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21 fall: histology > Test 2: Lecture 19, 20, 21: Digestive > Flashcards

Test 2: Lecture 19, 20, 21: Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa

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2
Q

3 layers of mucosa

A

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosae

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3
Q

carnivore stomachs have an extra layer in the mucosa called the

A

lamina subglandularis

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4
Q

there is no ___ in the mouth/pharynx/part of the esophagus in a rumen

A

muscularis mucosae

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5
Q

the lamina propria is ___ with lymphocytes and circulatory channels

A

loose connective tissue

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6
Q

The muscularis mucosae is made of ___ usually only ___ layers thick

A

smooth muscle

a few cell

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7
Q

what type of epithelium does the stomach, small intestine and large intestine have?

A

simple columnar epithelium (used for passive and active absorption)

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8
Q

what part of the digestive tract have stratified squamous epithelium?

A

lips to cardiac stomach

anal canal

(protection)

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9
Q

what part of the digestive tract have simple cuboidal epithelium

A

kidney

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10
Q

ducts of GI have what type of epithelium?

A

pseudo stratified and stratified columnar

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11
Q

submucosa is made of ___ tissue and contains __

A

dense irregular connective tissue

blood vessels

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12
Q

where is the submucosal plexus found?

A

submucosa

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13
Q

which layer of the GI tract is missing in the mouth?

A

submucosa

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14
Q
A
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

muscularis externa are two layers of smooth muscle with a ___ in between

A

nerve plexus (myenteric plexus)

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17
Q

layers of muscularis externa

A

a. Inner circular layer (smooth muscle): reduces gut diameter
b. Myenteric Plexus (enteric nervous system)
c. Outer longitudinal layer (smooth muscle): reduces gut length

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18
Q

Adventitia

A

outermost layer of GI tract

loose CT

Inside the abdominal cavity (intraperitoneal), the adventitia is draped by serous membranes (mesothelium) and is renamed “serosa”

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19
Q

Inside the abdominal cavity (intraperitoneal), the adventitia is draped by serous membranes (mesothelium) and is renamed ___

A

serosa

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

how is gut innervated?

A

autonomic innervation

parasympathetic

sympathetic

enteric

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22
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the GI promotes

A

rest and digest

passage of food through GI

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23
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to the upper g.i.: ___: innervation to mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, liver, etc.

A

Vagus Nerve (cranial nerve X)

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24
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to the lower g.i.: ___: particularly important for defecation.

A

Pelvic Nerve

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25
Q

autonomic sympathetic innervation of the GI promotes ___

A

fight or flight

inhibits digestion: closes sphincters, inhibits enteric motor neurons

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26
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the g.i. arises from ___ - preganglionic fibers arise from the celiac, cranial, caudal mesenteric ganglia.

A

T5 - L2 (splanchnic nerves)

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27
Q

what is the function of the ENS

A

enteric nervous system

controls g.i. movements, secretions, regional blood flow, fluid flow, etc.

activity of ENS can be regulated by autonomic nervous system ( parasympathetic= rest and digest)

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28
Q

what are the two plexi of the ENS

A

enteric nervous system

I. Outer plexus: Myenteric (Auerbach’s)

II. Inner plexus: Submucosal (Meissner’s)

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29
Q

outer plexus of the ENS

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s)

a. Lies between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa.
b. Controls the overall muscle tone of the gut as well as its rhythmic contractions (peristalsis).
c. Peristalsis: stimulated by distension of the gut. Inner circular layer of muscularis externa forms a contractile ring - squeezing around the gut. Outer longitudinal layer then contracts – pushing bolus caudally. At the same time, the distal gut relaxes, allowing food to enter.
d. Anti-peristalsis: regurgitation & vomiting.

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30
Q
A

myenteric plexus of ENS

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31
Q

what is 4

A

myenteric plexus of the ENS

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32
Q

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) controls ___ of the GI tract which ___

A

Peristalsis:

movement of food through the GI tract

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33
Q

Submucosal plexus of the ENS lies within the ___

A

submucosal layer

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34
Q

The inner plexus of the ENS oversees the ___

A

localized secretions and absorptions of the epithelium in the lumen, regulation of blood flow, etc.

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35
Q

___ is responsible for localized contractions of the ___and the villi of the gut.

A

inner plexus, submucosal plexus, meissner’s

muscularis mucosae

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36
Q

name for plexus of ENS within the 2nd layer of the GI

A

Inner plexus: Submucosal (Meissner’s)

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37
Q
A
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38
Q

the mouth is where food is chewed into a___, partially digested, and lubricated by ___.

