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21 fall: histology > Test 2: Lecture 18: Urinary > Flashcards

Test 2: Lecture 18: Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

what do the kidneys and associated urinary passages do?

A
  • Filter blood
  • Recover useful metabolites
  • Remove wastes
  • Transport fluid wastes
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2
Q

kidneys regulate

A

•Regulate fluid volume

Regulate acid/base balance

Regulate electrolyte composition

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3
Q

kidneys secrete which two hormones

A

renin and erythropoietic factor

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4
Q

kidneys play a role in metabolism of ___

A

calcium

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5
Q

the kidney removes waste specifically ___ and other metabolic wastes

A

nitrogenous

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6
Q

the kidney regulates contributes to the regulation of ___(Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, and PO43-, etc.),

A

electrolyte composition

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7
Q

renin is secreted by the kidney and is __

A

a molecule which contributes to the regulation of blood volume and pressure

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8
Q

the kidney secretes erythropoietic factor which ___

A

which stimulates RBC production

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9
Q

The kidney activates ___ that play a role in calcium regulation

A

vitamin D

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10
Q

stages of development of the kidney

A

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

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11
Q

Metanephros has two origins:

A

•Metanephric duct gives rise to the collecting ducts, the calyces, the pelvis and the ureters

•Metanephric blastema (aka metanephrogenic mesenchyme) gives rise to the nephrons

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12
Q

___ gives rise to the collecting ducts, the calyces, the pelvis and the ureters

A

•Metanephric duct

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13
Q

___ (aka metanephrogenic mesenchyme) gives rise to the nephrons

A

•Metanephric blastema

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14
Q

•Urogenital sinus and the allantoic stalk give rise to the ___ (and other structures)

A

urinary bladder

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15
Q

•The reproductive system’s development is closely associated with the

A

urinary system.

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16
Q

the ___ is the definitive kidney in frogs

A

mesonephros

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17
Q

mammalian kidneys can be ___ or ___

A

unilobed (carnivores, horses, small ruminants)

multilobed (swine, large ruminants)

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18
Q

The outer part of the kidney is called the ___

A

cortex

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19
Q

the center of the kidney where urine is collected is called the ___

A

renal pelvis

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20
Q

Kidneys receive about ___ of the cardiac output per minute.

A

20 to 25%

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21
Q

About 90% of the blood in the kidney is found in the ___

A

cortex

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22
Q

The cortex contains the ___ (glomeruli and Bowman’s capsules), the proximal convolutes tubules, the ___convolutes tubules and parts of both the Loops of __ and collecting ducts.

A

renal corpuscles

distal

Henle

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23
Q

The medulla of the kidney contains parts of both the ___ and the collecting ducts.

A

Loops of Henle

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24
Q

what is found in the medulla of the kidney

A
  • contains parts of both the Loops of Henle and the collecting ducts.
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25
Q

what is found in the cortex of the kidney

A

the renal corpuscles (glomeruli and Bowman’s capsules)

the proximal convolutes tubules

the distal convolutes tubules

parts of both the Loops of Henle and collecting ducts.

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26
Q

a kidney has a ___ layered capsule made of :

A

three

connective tissue (fibrous)

adipose

connective tissue (fibrous)

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27
Q

The kidneys have compound tubular gland composed of ___ tubules

A

uriniferous

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28
Q

Cortex of the kidney contains the __ (cortical labyrinth) and the __ (medullary rays)

A

pars convoluta

pars radiata

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29
Q

The medulla has cone shaped ___whose broad base contacts the cortex. One or more pyramids join to form a ___ whose rounded, apical portion projects into the ___

A

pyramids

papilla

calyx.

