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21 fall: histology > Test 2: lecture 23: eye > Flashcards

Test 2: lecture 23: eye Flashcards

1
Q

where eyelids meet

A

canthus (medial and lateral)

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2
Q

sebaceous glands in the eyelid

A

meibomain gland

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3
Q

punctae

A

opening of the meibomain gland in the eye lid

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4
Q

the opening between the eyelids

A

palpebral fissure

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5
Q

the eyelid/conjunctiva is composed of two parts

A

bulbar conjunctiva covers the globe

palpebral conjunctiva lines the inner aspect of the eyelid

the two parts meet at the fornix

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6
Q

two muscles of the eyelid

A

levator palpebrae superioris elevated the upper eyelid and keeps the eyelid open, voluntary

oribularis oculi- closes the eyelids

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7
Q

the conjunctiva is ___ epithelium and contains large and actively secretory goblet cells that produce mucin component of the pre-corneal tear film

A

stratified columnar

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8
Q

3rd eyelid

A

ocular adnexae (nictitating membrane)

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9
Q

The vertical bar of the T of the third eyelid is surrounded by the superficial gland of the third eyelid at its base which is a ____ gland that produces an aqueous secretion

A

tubulo-alveolar

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10
Q

tear fluid is made by

A

superficial gland of the third eyelid

lacrimal gland located superotemporal to the globe

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11
Q

KCS

A

insufficient tear (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)

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12
Q

epiphora

A

overflow of tears secondary to obstruction of the lacrimal duct

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13
Q

lacrimation

A

irritation or inflammation

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14
Q

The ___ keeps the cornea moist

A

pre corneal tear film (PCTF)

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15
Q

Tears are drained away from the eye via ___

A

the nasolacrimal drainage system

lacrimal puncta → canaliculus → lacrimal sac → nasolacrimal duct

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16
Q

pre corneal tear film is made by

A

superficial: oily (meibomain gland)
middle: aqueous (lacrimal and 3rd eyelid)
inner: mucoid (goblet cells)

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17
Q

Three tunics of the eye

A

outer (fibrous)

middle (vascular)

inner (sensory)

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18
Q

the outer fibrous chamber of the eye:

A

cornea- transparent

sclera

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19
Q

the middle vascular tunic of the eye

A

uveal tract

anterior- ciliary body and iris

posterior- choroid

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20
Q

The inner sensory tunic of the eye

A

retina

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21
Q

two ocular chambers

A

anterior and posterior

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22
Q

space between the anterior face of the iris and the posterior surface of the cornea

A

anterior chamber

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23
Q

space between the posterior surface of the iris (anteriorly) and the anterior face of the vitreous (posteriorly)/anterior surface of lens except in pupil area.

A

posterior chamber

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24
Q

The junction between the clear anterior part of the fibrous tunic (the cornea) and the opaque caudal part of the fibrous tunic (the sclera) is called the___

A

limbus.

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25
Q

The ___ comprises the bulk of the fibrous tunic. In contrast to the cornea, it consists of irregularly arranged collagen fibrils of variable size

A

sclera

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26
Q

Posteriorly, the sclera is sieve-like in a discrete region, called the area (lamina) ____. The openings in the scleral tunic at this point allow the optic nerve axons (the axons of the ganglion cell layer of the retina) to exit.

A

cribrosa

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27
Q

cornea has ___ epithelium

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

what makes the cornea transparent?

A

avascular

  • non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • no pigmentation
  • collagen fibrils: uniform size and highly ordered embedded in a proteoglycan matrix. Fibrils are produced by stromal cells called keratocytes.
  • dehydrated stroma 2ry to corneal endothelial function.
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29
Q

the “wettability” of the pre-corneal tear film depends on the mucin layer of the PCT that is secreted by ___ cells. It reduces the surface tension of the tear film and distributes it over the corneal surface.

A

goblet

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30
Q
A

cornea

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31
Q

___ keeps the cornea dehydrated and allows spacing of collagen fibrils to remain uniform

A

sodium/potassium ATPase pump

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32
Q

corneal epithelial are attached to the basement membrane by ___ and attached to each other by ___

A

laminin

E-cadherin

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33
Q

corneal epithelial cells come form ___ where epithelial stem cells generate transient amplifying cells that then migrate over the basement membrane and form basal corneal epithelial cells

A

limbus

34
Q

the choroid, ciliary body and iris make up the ___

A

middle tunic of the eye- the uvea

35
Q

the ___ part of the eye is highly vascular, often heavily pigmented and rich in elastic tissue

A

uvea

36
Q

the iris is highly vascular, heavily pigmented and composed of ___arranged connective tissue fibers

A

loosely

37
Q

corpora iridica

A
38
Q

The amount of ___ pigment present in the iris determines what color the eyes are perceived to be (blue eyes have less pigment and brown eyes have more)

A

melanin

39
Q

Blue eyes have no pigment in ___, but pigment in the ___

A

iris stroma

iris epithelium

40
Q

Brown eyes (top right) have pigment in both the ___ and ___

A

stroma

iris epithelium

41
Q

Albino eyes lack pigment in iris and other parts of the eye as well, and appear red because the ___ blood vessels are visible.

A

iridal

42
Q

non-visual retina =

A

(pars iridica retinae).

43
Q

The iris is covered on its posterior surface by an epithelium (the posterior iris epithelium), which – like the ciliary epithelium – is considered to be part of the non-visual retina (pars ____).

