromocytoma do to ACTH and cortisol

A

nothing

75
Q

active thyroid cells are —

A

cuboidal to columnarr

76
Q

inactive thyroid cells are —

A

flattened and more colloid

77
Q

C cells make

A

calcitonin

counters parathyroid hormone effects

78
Q

iodine binds to — in the lumen to form thyroxine
(—) and triiodothyronine (—) via thyroid peroxidase

A

thyroglobulin
T4
T3

79
Q

T3 and T4 are bound to —

A

plasma proteins

will form in the lumen then released into the blood stream

80
Q

increased levels of T3 and T4 in the blood will cause

A

inhibition of TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the pituitary

81
Q

hyperthyroidism is common in —

A

cats

82
Q

hypothyroidism is common in —

A

dogs

83
Q

—thyroidism

A

hypo

84
Q

hyperthyroidism will do what to the thyroid?

A

will atrophy

small tumor (adenomatous hyperplasia) cause increased t4 and T3 will decreased TSH

85
Q

what forms with feline hyperthyroidism

A

adenomatous hyperplasia

mass on thyroid that makes T3 and T4, normal thyroid gland will atrophy

86
Q

clinical findings with hyperthyroidism in cats

A

Weight loss with
Ravenous appetite

Nervousness,
tachycardia

Heat intolerance,
weakness

Cardiomegaly →
arrythmias, saddle
thromboemboli and
death

87
Q

two causes of hypothyroidism in dogs

A

Lymphocytic thyroiditis

Idiopathic atrophy

88
Q

in lymphocytic thyroiditis the thyroid gland is invaded by —

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells
and macrophages

immune mediated canine hypothyroidism

89
Q

when do you see signs of lymphocytic thyroiditis

A

75% of gland destroyed

genetic - beagles
dog hypothyroidism

90
Q

what happens during idiopathic atrophy of the thyroid gland in a dog

A

Gland may be 1/10 size, replaced by adipose tissue
and fibrous connective tissue, may be end-stage of lymphocytic thryoiditis

hypothyroidism in a dog

91
Q

clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism

A

slow metabolism
lethargic
exercise intolerance
Heat seeking, mental dullness, weight gain,
slow pulse
Neuromuscular and reproductive problems
Anemia
Hypercholesterolemia

dog hypothyroidism

92
Q

what derm lesions will a dog with hypothyroidism have?

A

Scaling (bilateral alopecia- maybe but subtle), sometimes “rat” tail

Myxedema but only if severe → “tragic face”

Secondary infections →otitis, pyoderma

93
Q

what is wrong?

A

hypothyroidism

myxedema →tragic face
scaling on tail

94
Q

what blood test for hypothyroidism and what will it show

A

free T4

low T4
high TSH

95
Q

goiters are bilateral enlargement of thyroid glands due to
— and — causes

A

nonneoplastic

noninflammatory

96
Q

goiter will do what to thyroid

A

normal T4
or
hypothyroid

97
Q

what causes goiter

A

Deficiency of iodine

Ingestion of goitrogenic substances
interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis
drugs, plants, Brassica

Excessive iodine- (rare)

genetic- defects in enzymes (or
thyroglobulin) for synthesis of thyroid hormones → increased TSH

98
Q

old dogs will form what type of thyroid tumor

A

nonfunctional bilateral carcinoma

metastasize to the lungs

99
Q

parathyroid gland is made of — cells that make —

A

chief cells
PTH

100
Q

PTH does what

A

increases Calcium

Bone→activates bone resorption

Kidney →activates Vit D, reabsorbs calcium, gets rid of phorphorous

GI→ increases calcium absorption

101
Q

what cell has the opposite effect of chief cells

A

chief cells- parathyroid- increase Calcium

C-cells in thyroid- make calcitonin that decrease Calcium

102
Q

why is vit D needed for calcium

A

can get vit D from diet or the sun

turned into Vit D3 (cholecalciferol)

activated in the liver (25-
hydroxy D3) and kidney (1,25 -vitamin D3)

allows for increased absorption of Ca:P, needed for mineralization and ossification

103
Q

What is the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Functional parathyroid adenoma (dogs)

104
Q

What happens to blood calcium with primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Does not respond to negative feedback

High

105
Q

What clinical signs would you expect to see with hyperparathyroidism

A

Anorexia, muscle weakness, PU/PD, stiff gait, +/- pathologic fractures (rare), thickened mandible (rare) or loose teeth (rare)

elevated serum PTH and Ca

106
Q

what causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Chronic renal disease

107
Q

how does Chronic renal disease cause secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

↓ P excretion by kidneys (hyperphosphatemia)

↓ active Vit D3 → ↓ intestinal absorption of Ca

High P lowers serum Ca → PTH secretion → Parathyroid hyperplasia → osteocyte release of calicum

108
Q

What are the clinical signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Chronic renal disease (vomiting, PU/PD, dehydration, breath
odor of ammonia) and fibrous osteodystrophy (FOD) “rubber jaw”

FOD is uncommon and usually affects young animals

109
Q

what two tumors cause Pseudohyperparathyroidism

A

anal sac adenocarcinoma

Lymphosarcoma

will produce Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP)

will cause high Calcium

110
Q

blood test of animals with Pseudohyperparathyroidism will show?

A

high calcium
low PTH

tumors will produce Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP)

111
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism effects what animals?

A

dogs

112
Q

beta cells in the pancreas make

A

insulin

113
Q

alpha cells in the pancreas make

A

glucagon

114
Q

delta cells in the pancreas make

A

somatostatin

115
Q

F cells in the pancreas make

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

116
Q

what does insulin do

A

increases cell uptake & storage of glucose, amino
acids, FA, secreted in response to hyperglycemia

causes protein synthesis in muscle

increases glycogen synthesis in the liver

117
Q

What causes hyperfunction of the endocrine pancreas?

A

Most common cause is iatrogenic insulin
overdose (low BG)

Functional tumor of islet cells

118
Q

what animals get beta cell tumors /insulinomas

A

Uncommon in dog- malignant to lymph nodes and liver

rare in cat

common in ferrets- benign

119
Q

dog or ferret will have a malignant insulinoma?

A

dog- less common to have a beta cell tumor but malignant

beta cell tumor common in ferret but usually benign

120
Q

What are clinical signs of beta cell hyperfunction?

A

insulinoma →low BG

incoordination, ataxia,weakness, syncope, muscle twitching, blindness, polyphagia, seizures

Ferret: weakness but seizures are uncommon

common benign in ferret
malignant uncommon in dogs

121
Q

DM is caused by

A

pancreas beta cells not making insulin

or

insulin receptors not working

122
Q

type 1 DM

A

skinny DM

lose beta cells that make insulin

need to be given insulin

123
Q

type 2 DM

A

fat people DM

insulin resistance- receptors not working

124
Q

clinical signs of DM

A

high BG
glucose in urine
PU/PD
weight loss
ketoacidosis
cataracts
fatty liver

125
Q

what causes the fatty liver in animals with DM

A

lack of insulin means body breaks down lipids and muscle for energy

leads to ketoacidosis

liver will try to filter but excess fat will be stores in the liver

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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