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30
Q

___ (when present) are continuous with the pelvis which is continuous with the ureter.

A

calyces (calyx)

branches before the renal pelvis, only in multilobar kidneys

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31
Q

another name for cortical labyrinth

A

(pars convoluta)

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32
Q

another name for pars radiata

A

medullary rays

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33
Q

part of the cortex between the pyramids of the medulla in the kidney

A

columns

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34
Q

pathway of blood in kidney

A
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35
Q

label the arteries

A
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36
Q

blood vessels of the kidney

A
  • The blood supply to the kidney is as follows. Blood enters the kidney at its hilum via the renal arteries. The renal arteries branch to form segmental arteries, which branch to form the lobar/interlobar arteries. At the corticomedullary junction, the interlobar arteries branch to form the arcuate arteries (which run in the same direction as the junction). The arcuates branch into the interlobular arteries. The interlobular arteries branch to form the many afferent arterioles. These enter the capillary bed of the glomerulus. The capillary bed leads to the efferent arterioles which branch into the peritubular capillaries or the vasa recta. Venous drainage is via companion vessels. There are also lymph vessels which drain the capsule and the medulla.
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37
Q

blood flow in kidney from interlobular artery to interlobular vein

A

interlobular artery

afferent arteriole

glomerulus

efferent arteriole

peritubular capillary or vasa recta

interlobular vein

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38
Q

vasa recta

A

glomerulus→ efferent arteriole→

capillary bed when closer to the cortical-medullary junction (in the medulla)

if closer to the capsule of the kidney will go into the peritubular capillary instead (in the cortex)

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39
Q

glomerulus has ___ capillaries

A

fenestrated

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40
Q

blood of the kidney will go into the pertitubular capillary when it it closer to the ___

A

capsule of the kidney

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41
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs where in the kidney

A

peritubular capillary

vasa recta

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42
Q

nephron is made of:

A

cortex:

•Renal Corpuscle (Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule)

•Proximal Convoluted Tubule

part of the Loop of Henle

medulla

most of the loop of Henle

•Distal Convoluted Tubule

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43
Q

multiple distal convoluted tubules form together to make the ___

A

collecting tubule (duct)

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44
Q

what is special about the blood flow of the kidney

A

arteriole → capillaries → arteriole → capillaries → venule

usually arteriole → capillary → venules

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45
Q

parietal layer of the bowmans capsule is what cell type

A

simple squamous

(outer layer)

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46
Q

the visceral layer of the bowmans capsule is what cell type

A

inner layer of bowmans capsule: surrounds glomerulus

podocytes extends false foot and connects to capillary bed (glomerulus)

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47
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule is made of what type of cells?

A

7 times longer then distal convoluted

cuboidal epithelium

but look columnar due to microvilli, pink

microvilli→ increases surface area = absorption

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48
Q

loop of henle is made of

A

simple squamous(descending) into simple cuboidal (ascending)

descending limb and ascending limb (dips from cortex past the arcuate vessels into the medulla, then back up into the cortex)

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49
Q

why does the loop of henle have different cell types in the descending vs ascending limbs?

A

simple squamous(descending) → simple diffusion

into simple cuboidal (ascending) → active transport

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50
Q

distal convoluted tubule has what type of cells

A

cuboidal

shorted then proximal convoluted tubules, smaller microvilli, less pink

very circular tubes

in the cortex of the kidney

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51
Q

the distal convoluted tubule is found in the __

A

cortex

will sandwich between the afferent and efferent arteriole of the glomerulus in the vascular pole

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52
Q

___ are composed of glomeruli and Bowman’s capsules

A

Renal corpuscles

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53
Q

The metanephric kidney is a compound ___ gland

A

tubular

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54
Q
  • The ___include the proximal convoluted tubules, the Loops of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubules.
A

secretory tubules

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55
Q

the peritubular capillary wraps around the ___ in the ___

A

proximal and distal convoluted tubules

cortex of the kidney

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56
Q

the vasa recti wrap around the ___ in the ___

A

loops of henle

medulla of the kidney

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57
Q

The ___ is a circular structure surrounding the glomeruli

A

Bowman’s capsule

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58
Q

3 parts of the bowmans capsule

A

the podocytes are the visceral layer (closest to the capillaries and very difficult/impossible to see with a light microscope),

the urinary space

the simple squamous cells of the parietal (peripheral) layer.

59
Q

The ___ tubule is the longest (7x longer than the average distal convoluted tubule dct), widest, most developed part of the tubule.

