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22 fall: path > Test 1: lecture 5 calcification, pigments and amyloid > Flashcards

Test 1: lecture 5 calcification, pigments and amyloid Flashcards

1
Q

two categories of mineralization or calcification

A

dystrophic → calcification of necrotic tissue with a normal serum calcium

metastatic→ calcification in a living tissue with high serum calcium

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2
Q

___ is the calcification of necrotic tissue in an animal with normal serum calcium

A

dystrophic mineralization

dead cells that have too much calcium

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3
Q

dystrophic mineralization occurs in ___ cells with ___ levels of calcium

A

dead (necrotic)

normal

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4
Q

metastatic mineralization occurs in ___ cells with ___ levels of calcium

A

living

elevated (hypercalcemia)

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5
Q

what are some causes of hypercalcemia

A

Hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with some lymphomas, anal sac gland carcinomas and others (parathyroid-like hormone - PTH-rP- produced by these tumors)

Primary hyperparathyroidism (due to parathyroid adenomas)

Vitamin D toxicity (plant-derived (e.g., Cestrum diurnum), therapeutic overdoses, cholecalciferol rodenticides)

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6
Q

how does anal sac gland carcinomas effect calcium

A

they produce PTH-rP that causes the increase of serum calcium

example of metastatic calcification

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7
Q

how does an adenoma effect serum calcium

A
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8
Q

how does Vit D effect serum calcium

A
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9
Q

how does bone destruction effect serum calcium

A
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10
Q

___ is caused by abnormal Ca: PO4 ratio

A

uremic mineralization→ caused by the accumulation of uremic toxins resulting from renal failure

type of metastatic calcification

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11
Q
A

uremic mineralization

metastatic calcification caused by abnormal Ca: PO4 ratio due to renal failure

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12
Q

where are common places to see uremic mineralization

A

lung, tongue, kidney, plural cavity

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13
Q

what two pigments come from heme

A

hemosiderin( golden-yellow)→ contains iron

bilirubin→ green brown

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14
Q

___ contains iron and is golden yellow

A

hemosiderin

found within macrophages where RBC are being broken down

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15
Q

hemosiderin

A

golden-yellow or blue based on stain

contains iron

found inside macrophages when RBC are being broken down

Heme → iron(hemosiderin) and bilirubin

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16
Q

another name for jaundice

A

icterus

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17
Q

bulirubin

A

green-brown

does not contain iron

too much = jaundice/icterus

from breakdown of red blood cells

major component of bile

3 types: prehepatic, hepatic, posthepatic

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18
Q

3 types of icterus

A

prehepatic → hemolysis occurs in RBC when they are being broken down → unconjugated bilirubin

Hepatic→ liver disease→ increased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

Posthepatic→ bile duct obstruction → increased conjugated bilirubin

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19
Q

___ is the major component of bile

A

bilirubin

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20
Q

prehepatic icterus

A

Hemolysis- at the RBC level

Many different causes (immune-mediated, infectious, metabolic, trauma, toxin)

Increased unconjugated bilirubin (at first)

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21
Q

hepatic icterus

A

liver disease

compromised ability to take up or excrete bilirubin

increased conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

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22
Q

posthepatic icterus

A

Bile duct obstruction

increased conjugated bilirubin

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23
Q

path of colors for a bruise

A

(red-blue) hemoglobin broken down by lysosomes in macrophages

green-blue (biliverdin and bilirubin)

golden yellow (hemosiderin)

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24
Q

melanin is produced by ___

A

melanosomes inside melanocytes

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25
Q

what are some benefits of melanin

A

Absorbs ultraviolet light

quench free radicals to prevent solar- induced cell damage

cosmetic pigmentation

camouflage.

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26
Q

what organelles produce pigment

A

melanosomes

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27
Q

___ is patchy pigment

A

vitiligo

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28
Q

___ is a mutation in the tyrosinase gene

A

albinism

29
Q

albinism is a mutation in what gene?

A

tyrosinase

30
Q

hyperpigmentation can be caused by ___

A

chronic irritation- secondary to cutaneous insult

31
Q

Lipofuscin

A

wear and tear

this cell had a rough life→ shows past trauma

formed in lysosomes and consists of lipids complexed with proteins

brownish yellow granular intracellular pigment

32
Q
A

lipofuscin

wear and tear pigment→ shows previous damage, formed by lysosomes

33
Q

three types of amyloid

A

light chain- plasma cells

reactive- inflammation (SAA)

islet

34
Q

___ causes atrophy and impaired function and is deposited in the interstitium of various organs

A

amyloid

35
Q
A

light pink→ amyloid

dark pink → hepatocyte

the amyloid is squishing the hepatocyte causing atrophy and impaired function

36
Q

amyloid is deposited where?

A

in the space outside a cell and then it squishes the cell into atrophy and impaired function

37
Q

what color is amyloid with iodine?

