lecture 6-7 Hematopoiesis Flashcards
1
Q
hematopoietic stem cells leads to ___
A
every type of blood cells
2
Q
Blood is:
A
- body fluid that delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and transports waste
- blood cells suspended in blood plasma
- type of connective tissue
3
Q
why is blood considered a connective tissue
A
- embryologically, mesoderm layer origin
- blood connects the body systems together
4
Q
Major cell types in circulating blood are
A
- enucleated or nucleated(bird) erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- mono and poly nucleated leukocytes or white blood cells
5
Q
white blood cells are
A
leukocytes
6
Q
red blood cell other name is
A
erythrocytes
7
Q
composition of blood
A
- 45% formed elements
- 55% plasma
8
Q
formed elements of blood
A
45% of blood
-red blood cells (erythrocytes)
transport O2 and CO2
-white blood cells (leukocytes)
fight infection
-platelets (thrombocytes)
form clots
9
Q
plasma part of blood
A
55% of blood
-Water 90% of plasma
-Plasma proteins 8% of plasma
Globulins
Fibrinogen
-Salts 1 %
-Gases, Nutrients, Wastes, Hormones
10
Q
what is the function of water in blood
A
major part (90%) of the plasma
maintains blood volume, transports molecules
11
Q
what is the function of plasma proteins
A
8% of plasma
maintains blood osmotic pressure and pH
Globulins: transport and fight infection
Fibrinogen: Blood clotting
12
Q
what are two plasma proteins and what do they do
A
Globulins: transport and fight infection
Fibrinogen: Blood clotting
13
Q
What function does salt have on blood
A
1% of plasma
maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH, aid metabolism
14
Q
what function does gases have on blood
A
O2 and CO2- cellular respiration
15
Q
what function does nutrients have on blood
A
lipids, glucose, and amino acids
food for cells
16
Q
What function does waste have in blood
A
urea and uric acid
end product of metabolism, excretion by kidneys
17
Q
What function does hormones have in blood
A
aid metabolism
18
Q
type of white blood cells
A
neutrophils (40-70%)
lymphocytes (20-45%)
monocytes (4-8%)
eosinophils (1-4%)
basophils (0-1%)
19
Q
mixture of methylene blue and derivates of azure blue and eosin
A
romanowsky dye
nucleus: purple
hemoglobin: pink or tan
Leukocytes: blue to blue grey
Granules
eosinophilic: red
Basophilic: blue
Neutral: stain neither
20
Q
label
A
band cell is immature white blood cell, shouldn’t be in slide
21
Q
aspirate of bone marrow
A
gives a jumble of all cells from that area
suspension of cells
22
Q
biopsy of bone marrow shows
A
organized structure of bone marrow
23
Q
accumulating abnormal numbers or types of cells means ___
A
disorders
cancers, severity and metastasis (leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, anemia, pancytopenia, parasites and infection)
24
Q
___ can be missed in aspirate and may require biopsy
A
lymphoma
25
marrow elements
granulocytes and their precursors (50-75%)
erythroid precursors (25-50%)
hematopoietic
stromal cells
26
types of hematopoietic cells that are found in marrow
monoblasts/monocytes \<5%
megakaryocytes-few
macrophages- few
lymphocytes- few
27
types of stromal cells found in marrow
osteoblasts, preosteocytes
adipocytes
mesenchymal stem cells
28
which one is bone marrow, which one is blood
bone marrow is on the right
blood smear is on the left
29
most blood cells live for only ___ and thus they must be constantly replenished
days or weeks
30
In healthy adults, approximately ___ new blood cells are produced daily in order to maintain **steady state levels** in the peripheral circulation
1011-1012
31
variation in ___ or maturation state of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow and in circulation are key indicators of health vs \_\_\_
steady state levels
disease
32
hematopoietic stem cells break into what two groups
- red blood cells and megakaryocytes/platelets
- white blood cells (leukocytes)
33
the mechanism by which a single common pluripotent **hematopoietic stem cell** can change into every type of cell
lineage specification
34
hematopoiesis requires a specialized ____ to survive
microenvironment/ niche
cells need to be able to self replenish and differentiate
35
gestational hematopoiesis occurs in
**yolk sac**
then **liver** and **spleen**
then **bone marrow** and **lymph nodes**
36
T lymphocytes further differentiate in the \_\_\_
thymus
37
In avian species, B Cell development happens in the \_\_\_
Bursa of Fabricius
38
seeding of self renewing tissues happens all over the body for \_\_\_\_
macrophages
(hematopoietic cells destined to be a macrophage are dispersed all over the body and can turn into macrophages as needed within those tissues, does NOT need to happen in bone marrow exclusively)