A

bolus

salivary glands

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39
Q

The oral cavity is lined by ___ epithelium which can have a range of keratinization based on diet.

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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40
Q

what is an easy way to determine oral vs aboral surface

A

aboral will have hair follicles and more keratinization (usually)

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41
Q

The tongue contains what type of glands

A

mucous and serous salivary glands

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42
Q

The core of the tongue is ___

A

Core of intrinsic skeletal muscle, arranged in three layers, all positioned at right angles to each other (x, y, and z planes).

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43
Q
A
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44
Q

Where are lingual papillae found

A

dorsal region of the tongue

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45
Q

what is the function of lingual papillae?

A

aid in retaining food and water, protection, and grooming.

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46
Q

___ have a dermal core covered by stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized).

A

lingual papillae

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47
Q

3 types of lingual papillae that lack taste buds

A

filiform

conical

lenticular

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48
Q

Lingual Papillae lacking taste buds are used for ___

A

food/water acquisition, grooming, protection

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49
Q

Filiform lingual papillae are the ___ abundant type of papillae and are found on the ___ of the tongue

A

most

rostal ⅔ of the dorsal tongue

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50
Q

Filiform lingual papillae resemble small cones, apex points ___ and is highly ___ in cats

A

caudally

keratinized

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51
Q

Conical lingual papillae are found on the ___ of the tongue and are a subtype of ___

A

caudal ⅓

filiform

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52
Q

___ type of lingual papillae are less abundant due to their large size

A

conical

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53
Q

___ type of lingual papillae are only found in the oral cavity of a ruminant

A

lenticular

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54
Q
A

filliform papillae

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55
Q
A

filliform papillae of a cat

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56
Q

3 types of lingual papillae with taste buds

A

fungiform (mushroom)

circumvallate (dome)

foliate (rectangular blocks)

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57
Q

Fungiform lingual papillae are found where on the tongue?

A

lateral surface

mushroom shape (contain taste buds)

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58
Q

Curcumvallate lingual papillae are the ___ and form a __ shape that points __ on caudal ⅓ tongue

A

largest

“V” shape (apex pointing caudally) on caudal 1/3 tongue

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59
Q

___ papillae are surrounded by a large circular trench

A

circumvallate (dome) (has taste buds)

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60
Q

___ lingual papillae are common in rabbits and monkeys

A

foliate (rectangular blocks) (have taste buds)

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61
Q
A

filiform/ conical papillae

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62
Q
A

fungiform papillae

(mushroom shape) (have taste buds)

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63
Q
A

Fungiform (mushroom): occupy lateral surfaces of tongue (have taste buds)

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64
Q
A

Circumvallate (dome): largest. Form a “V” shape (apex pointing caudally) on caudal 1/3 tongue. Each papillae surrounded by a large circular trench.

have tastebuds

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65
Q
A

foliate papillae rabbit (have tastebuds)

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66
Q

Taste Buds are ___ found on the sides of the lingual papillae and in other regions of mouth aside from the tongue.

A

specialized pores

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67
Q

taste buds consist of 50 - 150 cells, apical ends open into a ___

A

taste pore.

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68
Q

Each mature cell projects microvilli into the taste pore - these microvilli are in contact with the oral cavity and house ___ for chemical tastes

A

receptors

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69
Q

5 tastes

A

sweet, sour, salt, bitter, and umami (monosodium glutamate)

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70
Q

taste buds have 3 cell types

A

Taste Receptor Cells (“Gustatory”)

Immature / Supporting Cells

Basal Cells

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71
Q

In the cranial 2/3 of the tongue, the ___ (Cranial Nerve #7) is responsible for taste; while the sensations of touch, temperature, and pain are carried by the ___(Cranial Nerve #5).

A

facial nerve

trigeminal nerve

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72
Q

In the caudal 2/3 of the tongue, the ___ (Cranial Nerve #9), is responsible for both taste (primarily sweet and bitter) and overall sensation.

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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73
Q
A

Tastebud

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74
Q

Salivary gland are compound ___ glands

A

exocrine

acinus (berry shape)

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75
Q
A
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76
Q
A
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77
Q

serous glands (___) that produces ___

A

Serous glands (parotid / exocrine pancreas)

thin watery serous fluid containing numerous enzymatic & antimicrobial properties.

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78
Q

Secretory cells in serous glands store their secretions in ___

A

secretory granules

also called zymogen

(inactive precursors to digestive enzymes).

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79
Q

mucous glands produce ___

A

Produce mucin, a thick viscous fluid composed of glycoprotein.

Salivary mucin is similar to intestinal mucin, additionally has antibacterial properties in forming a protective film over the teeth.

