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22 fall: path > Test 2: 10 lower > Flashcards

Test 2: 10 lower Flashcards

1
Q

An owner presents you with a dead 3-day old puppy from a litter of 6. The puppy was seen nursing and seemed “normal” until the night before when the puppy stopped nursing and looked “sleepy.” Gross inspection of the body and oral cavity reveals this lesion. All other puppies are eating and acting normally. Q1a: What is the anatomic location of the lesion?

A

Hard palate

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2
Q

Briefly describe the lesion you see in the oral cavity.

A

A large focal cleft that separates the edges of the hard palate.

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3
Q

medical term for cleft palate

A

Palatoschisis

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4
Q

Briefly describe the exudate within the nares and provide a corresponding morphologic diagnosis

A

SALTD, DSSCCL

Opaque pale-yellow mucoid exudate- severe acute bilateral mucopurulent rhinitis

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5
Q

describe

A

SALTD, DSSCCL

The ventral portion of the right cranial lung lobe contains coalescing well- demarcated dark red depressed foci with a single centrally located 1-2cm diameter slightly raised pale tan focus.

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6
Q

morphologic diagnosis.

A

Severe acute suppurative bronchopneumonia

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7
Q

how does cleft palate lead to suppurative bronchopneumonia

A

Palatoschisis with oral-nasal communication→ aspiration of ingesta (milk) into the nasal cavity → suppurative rhinitis → extension of aspirated contents into the trachea & lung → suppurative bronchopneumonia

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8
Q

An adult horse develops a unilateral (left sided), malodorous mucopurulent nasal discharge. Percussion over the left maxillary sinuses are dull compared to the right which are resonant. Radiographs reveal a soft tissue (fluid) opacity within the left rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses with lysis of the tooth root apices of the 1st molar (M1). The soft tissue (fluid) opacity limited to the left side taken together with physical exam findings is compatible with a unilateral bacterial sinusitis.

Is the sinusitis a primary or secondary process?

A

secondary

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9
Q

What radiographic evidence do you have for a secondary process?

A

M1 tooth root lysis

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10
Q

Based on PE and radiographic evidence, what is the likely cause of the sinusitis in the horse?

A

Maxillary cheek tooth (M1) infundibular necrosis with pulpitis & tooth root abscess → alveolar bone lysis with bacterial translocation into the sinuses → suppurative sinusitis.

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11
Q

— sinusitis/rhinitis typically manifests as a clear serous (non- malodorous) exudate.

A

Viral

Streptococcus equi or Strep. zooepidemicus (gram positive cocci

usually bilateral

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12
Q
A

Dental attrition with malocclusion; “WAVE MOUTH”

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13
Q

pig with wave mouth and gastric impaction. how do they explain each other

A

Dental attrition with malocclusion–> inadequate mastication–> gastric impaction –> reflux and aspiration–> aspiration pneumonia (anaerobes make it malodorous)

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14
Q

raised, fluid-filled transient lesions resulting from ballooning degeneration and necrosis of epithelium

A

Vesicle

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15
Q

circumscribed areas of epithelial cell denudation down to the level of (but not through) the basement membrane

A

erosion

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16
Q

focal defects in the mucosa that extend BELOW the basement membrane

A

ulcer

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17
Q

oral cavity inflammation

A

stomatitis

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18
Q

lip inflammation

A

cheilitis

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19
Q

tongue inflammation

A

glossitis

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20
Q

gingiva inflammation

A

gingivitis

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21
Q

teeth, gum, alveolar bone inflammation

A

periodontitis

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22
Q

esophagus inflammation

A

esophagitis

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23
Q

The pigs have developed lameness and raised, fluid filled lesions on the snout, lips, tongue and coronary bands that progress to erosions & ulcers. The cow has similar lesions. The horse is unaffected.
Q5a: Given the history, lesions and species affected, what is the most critical disease you want to rule out?

A

Foot and Mouth Disease

reportable

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24
Q

4 other differential diagnoses for these fluid filled lesions in pigs

A

Vesicular stomatitis

Swine Vesicular Disease

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

Senecavirus A (Seneca Valley Virus)

25
Q

of :
Vesicular stomatitis

Swine Vesicular Disease

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

Senecavirus A (Seneca Valley Virus)

which can a horse get and is it reportable?