A

proximal convoluted

60
Q

The distal convoluted tubule, the glomeruli and Bowman’s capsules are found in the ___ of the cortex

A

pars convoluta

61
Q

The cells of the dct are more cuboidal and less acidophilic than the pct cells. less acidophilic = __

A

less pink

62
Q

The collecting duct can be seen in the ___ of the cortex and in the medulla.

A

pars radiata

63
Q

the cells of the collecting duct are

A

tall cubes and this lumen tends to be larger than the rest.

64
Q

The very beginning of the distal convoluted is looped back and is positioned at the ___ between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

A

vascular pole

65
Q

The macula densa is located where?

A

at the vascular pole between the afferent and efferent arterioles

66
Q

The glomerulus of a __ nephron is closer to the capsule and the loop of Henle is much shorter as compared to the __ nephrons

A

cortical

medullary

67
Q
  • In some classes of vertebrates like aves, the cortical and medullary nephrons’ glomeruli are ___ in size, and the ___ nephrons basically lack a loop of Henle entirely.
A

very different

cortical

68
Q

___ nephrons have very long loops of henle and the glomerulus is closer to the cortex-medulla junction

A

juxtamedullary nephron

69
Q

filtration in the glomerulus happens by ___

A

pressure and size, anything smaller than albumin

70
Q

three processes of the kidney

A

filtration

reabsorption

secretion

71
Q

filtration in the kidney

A

pressure and size

anything smaller then albumin gets pushed from the blood into the tubules

occurs in the glomerular capillary bed

72
Q

reabsorption of the kidney

A

returns 99% of substances back into interstitial fluid → into blood

happens in the renal tubules, proximal convoluted tubules, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

active and passive transport

essential molecules are taken back

73
Q

secretion of the kidney

A

selective process whereby toxic substances and waste products (that were too large to be filtered by the glomerular capillaries) are moved from the blood into the filtrate

happens in renal tubules and collecting ducts

hormonally controlled

74
Q

glomerular filtration has a __ part barrier

A

3 part filtration barrier

non specific, pressure and size

If a molecule is small enough, and either neutral or positively charged, it can enter the filtrate.

75
Q

Blood leaves the vascular side (pole) of the glomerulus via the ___ arteriole

A

efferent

76
Q
A

Bowman’s capsule

•The parietal layer, a simple squamous epithelium, associated with the connective tissue stroma (1)

A urinary space between (2)

Glomerulus (3)

77
Q
A

Proximal convoluted tubule (1)

Distal convoluted tubule (2)

78
Q
A

Duct in Pars Radiata of Cortex

Thick Descending Loop of Henle (1)

Thick Ascending Loop of Henle (2)

Collecting Duct (3)

79
Q
A

medulla of kidney

Thick Descending Loop of Henle (1)

Thick Ascending Loop of Henle (2)

Collecting Duct (3)

vasa recta (4)

80
Q

3 layers of filtration barrier in kidney

A

arterioles have fenestrations (capillary endothelium)

protein layer (basement membrane)

podocytes have filtration slits

81
Q

why monitor albumin levels in urine

A

albumin should not be filtered, should not fit out

if it is filtered body does not have a way to reabsorb it and the albumin is lost in urine

this can happen by Glomerular nephritis tends to cause the fenestrations to stretch/enlarge

82
Q

Glomerular ___ tends to cause the fenestrations to stretch/enlarge

A

nephritis

albumin leaves in urine

83
Q

Glomerular sclerosis

A

has multiple causes (it can even be genetic). It promotes a hardening of the basement membrane. This will reduce filtration and can lead to death.

84
Q

what is secreted in the PCT

A
85
Q

what is reabsorbed in the loop of henle descending loop

A

h2O

86
Q

what is reabsorbed by the ascending loop of henle

A

Na

K

Cl

87
Q

What is reabsorbed by the DCT

A

Na

Cl

HCO3

H20

calcium

88
Q

what is secreted by the DCT/ collecting duct

A

H+

K+ (potassium)

NH4

89
Q

what is reabsorbed by the collecting tube?