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80
Q

The precursor of mucin is ___ and is stored in the ___ cells of the mucous glands

A

mucinogen

secretory

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81
Q

what are some functions of the salivary gland

A

lubrication of mouth and food

antimicrobial (serous glands mostly)

digestive component

buffering agent

tooth protection

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82
Q

what are some antimicrobials produced by the serous gland

A

Lysozyme (antibacterial agent)

Lactoferrin (antifungal, antiviral, and an antioxidant: binds up free iron)

Salivary IgA (neutralizes bacteria & yeast)

Histitin (inhibits fungal growth of Candida albicans)

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83
Q

How does salivary gland contribute to digestion

A

Amylase (ptyalin): begins digestion of starches.

Lingual lipase: begins hydrolysis of fats.

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84
Q

How does salivary gland act as a buffering agent?

A

neutralizing acids & keeping pH neutral in oral cavity.

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85
Q

How does salivary gland act as a tooth protection

A

mucins and salivary proteins form a protective film on teeth: pellicles. Protects teeth from corrosive acids and bacteria

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86
Q
A
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87
Q

The serous demilune (half moon) morphology is not real-it’s an artifact caused by ___, driving mucinous cells to swell, pushing ___ cells to the outside.

A

formalin

serous

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88
Q
A
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89
Q

___ cells are epithelial in origin, but have ___ properties usually associated w/ mesenchymal cells (eg, smooth muscle actin).

A

myoepthithelial cells

contractile

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90
Q

___ aid in expulsion of acinar contents

A

myoepithelial cells

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91
Q

esophagus has two sphincters

A

Upper esophageal sphincter (proximal) : lies at the entranceway to the pharynx (cricopharyngeus muscle).

Lower esophageal sphincter (distal): relaxes to allow food to pass into stomach; constricts to prevent gastric reflux.

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92
Q

what muscle lies at the entranceway to the pharynx

A

cricopharyngeus muscle

upper esophageal sphincter (proximal)

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93
Q

__ is a disorder when esophageal sphincter does not fully close

A

GERD

GERD (Gastro- Esophageal Reflux Disease)

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94
Q

___ are disorders when the esophageal sphincter does not open fully

A

Achalasia & megaesophagus

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95
Q

the mucosa layer of the esophagus is ___ epithelium

A

stratified squamous

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96
Q

Mucosa & submucosa organized into longitudinal folds in a ___esophagus. These folds disappear as ___passes through.

A

non-distended

food

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97
Q

the esophagus has two types of glands: ___ and ___. They produce ___ and help lubricate epithelial surfaces

A

mucosal glands (in lamina propria) and submucosal glands

mucus

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98
Q

muscularis externa in the esophagus is ___ between species

A

differnt

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99
Q

typically the composition of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is

A

Upper 1/3: both layers are striated

Middle 1/3: mix of striated and smooth

Lower 1/3: all smooth

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100
Q

how are ruminants and dog esophagus different?

A

the muscularis externa is striated throughout instead of the

typically it is:

Upper 1/3: both layers are striated

Middle 1/3: mix of striated and smooth

Lower 1/3: all smooth

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101
Q

what nerve innervates the esophageal musculature

A

vagus nerve (cranial nerve #10)

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102
Q
A
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103
Q

a ___ surrounds the esophagus only below the diaphragm

A

serosa

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104
Q
A

avian tongue

  1. cartilage core
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105
Q

crop of avian upper GI

A
  • diverticula of the esophagus
  • subcutaneous
  • lies in the thoracic inlet
  • avian equivalent of “cheeks” (for food storage)
  • Epithelial cells produce a “crop milk” in pigeons for feeding young
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106
Q

Epithelial cells of the ___ produce a “crop milk” in pigeons for feeding young

A

crop

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107
Q
A

avian esophagus

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108
Q
A

avian crop (no glands)

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109
Q

salivary glands are compound ___ glands that have mucous cells that secrete ___ and serous cells that secrete __

A

tubuloacinar

mucin

thin fluid rich in amylase

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110
Q
A

esophagus

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111
Q

glandular regions of the stomach

A

cardiac

fundic

pyloric

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112
Q

monogastric stomach

A

columnar epithelium

glandular stomach (has glands)

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113
Q

The fore stomach of the rumen is ___ epithelium.

the last chamber of the ruminant stomach is ___ epithelium and has ___

A

non glandular, stratified squamous

columnar epithelium

glands

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114
Q
A
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115
Q

horses and ruminants have large ___ regions of the stomach

A

nonglandular

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116
Q

Ruminant stomach serves to breakdown cellulose through actions of microbiota, primarily bacteria, but also ___, yeast, and fungi.