self renewing- maintain themselves without bone marrow
39
as you age hematopoiesis stops in certain bones, order is
Tibia
femur
lymph nodes
ribs
sternum
vertebral and pelvis
40
when hematopoiesis occurs outside of bone marrow
**extramedullary hematopoiesis**
rare- occurs in organs outside of bone marrow in diverse conditions: fetal development, immune responses, and pathological circumstances/stress response
can happen in spleen
41
example of extramedullary hematopoiesis
spleen
splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis
42
hematopoietic stem cells
**can self renew (symmetric division)**
**multipotent stem cells-** can change into a bunch of other things (**differentiate**) through **lineage specification**
43
symmetric division of hematopoietic stem cells
create two identical stem cells
or
makes two differentiated cells (short term)
44
asymmetric division of hematopoietic stem cells
makes itself and makes a differentiated cell
45
bone marrow/ HSC transplant can be performed to ___ damaged bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells
replace
46
some diseases that use stem cell replacement
leukemia, myelodysplasis, immune deficiency disease, inherited metabolic disorders, anemia and marrow failure
47
bone marrow has two compartments
red and yellow
48
yellow or stromal marrow makes:
fat, cartilage and bone
yellow color from the **carotenoids** in the fat droplets in high number of fat cells
-paucity of vasculature
49
two niches of trabecular bone
spongy bone
**endosteal niche**: outer edge of bone marrow, contains osteocytes, bone matrix, KitL, CXCL12, PGI2 and relatively quiescent HSCs, support HSC self renewal
**perivascular niche:** inner core of bone marrow closer to vasculature. contains actively dividing HSCs, sinusoidal endothelium, stromal cells (CXCL12high reticular cells and mesenchymal stem cells) supports lineage specification
50
sinusoid
holes
51
**endosteal niche**
outer edge of bone marrow, contains osteocytes, bone matrix, KitL (ligand), CXCL12(cytokine) , PGI2 and relatively quiescent HSCs, **support HSC self renewal**
**long term self renewal**
**hypoxic-** low O2
52
**perivascular niche:**
inner core of bone marrow closer to vasculature. contains actively dividing HSCs, sinusoidal endothelium, stromal cells (CXCL12high reticular cells and mesenchymal stem cells) **supports lineage specification**
## Footnote
**higher O2**
53
as specialized liquid connective tissue blood can
- transport substances to and from the capillaries
- regulate body temperature
- form clots
54
two main components of blood
plasma
formed elements
55
formed elements of blood
**red blood cells**
(carry oxygen and carbon dioxide)
**white blood cells**
(fights infection)
**platelets**
(coagulation)
56
as red blood cells mature in bone marrow \_\_\_
start big, gets smaller
nucleus starts as most of the cell then shrinks and eventually disappears
57
what are the stages of red blood cell maturation in bone marrow
pronormoblast (proerythroblast)
basophilic normoblast (erythroblast)
polychromatic normoblast (erythroblast)
orthochromatic normoblast (erythroblast)
polychromatic erythrocyte
erythrocyte
58
erythroblast is another name for
normoblast
59
proerthroblast
60
blue arrows
**basophilic erythroblast**
smaller, little condensation of nucleus
61
red arrow
polychromatic erythroblast
62
black arrows
orthochromatic normoblast (erythroblast)
even smaller nucleus, darker
63
yellow
pink
**reticulocytes/ polychromatic erythrocyte**
(no nucleus, slightly bigger then RBC)
**erythrocytes**
(red blood cell smallest no nucleus, discoidal in shape)
64
what are these ?
red blood cell development in bone marrow
proerythroblast
basophilic erythroblast
polychromatic erythroblast
orthochromatic erythroblast
65
what are these
immature and mature red blood cells, can be seen in bone marrow and in blood
bigger, **reticulocyte/ polychromatic erythrocyte**
smaller, **erythrocyte (RBC)**
66
what animal has nucleated red blood cells
birds
67
what animal is this from
non mammal
68
red blood cells survive:
dog -110 days
cat- 70 days
horse -150 days
mouse- 20-30 days
69
what animal
turtle
70
what animal
chicken red blood cells
71
red blood cells can change in shape, size and color depending on species
72
platelets come from
megakaryocytes
73
during development of megakaryocytes cells \_\_\_
get bigger and nucleus becomes lobulated, cytoplasm gets more complex: (1000s) which are **platelets**
**sit close to sinusoids**
74
megakaryocytes are situated in perivascular niches close to \_\_\_
sinusoids
75
what are these
green: immature megakaryocyte
pink: mature megakaryocyte
precursor to platelets
76
what is this and what is the green arrow pointing to?
