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21 fall: histology > lecture 6-7 Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

lecture 6-7 Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

hematopoietic stem cells leads to ___

A

every type of blood cells

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2
Q

Blood is:

A
  • body fluid that delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and transports waste
  • blood cells suspended in blood plasma
  • type of connective tissue
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3
Q

why is blood considered a connective tissue

A
  • embryologically, mesoderm layer origin
  • blood connects the body systems together
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4
Q

Major cell types in circulating blood are

A
  • enucleated or nucleated(bird) erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • mono and poly nucleated leukocytes or white blood cells
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5
Q

white blood cells are

A

leukocytes

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6
Q

red blood cell other name is

A

erythrocytes

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7
Q

composition of blood

A
  • 45% formed elements
  • 55% plasma
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8
Q

formed elements of blood

A

45% of blood

-red blood cells (erythrocytes)

transport O2 and CO2

-white blood cells (leukocytes)

fight infection

-platelets (thrombocytes)

form clots

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9
Q

plasma part of blood

A

55% of blood

-Water 90% of plasma

-Plasma proteins 8% of plasma

Globulins

Fibrinogen

-Salts 1 %

-Gases, Nutrients, Wastes, Hormones

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10
Q

what is the function of water in blood

A

major part (90%) of the plasma

maintains blood volume, transports molecules

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11
Q

what is the function of plasma proteins

A

8% of plasma

maintains blood osmotic pressure and pH

Globulins: transport and fight infection

Fibrinogen: Blood clotting

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12
Q

what are two plasma proteins and what do they do

A

Globulins: transport and fight infection

Fibrinogen: Blood clotting

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13
Q

What function does salt have on blood

A

1% of plasma

maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH, aid metabolism

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14
Q

what function does gases have on blood

A

O2 and CO2- cellular respiration

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15
Q

what function does nutrients have on blood

A

lipids, glucose, and amino acids

food for cells

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16
Q

What function does waste have in blood

A

urea and uric acid

end product of metabolism, excretion by kidneys

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17
Q

What function does hormones have in blood

A

aid metabolism

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18
Q

type of white blood cells

A

neutrophils (40-70%)

lymphocytes (20-45%)

monocytes (4-8%)

eosinophils (1-4%)

basophils (0-1%)

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19
Q

mixture of methylene blue and derivates of azure blue and eosin

A

romanowsky dye

nucleus: purple
hemoglobin: pink or tan

Leukocytes: blue to blue grey

Granules

eosinophilic: red

Basophilic: blue

Neutral: stain neither

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20
Q

label

A

band cell is immature white blood cell, shouldn’t be in slide

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21
Q

aspirate of bone marrow

A

gives a jumble of all cells from that area

suspension of cells

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22
Q

biopsy of bone marrow shows

A

organized structure of bone marrow

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23
Q

accumulating abnormal numbers or types of cells means ___

A

disorders

cancers, severity and metastasis (leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, anemia, pancytopenia, parasites and infection)

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24
Q

___ can be missed in aspirate and may require biopsy

A

lymphoma

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25
Q

marrow elements

A

granulocytes and their precursors (50-75%)

erythroid precursors (25-50%)

hematopoietic

stromal cells

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26
Q

types of hematopoietic cells that are found in marrow

A

monoblasts/monocytes <5%

megakaryocytes-few

macrophages- few

lymphocytes- few

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27
Q

types of stromal cells found in marrow

A

osteoblasts, preosteocytes

adipocytes

mesenchymal stem cells

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28
Q

which one is bone marrow, which one is blood

A

bone marrow is on the right

blood smear is on the left

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29
Q

most blood cells live for only ___ and thus they must be constantly replenished

A

days or weeks

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30
Q

In healthy adults, approximately ___ new blood cells are produced daily in order to maintain steady state levels in the peripheral circulation

A

1011-1012

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31
Q

variation in ___ or maturation state of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow and in circulation are key indicators of health vs ___

A

steady state levels

disease

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32
Q

hematopoietic stem cells break into what two groups

A
  • red blood cells and megakaryocytes/platelets
  • white blood cells (leukocytes)
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33
Q

the mechanism by which a single common pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell can change into every type of cell