A

protozoa

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117
Q

what are the four chambers of a rumen stomach

A

the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum.

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118
Q

the ___,___ and ___ have non glandular squamous epithelium, compared to the ___ which has glandular columnar epithelium

A

the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum

abomasum

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119
Q

order of food through cow stomach

A

the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum.

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120
Q

the function of the first 3 chambers of the cow stomach are __

The function of the last chamber of the cow stomach is ___

A

physical mechanical breakdown of food

chemical/ glandular breakdown of food

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121
Q

This is where saliva and ingesta mix to form cud, which is regurgitated, chewed, swallowed, etc. Here microbes break down cellulose.

A

Rumen and Reticulum

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122
Q

___ is where microbes break down cellulose in ruminant

A

rumen and reticulum

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123
Q

___ part of the cow stomach can absorb H20 and inorganic minerals

124
Q

___ part of the cow stomach is analogous to the monogastric stomach

125
Q
A

rumen

papillae with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

no muscularis mucosa

no glands

126
Q

the rumen has no ___ and no ___

A

muscularis mucosa

glands

127
Q

___ has folds with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and core of lamina propria only or a mix of lamina propria, submucosa and muscularis interna. Also has no glands

A

reticulum (second chamber of cow stomach)

128
Q
A

reticulum (second cow stomach chamber)

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

core of lamina propria:

short: only LP

long: submusoca and muscle (long)

129
Q

___ has large folds (laminae omasi) with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It also has no glands and muscle core of large folds derived from muscularis submucosa and muscularis externa

130
Q

the large folds of the omasum are called

A

laminae omasi

131
Q

muscle core of the laminae omasi of the omasum are derived form ___ and ___

A

muscularis submucosa and muscularis externa

132
Q
133
Q
A

omasum

  1. circular TM
  2. longitudinal TM
  3. Circular TM

LP lamina propria

134
Q

what are two ways glandular stomach homogenizes and processes food?

A

chemically via enzymes and acids secreted by the mucosa

mechanically via muscular churning of the stomach wall.

135
Q

Epithelium changes from ____ (esophagus/esophageal stomach/rumen) to ___(glandular stomach).

A

stratified squamous

simple columnar

136
Q

Glandular stomach is lined by longitudinal folds, or ___ which disappear when the stomach distends.

137
Q

gastric mucosal barrier

A

Mucous cells in epithelium secrete a protective gel layer that:

protects stomach lining from auto-digestion

Protects stomach from abrasion with food

138
Q

what is the box?

A

fundus

box is rugae

139
Q

Cats have additional layer, ____, between glands and muscularis mucosae. It contains a layer of fibroblasts and a layer of dense collagenous fibers

A

lamina subglandularis

140
Q

The lamina subglandularis contains a layer of ___ and a layer of ___. Is found in ___

A

fibroblasts

dense collagenous fibers

cats (extra layer between glands and muscularis mucosae in the stomach)

141
Q

Glands in the cardiac part of the stomach secrete ___ and are ___ in shape

A

secretes mucus

-simple, coiled, tubular. lined by surface mucosal cells, parietal and enteroendocrine cells may be seen

142
Q

Glands in the gastric (fundus) part of the stomach secrete ___ and are ___ in shape

A

secretes mucus, HCl & pepsinogen

tubular, lined by mucous neck cells

143
Q

Glands in the pyloric part of the stomach secrete ___ and are ___ in shape

A

secretes mucus/lysozyme

simple, tubular, lined by mucous neck cells

144
Q

glands of the cardiac part of the stomach are lined by ___

A

surface mucosal cells, parietal and EE cells may be seen.

145
Q

glands of the gastric and plyoric part of the stomach are lined by ___

A

mucous neck cells

146
Q
A

cardiac stomach of a dog

147
Q
A

pyloric glands

148
Q

gastric( or fundic glands) are found where ___

A

fundus and body of a glandular stomach

149
Q

Shape of gastric (or fundic glands)

A

long tubular glands, divided into a pit, neck, and branched body.

150
Q

pit of gastric or fundic glands have ___

A

mucous cells (produce gastric mucosal barrier)

151
Q

The neck of gastric or fundic glands have ___

A

mucous cells and stem cells

152
Q

The body of gastric or fundic glands have 5 types of cells

A

mucous cells

chief cells (produce pepsinogen)

parietal cells (produce HCl)

stem cells

enteroendocrine cells (produce gastric hormones)

153
Q
A

fundic region of glandular stomach

155
Q
A

gastric gland of glandular stomach

156
Q

___ cells line gastric pit and neck of fundic gland cells and produce ___

A

mucous

mucins

157
Q

___ produce mucins (glycoproteins), which combine with water to form a protective gel that lines the surface of the stomach.