A

Vesicular stomatitis

yes

26
Q

Name a common viral disease in cats that causes oral vesicles, erosions and ulcers with hypersalivation and anorexia:

A

Feline Calicivirus

27
Q

On examination, the calf is emaciated and has diarrhea containing mucus and flecks of blood. Oral examination reveals hypersalivation with multifocal erosions and ulcers on the tongue and palate.

Provide 3 differential diagnoses for the lesions in the oral cavity
(remember that vesicles can be very transient and rapidly convert to
erosions/ulcers)

A
  1. Bovine Viral Diarrhea
  2. Malignant Catarrhal Fever
  3. Bluetongue Disease
28
Q

Given the autopsy findings in the calf and the poor reproductive history of the herd, what is the likely disease?

A

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)

1) Epithelial cell necrosis
2) Lymphoid necrosis
3) Teratogenic effects

29
Q

A 4-year-old Longhorn steer is euthanized for severe unilateral swelling of the mandible with reluctance to eat. You palpate several large (4-6cm diameter) firm to fluctuant subcutaneous nodules expanding the sub-gingival mucosa.
Radiographs reveal multifocal-coalescing lytic foci within the mandible.
Q8a: Based on the lesions presented, provide the common name for the most likely disease

A

Bovine Lumpy Jaw

Actinomyces bovis

30
Q

Bovine Lumpy Jaw
is caused by

A

Actinomyces bovis

31
Q

lumpy jaw causes what inflammatory process

A

Pyogranulomatous stomatitis and osteomyelitis

Actinomyces bovis

32
Q

A hobby farmer with a small herd of beef steers has had 3 animals die acutely. Because he wants to fatten these cattle for market, he has turned them out in a field containing alfalfa. All have pronounced left-sided abdominal distension.
Rumen fluid has a slimy emphysematous appearance.

Given the history & lesions, what disease do you most expect?

A

Primary (Frothy) Bloat/ Primary Rumen Tympany

33
Q

What is the likely cause of rumen tympany/ bloat?

A

primary- foamy bloat

Excessive alfalfa forage in diet → proteins
stabilize foam and promote microbial production of stable slime that blocks the cardia and prevents eructation

34
Q

The same farmer calls you back several weeks later because other steers have developed lameness and another steer has died. You find sole ulcers (consistent with bovine laminitis). The rumen of the dead steer is filled with fluid and contains multifocal ulcers. The liver contains multifocal soft tan foci (abscesses). The
farmer is no longer feeding alfalfa BUT he’s added CORN

what disease?

A

Rumen acidosis

35
Q

what causes Rumen acidosis?

A

Rumen acidosis and ulcerative rumenitis. High CHO diet → Fermentation to VFA’s → Initial drop in pH → Death to normal microflora (protozoa and Gram negative anaerobic bacteria) → Microflora shift to acid loving/producing gram positive bacteria (Strep. bovis & Lactobacillus)→ Further drop in pH → Chemical damage to the epithelium → Rumen erosions/ulcers →Opportunistic infection by opportunistic bacteria/fungi → Invasion through wall into portal blood vessels → bacterial/fungal emboli → Liver abscesses

36
Q

You examine a 3-year-old dairy cow for anorexia and reduced milk production. PE reveals marked left abdominal distension without auscutable or palpable rumen contractions. There is submandibular and presternal swelling with jugular vein distension & jugular pulses. Auscultation of the heart reveals tachycardia with muffled but turbulent sounds (like a washing machine). These are the findings from the abdominal and thoracic ultrasound exam.

what disease

A

Bovine Hardware Disease

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis/reticulopericarditis

37
Q

what prognosis do you give the farmer/ what treatments (if any) do you recommend for Traumatic reticuloperitonitis/reticulopericarditis aka bovine hardware disease

A

Although the farmer could try broad-spectrum antimicrobials, the prognosis is poor given the abundance of fibrin and fluid within the pericardial cavity and thickening of the pericardium. The presence of dependent edema in the head/neck and the pulsating jugular distension indicated right-sided cardiac insufficiency.