A

water and urea

hormone regulated

90
Q

reabsorption of __ in the ascending branch will create higher concentrations in the blood, this will cause __ to leave the decending loop of henle by __ to even out the concentration

A

NaCl (salt)

water

osmosis (passive)

(body doesn’t like high salt will try to add water to balance it out)

91
Q

cells are taller in the ascending limb of the loop of henle because

A

they actively transport NaCl out of substrate back into blood

(need bigger cell for rER, golgi and ATP)

92
Q

increased pressure in the glomerular capillary =

decreased pressure =

A

filter faster (too fast can not reabsorb essential things)

filter slower (too slow things build up in blood, toxic)

93
Q

NFP= ___ -___

A

net filtration pressure= Pressure that promotes filtration – opposing pressures

= (HP blood glom caps) – (HP capsule + OP blood glom caps)

94
Q

it is the ___ within the glomerular capillaries that promotes filtration. Control the blood pressure in the capillaries to control the GFR

A

blood pressure

95
Q

two ways of renal autoregulation of GFR

A
  • Myogenic mechanism
  • Tubulo-glomerular feedback
96
Q

the wall of the ___ arteriole is thicker then the wall of the ___ arteriole in the glomerulus

A

afferent (granular cells that can contract)

efferent

97
Q

when blood pressure is too high in the body the afferent arteriole will ___

A

close, tighten making the pressure in the capillary bed of the glomerulus lower (normal pressure)

acute increased body BP will not cause damage to the capillary bed, long term increased BP may cause damage, diabetes= less working nephrons

98
Q

the distal convoluted tubules have a line of cells closest to the glomerulus that sense sodium. These cells are called ___

A

macula densa

99
Q

macula densa will determine sodium concentration

too much sodium =

too little sodium=

A

filter too fast, can’t reabsorb

filter too slow, sodium still in blood instead of leaving into nephrons (not cleaning/balancing)

100
Q

the ___ which sense NaCl will communicate with the ___ to change speed of filtration in the golmerulus

A

macula densa

afferent arteriole

101
Q

hormone EPO

A

made in the kidney

target organ: red bone marrow

effect: make more RBCs

Body wide effect: increased hematocrit

102
Q

angiotensin II

A

kidney’s renin involved in its formation

made in liver (angiotensinogen)

target organ: tunica media of arterioles

effect: muscle contracts (vasoconstriction)

Body wide effect: increased blood pressure

103
Q

aldosterone

A

kidney’s renin encourages its release

made in adrenal cortex

target organ: kidney

effect: reabsorb salt which encourages the reabsorption of water= do not urinate a lot

Body wide effect: increased blood pressure

104
Q

ADH (vasopressin)

A

made in hypothalamus

target organ: kidney

effect: reabsorb water= do not urinate a lot

Body wide effect: increased blood pressure

105
Q
  • A solute being reabsorbed can take one of two routes:
A

paracellular (between the lining cells)

transcellular (through the lining cells).

106
Q

Solvent (water) reabsorption can be ___ (about 90% of the water in the filtrate is absorbed in this manner; the water must follow the ___) or ___ (about 10% of the water in the filtrate is absorbed under the influence of __).

A

obligatory(passive) - solutes

facultative- ADH

107
Q

what is reabsorbed and secreted in the proximal convoluted tubules

A
  • Reabsorption
    • 65% of the filtrate volume is reabsorbed
    • Na+, HCO3-, and other ions
    • Glucose, amino acids, some vitamins, and other nutrients
  • Secretion
    • H+ and NH4+ ions
    • Some drugs
108
Q

what is reabsorbed and secreted in the loop of Henle

A
  • Reabsorption
    • Na+ (also K+ and Cl-) in the ascending loop
    • H2O in the descending loop

no secretion

109
Q

what is reabsorbed and secreted in the distal convoluted tubule

A
  • Reabsorption
    • Na+ regulated by aldosterone (Cl- follows)
    • Ca+2 regulated by PTH (parathyroid hormone)
  • Secretion
    • K+ regulated by aldosterone
110
Q

what is reabsorbed and secreted in the collecting duct

A
  • Reabsorption
    • H2O regulated by ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
    • Na+ regulated by aldosterone (Cl- follows)
    • Urea increased by ADH
  • Secretion
    • K+ regulated by aldosterone
111
Q

The filtrate within the loop of henle is ___ as it flows through the descending limb of the loop, and then becomes more ___ as it flows through the ascending limb

A

concentrated

dilute

112
Q

Myogenic Mechanism

A

granular cells in afferent arterioles contract or expand to control pressure into the glomerulus

contract = less pressure into capillary

This mechanism prevents an increase in the systemic blood pressure from increasing the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus which would have raised the GFR.