megakaryocyte
green arrow pointing to platelets
77
platelets
- small cellular **fragments** derived from megakaryocytes
- mammals
- no nucleus
- \<1 % of whole blood volume
- 100,000-500,000/ microL (very prevalent but so little they take up only a little space)
- forms clots
78
Thrombocytes
“platelets” of non- mammals
- nucleated cells
- look similar to lymphocytes
- 20,000-40,000/ microL
- less abundant because they last longer
79
in non mammals cells that act like platelets
thrombocytes
80
in mammals ___ have a similar function to ___ in non mammals
platelets
thrombocytes
81
GMP can form
granulocytes
monocytes
dendritic cells
82
dendritic cells come from
GMP and GMLP
83
erythrocytes and platelets come from the same \_\_\_
progenitor, branches earlier from all other blood cell type
84
Type of Granulocytes
basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil
85
steps of neutrophil
myeloblast
N. promyelocyte (progranulocyte)
N. Myelocyte
N. Metamyelocyte
N. Band (band nuetrophil)
Neutrophil
86
label
neutrophils immature and mature in blood
myeloblast, promyelocyte (progranulocyte), myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band neutrophil, segmented neutrophil
87
neutrophils
most abundant WBCs
- first line of defense
- important in inflammatory responses
- attack and destroy bacteria and viruses by **phagocytosis**
**-live only a few days**
**-**granules are neutral except in rabbits, guinea pigs and non mammals
88
granules of neutrophils are ___ expect for \_\_\_
granules are neutral except in rabbits, guinea pigs and non mammals
89
what is this
mature **neutrophil** in blood
granules, neutral
purple, lobulated nucleus
bigger then red blood cells
90
in non mammals what is the same as neutrophils in mammals
heterophils
91
Heterophils
“neutrophils” of non-mammals
have large distinct granules, makes it hard to distinguish from eosinophils
92
what is this
nucleated red blood cell
**heterophil** (neutrophil of non mammal)
93
Basophil
type of granulocyte
very dark granules- basophilic (will be purple)
long lobulated nucleus
94
what are these
**basophils**
dark, basophilic (purple) granules
lobulated, long nucleus
**granules and nucleus same/similar colors**
95
Eosinophils
type of granulocytes
big acidophilic (eosin) granulocytes (pink)
**Granules can be different shapes depending on species**
long **lobulated/segmented** nucleus
96
cat has __ shaped granules in eosinophils
rod
97
dogs have __ shaped eosinophil granules
variably sized
98
horses have ___ shaped eosinophil granules
large, round, bright pink
99
what is this
eosinophil of horse
large, pink granules
100
what is this?
eosinophil of cat
rod shaped granules
101
Monopoiesis is
monocyte to macrophage
102
can you tell the steps of maturation of a monocyte in the bone marrow?
no look almost identical
103
monocyte
bean shaped nucleus
turn into macrophage
104
most tissue-resident ___ are established prenatally and maintained through adulthood by longevity and \_\_\_\_. Their generation and maintenance are thus ___ from ongoing hematopoiesis although the cells can be complemented by adult monocyte-derived \_\_\_
macrophages
self renewal
independent
macrophages
105
Aside from being immune sentinels, tissue macrophages form integral components of their host tissue. This entails their ___ in response to local environmental cues to contribute to the development and specific function of their tissue of residence
specialization
106
monocyte/macrophage can turn into
107
in spleen macrophages are
- white pulp
- red-pulp
- marginal zone
- metallophilic
108
monocytes can either be __ or \_\_
inflammatory monocytes
or
resident monocytes
109
type of dendritic cells
**classical Dendritic Cells**- two types cDC1 and cDC2
**present antigens**
**plasma Dendritic Cells**
have lots of ER looks like plasma cell
110
Mast cells
most like basophils
- mast cells **circulate in immature** form and mature to connective tissue or mucosal mast cells in tissues depending on environment
- **granules** rich in histamine and heparin and anti-coagulant
- express high affinity IgE receptors (worms, allergies)
110
Mast cells
most like basophils
- mast cells circulate in immature form and mature to connective tissue or mucosal mast cells in tissues depending on environment
- **granules** rich in histamine and heparin and anti-coagulant
- express high affinity IgE receptors (worms, allergies)
111
mast cell granules are rich in
histamine
heparin
anti-coagulant
112
Lymphoid cells
Natural Killer cells (large granular lymphocyte)
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
**(adaptive immune system)**
113
immature T cells move into
thymus
mature and learn self from non-self
CD4 and CD8 cells
114
B cells
pro B cells
Pre B cells
**Leave bone marrow**
become mature
gets activated into plasma cells that make antibodies and memory cells
in birds: will mature in **Bursa of Fabricius**
115
what is this
Lymphocyte
B or T cell
**nucleus is round, takes up most of cell**
116
red blood cells form \_\_\_
rouleau
in cats and horse
**the presence of antibodies on the surface of the erythrocytes which joins them together**
117
anisocytosis
cow
blood cells are different sizes
118
poikilocytosis
goat blood look weird shapes
119
weird shaped blood
what animal
poikilocytosis
120
different sized blood
anisocytosis
bovine