38
Q

hardware disease with lesions on the pericardial sac leads to

A

Cardiac tamponade and/or restrictive pericarditis

39
Q

describe lesions on the epicardial surface and peritoneum after hardware disease

A

effusive

Severe subacute diffuse fibrinous peritonitis and pericarditis

40
Q

A 2-year-old German Shepherd has chronic regurgitation. A barium contrast radiograph shows esophageal dilation proximal to a severe narrowing of the contrast dye. Four months ago he had a corncob extracted from his esophagus via endoscopy.

Given the history, what does the focal narrowing likely signify.

A

stricture

41
Q

What is the most likely pathogenesis of the narrowing & proximal dilation beginning with the initial corn cob ingestion?

A

Physical esophageal obstruction → pressure necrosis of wall → mucosal ulcer → inflammation & healing w/ fibrosis → stricture → proximal dilation

42
Q

What disease of the respiratory system is this dog at risk of acquiring with a esophagus stricture?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

43
Q

List the 4 components of the gastric mucosal barrier

A
  1. Mucus secretions
  2. Bicarbonate secretions
  3. Rapid cell turnover (replacement of surface epithelium)
  4. Adequate blood flow
44
Q

List the steps in the pathogenesis of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers

A
45
Q

— cause gastric ulcers in DOGS

A

NSAIDS, stress, direct trauma to epithelium (foreign bodies), GDV,,
gastric adenocarcinoma (OLD dogs), mast cell tumors producing excess circulating histamine, IBD, Clostridium perfringens (HGE- cause ulcer and hemorrhage)

46
Q

— cause gastric ulcers in CATTLE

A

Dietary change (excess CHO), stress, concurrent disease, abomasal displacement/volvulus, lymphosarcoma (BLV infection), BVD virus, Clostridium perfringens abomasitis

47
Q

— cause gastric ulcers in horses

A

NSAIDS, stress, irregular feeding intervals, transportation, high grain
diets, squamous cell carcinoma (older horses)

48
Q

— cause gastric ulcers in pigs

A

Helicobacter, small feed particles, genotype, gender, season, stress/concurrent disease

49
Q

You identify these lesions in the abomasum of a calf submitted for autopsy due to acute death. The owner reported the calf was a greedy eater but suddenly bloated and died. 14a) Describe the lesions

A

The mucosa is mottled pink with dark red to dark brown-black foci. The mucosa is expanded by multifocal emphysematous bubbles.

50
Q

Provide an appropriate morphologic diagnosis

A

Severe diffuse hemorrhagic emphysematous abomasitis

51
Q

what caused this

A

Clostridium perfringens

52
Q

emphysematous abomasitis is similar to — in a —

A

Dogs- Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis

53
Q

What is the likely cause of the mucous membrane pallor

A

anemia from Haemonchus contortus nematodes (abomasal Haemonchosis)

54
Q

What is the reason for the dependent edema and diarrhea from a Haemonchus infestation?

A

Due to capillary leakage of protein into the abomasum, Haemonchus causes severe hypoproteinemia → low intravascular oncotic pressure → dependent edema. The increased protein (albumin) liberated into the gi tract → osmotic drawl of fluid into the intestines → diarrhea (a preview for next lectures!)

55
Q

What are the 3 predominant inflammatory cell infiltrates in canine, feline and equine IBD?

A
  1. Lymphocytes 2. Plasma cells 3. Eosinophils
56
Q

primary vs secondary bloat

A

primary- frothy from abrupt dietary change

secondary- free gas- from failure to burb (eructation)- esophageal obstruction or rumen stasis)

57
Q

what are things that can cause secondary bloat?

A

Free Gas bloat

Due to FAILURE OF ERUCTATION
(ie, Esophageal Obstruction or Rumen Stasis)

58
Q

explain primary bloat mechanism

A

sudden high carb diet will decrease saliva

saliva usually inhibits foam production

proteins in forage will stabilize foam, high carb will cause change in microflora, also produce more slimy foam

stable slime blocks the cardia causing rumen distension

59
Q

what is the bloat line

A

Blanching of the distal esophagus (bloat line) with passive congestion of the proximal esophagus

22 fall: path (46 decks)

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