A

mucous cells

158
Q

Mucous cells form the ____, traps bicarbonate ions (HCO3), the alkalinity of which offsets the acids secreted by the gastric gland and keeps the pH immediately around the epithelium at __.

A

gastric mucosal barrier,

7.0

159
Q

If the mucus layer is disrupted, peptic ___ and/or adenocarcinoma of the stomach can result

160
Q

___ cells are found in the neck and upper ⅓ of the fundic gland

A

parietal (oxyntic cells)

161
Q

partietal cells produce___ and stain ___

A

HCl

bright pink (negative)

162
Q

parietal cells produce HCl which lowers the stomachs pH to __

163
Q

What stimulate parietal cells to produce Hcl

A

enteroendocrine hormone gastrin.

164
Q

___ cells are found in the lower ⅓ of the fundic gland

165
Q

Chief cells hold zymogenic granules containing ___

A

proenzyme pepsinogen

166
Q

What color do chief cells stain?

A

purple (basophilic cytoplasm)

167
Q

When pepsinogen is released into the stomach, it interacts with HCl to form ___

168
Q

___ is a proteolytic enzyme that digests proteins and is a product of HCl and pepsinogen interacting

169
Q
A

stomach mucosa

gastric gland

170
Q

___ cells are found in mucosa along the GI

A

enteroendocrine

171
Q

enteroendocrine cells are ___.

A

monohormonal

172
Q

Enteroendocrine cells produce hormones that are released into the ___ and act ___ or ___

A

lamina propria

locally

enter the bloodstream and affect target cells

173
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

involved in regulation of water, enzyme secretion, motility of the g.i., mucosal growth, etc.

174
Q

2 examples of enteroendocrine cells

A

G cells (gastrin)

D cells (somatostatin)

175
Q

G cells

A

G Cells (Gastrin) (makes stomach more acidic)

i. Peptide hormone produced by G cells in pyloric antrum
ii. Stimulated by stomach distension, vagus nerve, or by partially digested foodstuffs (proteins)
iii. Gastrin stimulates parietal cells in the stomach’s body to produce HCl (along with acetylcholine [vagus n.] and histamine)

176
Q

gastrin is a peptide hormone produced by ___ in the ____

A

G cell

pyloric antrum of the glandular stomach

177
Q

G cells are stimulated by

A

stomach distension

vagus nerve

partially digested foodstuffs (proteins)

178
Q

Gastrin stimulates ___ cells in the stomach’s body to produce ___

A

parietal

HCl

179
Q

D cells are located next to ___

A

G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach

180
Q

D cells produce ___ which ___

A

somatostatin

suppress gastrin release

181
Q
A

pyloric stomach

P= pyloric gland pit

G= G cells, secretes gastrin

182
Q

the avian stomach is broken into the

A

proventriculus (glandular)

ventriculus/gizzard (nonglandular)

183
Q

___ cells secrete both pepsinogen and Hcl in the avian stomach

A

oxynticopeptic cells

184
Q

the gizzard is also called the ___ and is the ___ part of the avian stomach

A

ventriculus

nonglandular (second part)

185
Q

the ventriculus of the avian stomach function is to ___

A

grind ingesta

contains grit, lined internally by a cuticle, and externally by a thick muscularis externa.

186
Q
A

ventriculus gizzard of bird stomach

187
Q

pancreas has both ___ and ___ functions

A

exocrine and endocrine

188
Q

islets of langerhans are found in the ___ and secrete

A

pancreas

alpha cells → glucagon

beta cells → insulin

189
Q

exocrine enzymes made in the pancreas drain into the ___ via ducts

A

duodenum (1st part of small intestine)

190
Q

exocrine pancreas is similar to ___ glands.

191
Q

exocrine pancreas only have __ acini

192
Q

acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas contain ___ granules: released into the lumen of the acinus, which leads to intercalated ducts.

193
Q

In the exocrine pancreas, center of acinus is ringed by ____ cells: these are an extension of the intercalated duct into the acinus.

A

centroacinar

194
Q

In the exocrine pancreas, Intercalated ducts secrete water and ___ (as in salivary glands).