113
Q

The Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism

A

The macula densa cells of the distal convoluted tubule have apical receptors for sodium ions. tell granular cells of the afferent arteriole to contract or open

too much sodium= too fast= too much pressure= can not reabsorb

too little sodium= too slow= low pressure= toxins stay in blood instead of being pushed out

114
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

granular cells (contract or open to control GFR and secrete hormones)

115
Q

hormone that causes blood pressure to increase

A

angiotensin II

When blood pressure decrease, the walls of the afferent arterioles are stretched less and the granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells) secrete renin. It encourages the formation of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen (a plasma protein produced by the liver). Angiotensin I is converted to its active form, angiotensin II (by angiotensin converting enzyme). It causes arteriole constriction which raises blood pressure.

116
Q

how does angiotensin work?

A

low blood pressure causes granular cells to secrete renin, which causes angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I. Angiotensin I + angiotensin converting enzyme= angiotensin II which raises blood pressure by causing arterioles to contract

117
Q

what hormone helps with water retention in the collecting ducts

A

antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

118
Q

which hormone tells the kidney to reabsorb salt?

A

aldosterone

119
Q

what hormone increases the number of circulating blood cells?

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

120
Q

path of urine

A

The urine released at the openings of the papillary ducts flows from the calices and the pelvis into the ureters and then to the urinary bladder. Peristaltic waves force the urine toward the bladder.

121
Q

___ force the urine toward the bladder.

A

Peristaltic waves

122
Q

The walls of the ureter and the urinary bladder contain folds (___)

A

rugae

123
Q

The calices, pelvis, ureter and urinary bladder are lined by ___

A

transitional epithelium.

124
Q

The epithelium, and lamina propria are surrounded by combined ___ of smooth muscle.

A

spiral and longitudinal layers

125
Q

At the neck of the bladder, the muscle fibers form a ___

A

three-layered sphincter.

126
Q

The urethra of the male has 3 components;

A

prostatic (transitional epithelium)

membraneous

penile (pseudostratified epithelium).

127
Q

The female urethra begins as a ___ which changes to ___ toward its meatus.

A

transitional epithelium

stratified squamous

128
Q
A

urinary bladder

129
Q
A

ureter

130
Q

___ have very long loops of henle and produce a very ___urine

A

desert mammals

concentrated

131
Q

___ have short loops of henle and produce ___ urine

A

mammals in fresh water

dilute

132
Q

___ have cortical nephrons and produce an ___ urine that is concentrated in the cloaca

A

reptiles

isotonic

133
Q

___ have nephrons with cilia to sweep away large volumes of urine

A

freshwater fish

134
Q

___ waste is correlated to Phylogeny and Habitat

A

Nitrogenous

135
Q

___ is excreted by most aquatic animals, especially those living in fresh water. It is soluble but toxic in high concentrations

A

ammonia

136
Q

___ is excreted by most mammals and most adult amphibians

A

urea

137
Q

___ is less than ammonia / can concentrate it. It is produced in liver during metabolic cycles. Some is retained by kidney for ___

A

urea

osmoregulation

138
Q

___ is excreted by insects, birds and reptiles

A

uric acid

139
Q

__ is less soluble than ammonia and is pastelike. It is better than the other urea or ammonia, if embryo develops in a shell

A

uric acid

140
Q

The calyces are actually lined on one side by the ___, and on the other by ___.

A

renal papillae

transitional epithelium

141
Q

pars radiata

A

straighter sections where loops of henle and collecting ducts start

142
Q

pars convoluta

A

part of kidney that is all “squigily” where the PCT and DCT are

143
Q
A

medulla of kidney

  1. thick ascending loop of henle (cubodial round nucleus)
  2. thin loops of henle (descending) (thin cells, round buldging nucleus)
  3. vasa recta (should be next to loop of henle) thin cells, flat nucleus- squamous

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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