test 1: lab 1 Flashcards
The larger testis is normal.
What two types of cellular adaptation could have occurred to create the smaller testis?
Hypoplasia, atrophy, or a combination of both. It is not possible to look at this small testis and say whether it is atrophy or hypoplasia on gross examination alone.
define atrophy vs hypoplasia
Atrophy: Decrease in the mass of a tissue or organ due to decreased size and/or number of cells after it has reached normal size.
Hypoplasia: Term applied to tissues or organs that are smaller than normal because they never developed completely.
Neither prostate is normal; both organs have adaptive changes. One is too large, and one is too small.
What term would appropriately describe the smaller one, that started out normally sized and then shrank? What is happening at the ultrastructural level to make a cell smaller?
Atrophy would describe an organ that started out normally sized and then shrank, and shrinkage can result from a reduced size and/or number of cells. Reduction in cell size is due to a reduction in the number of organelles.
What are two types of cellular adaptation that cause an enlarged organ and what is the difference between the two?
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are both adaptations that increase the size of the organ or tissue grossly.
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in size of individual cells with the overall number of cells remaining constant.
Hyperplasia causes an increase in size because the number of cells is increased, though their size remains basically the same.
In the dog, enlargement of prostatic size that happens with age in intact males is conventionally referred to as prostatic hyperplasia, though there is not only an increase in numbers of epithelial cells (with a corresponding increase in size of acini that contain them), but also an increase in the size of the cells themselves (hence there is a component of hypertrophy).
What do you think might have caused one prostate to shrink and one prostate to enlarge?
If a dog is castrated after puberty his prostate will shrink as attainment and maintenance of normal size is hormone dependent. Eighty percent or more of older dogs will have an enlarged prostate. Again, this is hormone dependent, and associated with an estrogen/testosterone ratio that increases with aging.
History: This is the liver from a cat with vomiting, lethargy, inappetence, and dull mentation.
Describe the liver:
morphologic:
DSSCCL
The liver is diffusely mottled dark green-brown and light tan-yellow, with the light tan-yellow areas predominating.
Morphologic diagnosis: (SALTD) Severe diffuse (massive) acute hepatic necrosis.
What might cause liver necrosis in animals?
Possible causes of hepatic necrosis in animals: Hepatotoxins including many drugs such as acetaminophen, chemicals including some herbicides, fungicides and insecticides, natural toxicants including Amanita mushrooms, Sago palm, and blue- green algae and infectious disease like infectious canine hepatitis or leptospirosis. This animal had an idiosyncratic reaction to the drug diazepam.
What are some of the changes to a cell and its organelles that indicate the cell is irreversibly injured?
necrosis
Lysosomal rupture, swollen mitochondria that contain amorphous densities, pyknosis, karyorrhexis or karyolysis, and fragmentation of the cell membrane.
History: Abnormality of the hind limb found at slaughter. This steer belonged to a veterinary pathologist who has
a small herd of purebred British White beef cattle in New Jersey. There were no clinical signs reported in this animal, although some other animals in the herd were slightly lame.
Description:
morphologic diagnosis
DSSCCL- There is a 7 cm X 3 cm X 0.5 cm proliferative lesion on the plantar surface of the foot at the bulbs of the heels. The skin here is raised and roughened (verrucous appearance), tan to white with a few darkened tips superficially. The texture is generally firm, but the fine superficial protrusions are friable.
morphologic (SALTD): Moderate to severe locally extensive chronic proliferative (or papillomatous) dermatitis.
This disease is called “papillomatous digital dermatitis” and has also been referred to as “hairy footwarts” or “strawberry heelwarts.” It is more typically seen in dairy cattle, and usually starts when the feet are wet for prolonged periods of time. There is a mixed bacterial flora that includes Treponema that is associated with the condition. Lesions are painful, and economically important with weight loss, poor reproductive performance, and drops in milk production in dairy animals.
Larynx of a young male Thoroughbred horse who had abnormal inspiratory sounds when exercising.
Description and morphologic diagnosis
Description: The left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle is uniformly white with reduced mass.