A

bicarbonate

195
Q
A

exocrine pancreas

196
Q

the exocrine pancreas has no ____ cells

A

myoepithelial

197
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas secrete?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic lipase

Cells house zymogens: e.g. Trypsinogen & Chymotrypsinogen: precursors to Trypsin & Chymotrypsin: digests proteins

198
Q

___ neutralizes acidity from chyme entering duodenum from the stomach.

A

sodium bicarbonate

199
Q

___ hydrolyses starches and other sugars to form tri- and disaccharides.

A

pancreatic amylase

200
Q

___ hydrolyses fats (along with bile salts, which emulsifies the fats so they can be absorbed in the small intestine).

A

pancreatic lipase

201
Q

secretion of exocrine pancreas is controlled by ___

A

Acetylcholine (vagus n., parasympathetic):

Cholecystokinin (CCK, enteroendocrine hormone):

Secretin (enteroendocrine hormone):

202
Q

___ stimulates intercalated duct to produce bicarbonate.

A

Secretin (enteroendocrine hormone):

203
Q

___ stimulates acinar cells (& gall bladder).

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK, enteroendocrine hormone)

204
Q

___ stimulates acinar cells

A

Acetylcholine (vagus n., parasympathetic):

205
Q

islets of langerhans

A

endocrine pancreas

Beta cells: secrete insulin (facilitates uptake of glucose by cells)

Alpha cells: secrete glucagon (breaks down stored glycogen in liver into glucose)

206
Q

Each ____ contains 2000-3000 cells surrounded by a fenestrated capillary bed.

A

islet of langerhans (endocrine pancreas)

207
Q
208
Q
209
Q

liver cells are called

A

hepatocytes

210
Q

two blood supplies to the liver are

A

Hepatic artery (aorta: 25%, oxygenated, nutrient poor)

Portal vein (gut: 75%, deoxygenated, nutrient rich)

211
Q

Hepatocytes produce ___, which first drain into small bile canaliculi (ducts) adjacent to the hepatocytes. These collect into larger collecting bile ducts, ultimately draining into the common bile duct emptying to the ___.

A

bile

duodenum

212
Q

The Hepatic Artery, Portal Vein, and Bile duct form the ___

A

portal triad

213
Q

basic functions of the liver:

A

Remove glucose from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen. Releases glucose back into the bloodstream when needed.

Detoxifies ingested drugs and toxins.

Eliminates senescent blood cells and foreign bodies (Kupffer cells: macrophages-not hepatocytes).

Remove fat from the blood supply and degrade them into fatty acids and glycerol.

Stores Vitamin A, D, and B12.

Produce bile to aid in digestion (stored in gall bladder)

214
Q

macrophages in liver

A

kupffer cells

215
Q

kupffer cells

A

eliminate senescent blood cells and foreign bodies

216
Q
217
Q
218
Q

direction of blood in the liver

A

will travel through portal triad, into lobule of liver, be cleaned and then leave through the central vein in the center of liver lobule then leaves liver through the hepatic vein

219
Q

direction of bile in liver

A

bile that is made as blood is cleaned will travel out of the liver lobule and back into the portal triad/tract to be stored in the gallbladder or released into the small intestine

221
Q

the ___ is found in the connective tissue outside the lobule of the liver. This is the point where blood enters the lobule and lymph/bile exits

A

portal tract/triad

223
Q

___ contain blood cells, its walls are fenestrated so hepatocytes are in direct contact with blood as it passes by

224
Q

what cells react to liver damage and make fibrous scars?

A

stellate cells

225
Q

gall bladder stores ___ and concentrates it between meals

226
Q

Bile is transported from the liver via ___

A

cystic ducts

227
Q

___ causes contraction of the gall bladder wall, triggering release of its contents. It also causes the contraction of the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the common bile duct where it opens into the duodenum

A

CCK

Cholecystokinin (CCK, enteroendocrine hormone)

228
Q

What animals do not have a gallbladder?

A

horses and rats

229
Q

bile from liver to small intestine

A

liver common hepatic duct

cystic duct

gallbladder

back out through cystic duct

common bile duct

ampulla

major duodenal papilla

small intestine

230
Q
A

gallbladder

231
Q

gallbladder has ___ epithelium but has no ___ or ___.

A

simple columnar

muscularis mucosae or submucosa

232
Q

The ___ of the gallbladder does not have 2 distinct layers but has fibers interspersed

A

muscularis externa

233
Q

three parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum-ileum

234
Q

ridges/folds in the intestinal wall

A

plicae circulares

235
Q

plicae circulares are folds of ____encircling lumen of the small intestine, viewable grossly. Unlike rugae of stomach, plicae circulares are permanent folds

A

mucosa & submucosa

236
Q

the lumen on the small intestines have plica circularis which have ___ along their edges

237
Q

Villi are fingerlike projections of ____ only into lumen of gut.

