Test 2: 4 esophagus

Question 1

esophagus and forestomach are lined with — cells

Answer 1

stratified squamous- non glandular

Question 2

some acquired causes of esophageal dysphagia

Answer 2

physical obstruction,
neuromuscular dz (MGravis), endocrinopathy
(hypothyroidism), (dilation is proximal to the obstruction)

Question 3

esophageal obstructions can lead to

Answer 3

perforation

pressure necrosis →ulcer →cellulitis

aspiration pneumonia

stricutures

Question 4

esophagus

Answer 4

strictures

can be caused by ulcer that heals with fibrosis

cause stenosis- narrowing of lumen

Question 5

Answer 5

Reflux (Chemical) Esophagitis - can look like viral infection & vice versa

Question 6

Answer 6

viral esophagitis

BVD- erosive/ulcerative

Question 7

cow bloat is also called

Answer 7

rumen tympany

Question 8

what part of cow stomach has stratified sqamous

Answer 8

reticulum
rumen
omasum

only abomasum has glands

Question 9

how does bloat cause edema

Answer 9

rumen distension will push on vena cava causing congestion and increased hydrostatic pressure leading to edema in the head and neck

Question 10

two types of rumen bloat

Answer 10

slimy foam
free gas

Question 11

3 syndromes caused by hardware disease

Answer 11

1) Reticuloperitonitis
2) Reticulopleuritis
3) Reticulopericarditis

Question 12

hardware disease will cause

Answer 12

rumen leakage into the lungs and heart

septic peritonitis, pleuritis, pericarditis

Question 13

Answer 13

diffuse fibrinous peritonitis

caused by hardware disease
traumatic reticulo-peritonitis

Question 14

cow

Answer 14

Bovine Hardware Disease: Traumatic Reticulopericarditis

shag carpet- mats of fibrin and neutrophils- fibrinosuppurative pericarditis

Question 15

clinical signs of hardware disease depends on —

Answer 15

where foreign body went

lungs, heart, abdomen ect.

Question 16

hardware disease that caused pericarditis clinically will have

Answer 16

Inappetence, cranial abdominal/thoracic pain: “grunt”

Jugular vein distension & head/neck edema (cardiac
insufficiency)

“Washing Machine Murmur” (from anaerobes)

Cardiac tamponade→ death

Question 17

chemical rumenitis is also called

Answer 17

rumen acidosis syndrome

Question 18

other names for rumen acidosis syndrome

Answer 18

Grain Overload, Rumen drinkers (calves)

calves- drink milk, skip to abomasum, if they drink too much milk get into rumen and cause acidosis

Question 19

rumen acidosis syndrome is caused by —

Answer 19

Unaccustomed ingestion of too much concentrate feed

grain overload
too much milk in calves

Question 20

rumen acidosis syndrome will increase or decrease saliva production

Answer 20

decrease

Question 21

pathogenesis of rumen acidosis

Answer 21

eat too much carbs

rumen microbes produce

volatile fatty acids (VFA)

decrease rumen pH and
change mircoflora

cause rumen to stop moving and decrease absorption

increased osmotic pressure cause fluid to build in rumen leading to fluid bloat

acids in rumen are absorbed into blood and will cause metabolic acidosis

so much fluid loss leads to hypovolemic shock

decrease in pH in rumen leads to ulcers and 2nd infection

Question 22

rumen acidosis will increase or decrease rumen pH

Answer 22

decrease to 4-5

Question 23

rumen atony

Answer 23

rumen stops moving

happens in rumen acidosis

Question 24

rumen acidosis can lead to what kind of shock?

Answer 24

hypovolemic

all the fluid is pulled into rumen

excess acids in rumen cause metabolic acidosis

Question 25

change in pH of rumen will change microflora from — to —

Answer 25

Normal flora (Ciliated protozoa & Gm(-) bacteria)

Lactobacillus bovis& Streptococcus bovis
(acid producing bacteria)

Question 26

decrease in pH in the rumen will cause

Answer 26

change in microflora

ulcers- leading to secondary bacterial/ fungal infections

septic emboli, liver abscesses, pulmonary thrombo-emboli

Question 27

gross signs of rumen acidosis

Answer 27

dehydration- sunken eyes

rumen contents- lots of grain and fluid, acidic smell

mucosal lesion- blunted papillae, erosion, ulcers, debris, fibrin, infarcts, perforations, peritonitis

Question 28

Answer 28

reticulum

blunting caused by rumen acidosis

Question 29

calf rumen

Answer 29

rumen acidosis from drinking too much milk

severe coalescing ulcerative rumenitis

Question 30

sequelae of rumen acidosis

Answer 30

can resolve- stellate scars and blunted papillae

opportunistic infection leading to deep ulcers

septic emboli can migrate and form liver abscesses and embolic pneumonia and vegetative valvular endocarditis and laminitis

Question 31

what are three common causes of opportunists infection of rumen acidosis

Answer 31

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Trueperella pyogenes

Fungi (Aspergillus, etc)

Question 32

liver

Answer 32

Ulcerative Rumenitis → bacterial emboli → liver abscesses

Question 33

lung

Answer 33

Embolic Interstitial Pneumonia

secondary to rumen acidosis

Question 34

this is secondary to —

Answer 34

rumen acidosis

laminitis- sole ulcers

Question 35

rumen

Answer 35

BVD

infectious rumenitis- caused by virus

Question 36

— causes infectious rumenitis

Answer 36

viruses

BVD (bovine viral diarrhea virus aka bovine pestivirus)