Morphologic diagnosis: Severe diffuse atrophy of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle.
History: Infected umbilical stump
Description:
morphologic diagnosis
Description: The specimen is a roughly 12 cm X 9 cm X 6 cm hard tissue with a flap of muscle attached. The exact origin of the tissue would not be clear without some history. Light cream-colored to tan poorly defined areas are visible on the natural surface. The cut face of the specimen has an approximately 9 cm X 6 cm brown area with yellow to cream colored zones with dark red foci. There are additionally few white foci approximately 5 mm in diameter located adjacent to the larger yellow-cream colored area.
Morphologic diagnosis: Severe regionally extensive chronic necrotizing cellulitis with mineralization.
Is this mineralization dystrophic or metastatic
The mineralization follows a suppurative and necrotizing inflammation of the umbilical stump and surrounding tissue of the body wall. Calcification of necrotic tissue is called dystrophic mineralization. Ischemia opens calcium channels leading to increased intracellular accumulation. Dystrophic mineralization first appears as basophilic stippling in the cell and can progress to encompass the entire cell and surrounding extracellular tissue. Pathologic calcification can progress to actual ossification under certain circumstances. Note that this tissue is described as “hard” (not “firm”) and a description including “hard” usually suggests mineralization and/or ossification.
description and morphologic diagnosis
Description: There are multiple raised deep red/black to tan plaques on the serosal surface of the ileum. These plaques are generally on the antimesenteric surface, often confluent (coalescing) and arranged in lines that form long ovals with more normal tissue in the centers. The largest of these ovoid arrays is approximately 11 cm X 6 cm X 0.3 cm.
Morphologic diagnosis: Moderate multifocal to coalescing subserosal hemorrhage and fibrosis.
The name of the condition is “hemomelasma ilei.” The cause is unknown and was for a long time thought to be associated with migration of Strongyle (parasitic worm) larvae. However, there is little supporting evidence for this theory. It’s probably a vascular-based etiology, perhaps related to the comparative rigidity of the ileum as compared to the rest of the small intestine, with microvascular tearing during peristalsis, although the etiology is not certain. This finding is not related to the cause of death. Hemomelasma ilei is typically of no clinical significance, but it is common and therefore should be recognized for what it is to prevent misdiagnosis.
Hemoglobin appears ___. Blood breakdown pigments include hemosiderin (___), bilirubin (___) and biliverdin (___).
red
golden yellow- brown
green- brown
green
Splenic mass found on abdominal ultrasound.
Description:
There is a smooth, red-brown raised nodule approx. 3 cm diameter X 1 cm tall visible on the surface of the spleen. There is also a white, poorly circumscribed localized thickening of the splenic capsule, approx. 4 cm X 3 cm. This area is located at the periphery of the spleen and is not associated with the nodule.
If this is a hyperplastic change, what cell population is likely hyperplastic and what is the significance of the change?
This is a hyperplastic change very commonly seen in dogs. The hyperplastic population are lymphocytes that are forming a well-demarcated mass. The vast majority of hyperplastic lymphoid nodules in the spleen have no clinical significance but hemorrhage can occur into the hyperplastic nodule and if severe can occasionally rupture and result in bleeding into the abdomen. Hemorrhage into the lymphoid nodule to form a hematoma can make this benign lesion difficult to distinguish grossly from hemangiosarcoma, a malignant neoplasm.
Describe the kidney
The kidney is pale tan and has a very irregular surface with multiple coarse nodules and linear depressions in the cortex. The thickness of the cortex is variable.
What is the correct term for this kidney that has developed abnormally
Dysplasia. Renal dysplasia can be unilateral or bilateral and the kidneys can be small, misshapen or both. Dysplastic kidneys may contain immature, hypercellular glomeruli, primitive mesenchyme, and atypical tubular epithelium.
kidney with amyloidosis
What is your diagnosis for the smaller kidney, assuming that the kidney had been that way since birth or shortly thereafter?
Renal hypoplasia or renal dysplasia