A

iridica retinae

44
Q

The ____will decrease the size of the pupillary opening when it contracts (miosis) and is innervated by axons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS.

A

sphincter muscle

45
Q

The ___ muscle will increase the size of the pupillary opening when it contracts (mydriasis) and is innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS.

A

dilator

46
Q
A
47
Q

ciliary body and processes make fluid which go ___

A

from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber and out of the irido-corneal angle

48
Q

___ body make a secretion. The active secretion is based on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

A

Ciliary

49
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used clinically to reduce intraocular pressure when it is elevated (___)

A

glaucoma

50
Q

Note that the ciliary epithelium consists of a double layer; the internal layer (close to the vitreous) is ___ while the deeper (external) layer is ___

A

not pigmented

pigmented

51
Q

the lens is transparent. Together with the ___, focuses light on the retina

A

cornea

52
Q

The lens is a___structure that, along with the cornea and vitreous body, has the anatomical property of transparenc

A

biconvex

53
Q

suspensory apparatus of lens

A

zonular ligaments arise near base of ciliary body and course along the ciliary processes to insert at lens equator. These are easily seen in the fixed eye after opening. In histologic sections, the fine zonular ligaments are difficult to see.

54
Q

___ hold the lens in place

A

zonular ligaments

55
Q

Contraction of ciliary muscle (circumferential) acts to decrease the ___ diameter of eye in the plane of ciliary processes/lens. This releases tension on the lens which, having inherent elasticity, increases it’s anterior-posterior dimensions. This process is termed “accommodation” and is used in near vision. Most developed in primates.

A

horizontal

56
Q

The ___consists of an enveloping basement membrane (the lens capsule) made up of Type IV collagen, an anterior epithelium and a stroma made up of lens fibers without nuclei (nuclei are lost as the lens fibers differentiate

A

lens

57
Q

Where cell division and fiber elongation occur in the lens

A

only at equator (lens bow region)

58
Q

The shape of the lens is determined by the ___capsule, and the tension on the lens by the ciliary body (i.e. ciliary muscle) acting through the zonular ligaments.

A

elastic lens

59
Q

In postnatal life, the lens epithelium is present only on the ___ surface of the lens.

A

anterior

60
Q

The posterior lens epithelium, present in the embryo/fetus, was converted to lens fibers (primary lens fibers) during early prenatal lens development. The primary lens fibers are surrounded by the secondary lens fibers, and form the ___of the lens. The secondary lens fibers are the cortex of the lens

A

“nucleus”

61
Q

The ___of the eye is that region of the inner posterior portion of the globe that can be viewed using an ophthalmoscope

A

fundus

62
Q

The ___includes the optic disc, retinal and choroidal vasculature, tapetum lucidum and adjacent nontapetal region.

A

fundus

63
Q

When viewed during a funduscopic (ophthalmoscopic) examination, the ___ (cellular in dogs and cats, fibrous in horse, cow, sheep) appears triangular in outline with the base of the triangle located in the region of the optic disc.

A

tapetum lucidum

The position of the optic disc in relation to the tapetum can be variable (optic disc does NOT vary in position; the extent of coverage of the tapetum can vary).

64
Q

In dogs and cats, the tapetal layer is ___(tapetum cellulosum). In horse, cow and sheep, the tapetum consists of ____(tapetum fibrosum). There are no clinical differences observed between the two forms of tapeta.

A

cellular

connective tissue

65
Q

retinal ___ are larger in size but fewer in number

A

venules

66
Q

retinal arterioles are ___ than venules

A

small and more numberous

67
Q

the ___ is the yellow green structure behind the retina and located between the RPE and choroid

A

tapetum

68
Q

___ have a fibrous tapetum, while ___ have a cellular tapetum

A

Herbivores

carnivores

69
Q

zonular ligaments come off the ___ and attach to the lens

A

ciliary body

70
Q

what side of the lens is thicker

A

anterior, where the cells are. cells produce type 4 collagen

71
Q

optic disc is also called

A

blind spot

72
Q

___ in the eye is semitransparent and has a tapetal zone and a non tapetal zone

A

retinal

73
Q

tapetum nigrum

A

the pigment in the RPE and choroid in inferior quadrant [known as the non-tapetal region

74
Q

The ____ is the most posterior of the three parts of the uvea

A

choroid

75
Q

choroid is highly vascular and lies between the ____ and the sclera.

A

RPE/retina

76
Q

An important function of the choroid is to provide nourishment to the ___ layers of the retina which has the highest degree of metabolic activity of any tissue.

A

outer

77
Q

The tapetal layer is a choroidal modification located between the large ___ vessels externally, and the ___ internally

A

choroidal

retinal pigment epithelium/choriocapillaris

78
Q

“Stars of Winslow ”

A

The openings in the tapetum through which choroidal arterioles pass through are visible with an ophthalmoscope

79
Q

retina has___ layers

A

10

Retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)

Photosensitive (photoreceptor) layer (rods and cones)

External limiting membrane- ELM

External (outer) nuclear layer- ONL

External (outer) plexiform layer- OPL

Internal (inner) nuclear layer- INL

Internal (inner) plexiform layer-IPL

Ganglion cell layer-GCL

Nerve fiber layer-NFL

Internal limiting membrane-ILM

80
Q

at the periphery the RPE will ____

A

collapse into 1 cell layer of pigmented cells and the other 9 layers will collapse into a layer of non pigmented cells

81
Q

where retina terminates is called the

A

ora serrata

zone lies between the anterior margin of the retina and the ciliary bodies.

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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