A

mucosal layer

238
Q

Villi are lined by ____ epithelium

A

simple columnar

239
Q

. Enterocytes are surface absorptive cells which have ___ on their apical end

A

microvilli- form brush border

240
Q

Microvilli contain an___ core, movement triggered by submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus.

A

actin

(micovilli are on the villi on the plica of the wall of the intestine)

increased surface area

241
Q

the villi of the small intestine are filled with lamina propria that house

A

lacteal, capillaries and muscularis mucosa

(lacteal- open ended lymph capillary)

242
Q

microvilli also contain enzymes such as lactase, maltase, and sucrase, involved in the terminal digestion of ___

A

carbohydrates and proteins.

243
Q

The brush border on enterocytes (___) has two functions: increase surface area for absorption and increase surface area for ___ that perform final stages of extracellular digestion, preparing them for transport across the cell membrane.

A

(plica of the small intestine are lined with villi- enterocytes are one of the cell types that line the villi- have brush border)

enzymes

244
Q

villi are lined with ___, and project out into the lumen of the intestine.

A

single layer of columnar epithelial cells.

245
Q

villi in the small intestine are attached to the ___ that are imbedded within the lamina propria. These ___ have stem cells and produce enzymes used to keep intestinal bacteria at bay.

246
Q
A

an enterocyte- have brush border of micorvilli

a cell on the border of a villi on the plica of the intestinal wall

247
Q

Three types of cells found on the villi of the plica of the small intestine

A

enterocyte- absorption

goblet- mucus producing

enteroendocrine- secrete hormones basally (to base of the cell, not into the lumen)

248
Q

____ produce a gel coat of mucus to protect the lumen from abrasion and bacterial invasion

A

Goblet cells:

249
Q

what can you find inside a villi in the small intestine

A

core of each villus (in the lamina propria):

  1. Capillary plexus
  2. Lacteal: blind-ended lymphatic vessel
  3. Thin strands of muscularis mucosae
  4. Lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, etc.
250
Q
A

villi in small intestine

enterocyte- absorption

goblet- mucus producing

enteroendocrine- secrete hormones basally (to base of the cell, not into the lumen)

251
Q
A

enteroendocrine cell in the small intestine on the villi in the intestine

release hormones basely

252
Q

intestinal crypts also called ___

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

253
Q

___ are simple tubular glands in the intestine

A

crypt of lieberkuhn

254
Q

Crypts (aka crypts of Lieberkühn or intestinal glands) contain:

A

b. Stem cells - give rise to all intestinal cells.
c. Enteroendocrine cells.
d. Paneth cells at base (SI only): protect lining of gut from microorganisms such as bacteria & parasites (secrete lysozymes & defensins) (absent in some animals-dogs, cats, pigs, racoons)
e. sometimes Goblet cells

255
Q

____ at base (SI only): protect lining of gut from microorganisms such as bacteria & parasites (secrete lysozymes & defensins) (absent in some animals-dogs, cats, pigs, racoons)

A

Paneth cells

256
Q

Paneth cells protect the small intestine from ___ by producing lysozmes and defensins

A

microorganisms such as bacteria & parasites

258
Q
A

paneth cells found in the base of the crypts of the small intestine

Unlike enteroendocrine cells, secretions from Paneth cells enter lumen directly, they do not enter the bloodstream.

259
Q

Unlike enteroendocrine cells, secretions from Paneth cells enter ___ directly, they do not enter the bloodstream.

260
Q

___ can be used to see stem cells from the cyrpt changing/growing into enterocytes

261
Q

where is this

A

small intestine

can see crypt and vili

paneth cells and stem cells alternating at base of the crypts

262
Q

subepithelial telocytes line the ___

A

crypts of the small intestine

help with Wnt

263
Q

___ are found in the duodenum and produce mucus and bicarbonate to offset the acidic chyme expelled from the stomach

A

brunner’s glands

264
Q

brunner gland’s are found where are make what?

A

submucosa of the duodenum

mucus and bicarbonate- offset the acid form the stomach

265
Q

the villi in the duodenum is ___

A

short, broad and leaf-like

266
Q

The serosal lining is incomplete (adventitia complete) in which part of the small intestine

267
Q

the bile and pancreatic ducts are found ___

A

in the duodenum

268
Q

___ cells are found in the base of crypts of Lieberkühn in the duodenum

A

paneth- protect lining of gut from microorganisms such as bacteria & parasites (secrete lysozymes & defensins)

Unlike enteroendocrine cells, secretions from Paneth cells enter lumen directly, they do not enter the bloodstream.