A

blue-black

Lugol’s iodine

38
Q

what stain is used to make amyloid show up

A

lugols iodine → blue black

congo red → orange-red and then apple-green birefringence with polarized light

H and E: light pink (eosinophilic)

39
Q

Light chain amyloid

A

primary

plasma cells

composed of immunoglobulin light chains secreted by neoplastic plasma cells

broken plasma cells produce too many antibodies→ not related to inflammation

40
Q

___ type of amyloid is from overactive plasma cells

A

light chain (primary)

41
Q
A 
Light chain (AL)
• “Primary” amyloidosis

Composed of immunoglobulin light chains secreted by neoplastic plasma cells

NOT related to inflammation!

42
Q

Reactive AA

A

secondary

derived from serum amyloid associated (SAA)

caused by inflammation

43
Q

chronic inflammation causes the formation of ___ protein by the liver

A

reactive amyloid from SAA(serum amyloid associated) protein produced by the liver during inflammation

44
Q

islet amyloid polypeptide

A

endocrine (insulin by beta cells)

seen in aged cats +/- diabetes

forms in the pancreas

45
Q

(a partial decrease in oxygen supply)

A

Hypoxia

46
Q

(complete absence of oxygen

A

anoxia

47
Q

(reduction in blood flow

A

ischemia

48
Q

complete absence of blood flow

A

infarction

49
Q

carcinoma vs sarcoma

A

Carcinomas. A carcinoma begins in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal organs and glands. Carcinomas usually form solid tumors. They are the most common type of cancer. Examples of carcinomas include prostate cancer**](https://www.cancer.net/node/19562), [**breast cancer**](https://www.cancer.net/node/18618), [**lung cancer**](https://www.cancer.net/node/19148), and [**colorectal cancer.

Sarcomas. A sarcoma begins in the tissues that support and connect the body. A sarcoma can develop in fat, muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.

50
Q

Leukemias vs lymphoma

A

Leukemias. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood. Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow uncontrollably. The 4 main types of leukemia are acute lymphocytic leukemia**](https://www.cancer.net/node/19037), [**chronic lymphocytic leukemia**](https://www.cancer.net/node/19092), [**acute myeloid leukemia**](https://www.cancer.net/node/19065), and [**chronic myeloid leukemia.

Lymphomas. Lymphoma is a cancer that begins in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands that help fight infection. There are 2 main types of lymphomas: Hodgkin lymphoma**](https://www.cancer.net/node/19178) and [**non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

51
Q

pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis

A

inflammation → SAA protein made in the liver → SAA eaten by macrophages and turned into amyloid .

amyloid deposits into the space of disse in the liver and the glomerulus or intersititum of the kidney

cells atrophy

52
Q

where in amyloid deposited in the liver

A

space of Disse

53
Q

where is amyloid deposited in the kidney

A

glomerulus

54
Q

what stain and what is the pink stuff?

A

amyloid in the glomerulus of the kidney

Red congo stain

55
Q

what is the pink stuff in the tubules and why

A

The eosinophilic material in the tubules is proteinaceous fluid that has leaked through the glomeruli damaged by the amyloid.

56
Q

what is the most common form of amyloid found in the kidney?

A

AA- reactive/ inflammatory → secondary

57
Q

familiar forms of AA(secondary amyloid) are found in what species

A

Sharpei dogs and Abyssinian cats)

58
Q

where are common places to see uremic mineralization

A

left atrium, kidney, parietal pleura, tongue and lungs

59
Q
A

pancreatic nodular hyperplasia

60
Q

what type of mineralization?

A

Dystrophic; This horse had a bacterial infection of the umbilicus when it was a foal which resulted in necrosis and then dystrophic mineralization.

61
Q

bright golden yellow spicular-cocklebur shaped pigment

A

hematoidin.

62
Q

golden brown granular pigment in macrophages

A

hemosiderin

63
Q

hemosiderin vs hematoidin

A

Hemosiderin is hemoglobin-derived granular golden yellow to yellow brown pigment. It is most often found in macrophages at sites of erythrocyte lysis or breakdown. It contains iron and will stain positively for iron pigment (Prussian blue).

Hematoidin is derived from hemoglobin deposited locally in tissues at the site of prior hemorrhage. It is a refractive, yellow-brown and orange-red cocklebur-shaped granular pigment. Hematoidin and bilirubin are very similar if not the same in chemical composition. It does not stain positively with Prussian blue. No iron

64
Q

what type of pigment

A

melanin

65
Q

The main pigment in this liver is ___in canaliculi and in larger accumulations (bile lakes). Some students found a small amount of brown intracytoplasmic pigment in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells that is most likely ___ and some slides contain ___in Kupffer cells.

A

bilirubin

lipofuscin

hemosiderin

66
Q

Bilirubin stains with

A

Hall’s stain for bile

67
Q

what stain for hemosiderin

A

Prussian Blue- iron

68
Q

where is hemosiderin found

A

in macrophages (kupffer cells)

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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