269
Q

what glands are found in the submucosa of the duodenum

A

brunner’s gland- bicarbonate

270
Q

gastric pits change into ___ in the duodenum

271
Q
A

found in the submucosa of the duodenum- makes bicarbonate (ph9_ to neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach

272
Q

duodenum- 3 cell type

A

enterocytes- with microvilli

goblet cells

enteroendocrine- hormones into base of cell

273
Q

which part of the intestine have the longest villi?

274
Q

how to tell you are in the jejunum

A

a. Longest villi
b. Abundant Paneth cells in of crypts of Lieberkühn
c. No glands in submucosa (no brunner’s gland like in the duodenum)

275
Q

where are we

A

jejunum

=no glands in the submucosa

276
Q

how to tell ileum?

A

. Shorter villi

b. Paneth cells (not consistently present)
c. Peyer’s patches in submucosa.

277
Q

peyer’s patch is found where?

A

ileum (last part of the small intestine)

278
Q
279
Q

___ cells are found in the ileum and transport antigens from the lumen into the peyers patch

280
Q

___ are specialized lymphatic nodules found in the ileum

A

peyer’s patch

281
Q

how does M cell work?

A

M ( = Microfold) cells specialized epithelial cells that contain small microfolds on their lateral edges (viewable only under EM).

M cells sample and trap antigens from the lumen of the gut via endocytosis. Antigen are then released beneath M cells and taken up by antigen-presenting dendritic cells in the underlying dome. Antigens are then presented to T cells to initiate an immune response.

282
Q
A

peyer’s patch ileum

283
Q
A

peyer’s patch of the ileum

284
Q

parts of the large intestine

A

cecum

colon

rectum

anus

285
Q

function of the large intestine

A

absorption of water, electrolytes (Na+,Cl-), vitamins, and minerals.

Further digestion of any undigested carbohydrates via microbial fermentation. Formation of feces. Synthesized items include: various B vitamins, vitamin K+, Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs), and mucus (bicarbonate)

286
Q

___ has no villi or folds

A

large intestine (colon)

287
Q

epithelium of the colon is ___ and is composed of ___ cells

A

simple columnar

1) enterocytes (absorptive) with microvilli
2) goblet cells (secrete bicarbonate rich mucus)
3) enteroendocrine cells
4) stem cells at crypt base

288
Q

___ serves to protect intestinal wall from excoriation, to hold fecal material together, and to protect intestinal wall from bacteria within feces.

289
Q

paneth cells are in the ___-

A

small intestine

should not be in the large intestine

290
Q

taeniae coli

A

longitudinal smooth muscle bands (part of the muscularis externa: outer longitudinal) which generate the haustra (sacculations). IE, muscle bands form bulges in colon.

291
Q

. Taeniae coli: longitudinal smooth muscle bands (part of the ___: outer longitudinal) which generate the ___(sacculations).

A

muscularis externa

haustra

292
Q

____: aid in digesting cellulose & help form thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), cobalamin (B12), Vitamin K (blood clotting), & intestinal gas

A

Bacterial flora

293
Q
A

large intestine

294
Q
A

colon

crypts much deeper and no villi

lots of goblet cell- mucus producing cells

295
Q
A

large inestine

outer layer (longitudinal) muscularis externa bunches into the taeniae coli and produces sacculations of the small intestine

296
Q

difference between small and large intestine

A

duodenum- brunner’s glands

jejunum- long villi- no glands in submucosa

ileum- peyers patch

large- no villi- very long crypts

297
Q

from rectum to anus: Epithelium abruptly changes from ___(rectum) to ___ at recto-anal junction.

A

simple columnar

stratified squamous

298
Q

At the recto-anal junction the outer longitudinal layer of muscularis externa ___at junction, and the inner circular layer becomes ___

A

ends

the internal anal sphincter (normally contracted, autonomic control)).

299
Q

The external anal sphincter is ____ muscle (also normally contracted, voluntary control).

300
Q

____ epithelum gives rise to cutaneous epithelium with hair follicles, sebacious and sweat glands at the mucocutanous junction

A

Stratified squamous

301
Q
A

anus to rectum

abrupt change from columnar to stratified squamous

303
Q

how can you tell you went to outside of the body anus- cutaneous

A

hair follicle, sebacious and sweat glands

304
Q

Three sets of glands near the anus

A
  1. Glands of the anal sac: Scent & territorial markers.
  2. Anal glands: located in the submucosa.
  3. Perianal/Circumanal glands: the most caudal, sebaceous and nonsebaceous components-polygonal appearance of cells.
305
Q

____/Circumanal glands: the most caudal, sebaceous and nonsebaceous components-polygonal appearance of cells.

306
Q

anal sac vs anal gland

A

anal glands produce secretions into the anal sacs

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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