A

lineage specification

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34
Q

hematopoiesis requires a specialized ____ to survive

A

microenvironment/ niche

cells need to be able to self replenish and differentiate

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35
Q

gestational hematopoiesis occurs in

A

yolk sac

then liver and spleen

then bone marrow and lymph nodes

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36
Q

T lymphocytes further differentiate in the ___

A

thymus

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37
Q

In avian species, B Cell development happens in the ___

A

Bursa of Fabricius

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38
Q

seeding of self renewing tissues happens all over the body for ____

A

macrophages

(hematopoietic cells destined to be a macrophage are dispersed all over the body and can turn into macrophages as needed within those tissues, does NOT need to happen in bone marrow exclusively)

self renewing- maintain themselves without bone marrow

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39
Q

as you age hematopoiesis stops in certain bones, order is

A

Tibia

femur

lymph nodes

ribs

sternum

vertebral and pelvis

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40
Q

when hematopoiesis occurs outside of bone marrow

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

rare- occurs in organs outside of bone marrow in diverse conditions: fetal development, immune responses, and pathological circumstances/stress response

can happen in spleen

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41
Q

example of extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

spleen

splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis

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42
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

can self renew (symmetric division)

multipotent stem cells- can change into a bunch of other things (differentiate) through lineage specification

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43
Q

symmetric division of hematopoietic stem cells

A

create two identical stem cells

or

makes two differentiated cells (short term)

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44
Q

asymmetric division of hematopoietic stem cells

A

makes itself and makes a differentiated cell

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45
Q

bone marrow/ HSC transplant can be performed to ___ damaged bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells

A

replace

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46
Q

some diseases that use stem cell replacement

A

leukemia, myelodysplasis, immune deficiency disease, inherited metabolic disorders, anemia and marrow failure

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47
Q

bone marrow has two compartments

A

red and yellow

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48
Q

yellow or stromal marrow makes:

A

fat, cartilage and bone

yellow color from the carotenoids in the fat droplets in high number of fat cells

-paucity of vasculature

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49
Q

two niches of trabecular bone

A

spongy bone

endosteal niche: outer edge of bone marrow, contains osteocytes, bone matrix, KitL, CXCL12, PGI2 and relatively quiescent HSCs, support HSC self renewal

perivascular niche: inner core of bone marrow closer to vasculature. contains actively dividing HSCs, sinusoidal endothelium, stromal cells (CXCL12high reticular cells and mesenchymal stem cells) supports lineage specification

50
Q

sinusoid

A

holes

51
Q

endosteal niche

A

outer edge of bone marrow, contains osteocytes, bone matrix, KitL (ligand), CXCL12(cytokine) , PGI2 and relatively quiescent HSCs, support HSC self renewal

long term self renewal

hypoxic- low O2

52
Q

perivascular niche:

A

inner core of bone marrow closer to vasculature. contains actively dividing HSCs, sinusoidal endothelium, stromal cells (CXCL12high reticular cells and mesenchymal stem cells) supports lineage specification

higher O2

53
Q

as specialized liquid connective tissue blood can

A
  • transport substances to and from the capillaries
  • regulate body temperature
  • form clots
54
Q

two main components of blood

A

plasma

formed elements

55
Q

formed elements of blood

A

red blood cells

(carry oxygen and carbon dioxide)

white blood cells

(fights infection)

platelets

(coagulation)

56
Q

as red blood cells mature in bone marrow ___

A

start big, gets smaller

nucleus starts as most of the cell then shrinks and eventually disappears

57
Q

what are the stages of red blood cell maturation in bone marrow

A

pronormoblast (proerythroblast)

basophilic normoblast (erythroblast)

polychromatic normoblast (erythroblast)

orthochromatic normoblast (erythroblast)

polychromatic erythrocyte

erythrocyte

58
Q

erythroblast is another name for

A

normoblast

59
Q
A

proerthroblast

60
Q

blue arrows

A

basophilic erythroblast

smaller, little condensation of nucleus

61
Q

red arrow

A

polychromatic erythroblast

62
Q

black arrows

A

orthochromatic normoblast (erythroblast)

even smaller nucleus, darker

63
Q

yellow

pink

A

reticulocytes/ polychromatic erythrocyte

(no nucleus, slightly bigger then RBC)

erythrocytes

(red blood cell smallest no nucleus, discoidal in shape)

64
Q

what are these ?

A

red blood cell development in bone marrow

proerythroblast

basophilic erythroblast

polychromatic erythroblast

orthochromatic erythroblast

65
Q

what are these

A

immature and mature red blood cells, can be seen in bone marrow and in blood

bigger, reticulocyte/ polychromatic erythrocyte

smaller, erythrocyte (RBC)

66
Q

what animal has nucleated red blood cells

A

birds

67
Q

what animal is this from

A

non mammal

68
Q

red blood cells survive:

A

dog -110 days

cat- 70 days

horse -150 days

mouse- 20-30 days

69
Q

what animal

A

turtle

70
Q

what animal

A

chicken red blood cells

71
Q

red blood cells can change in shape, size and color depending on species

A
72
Q

platelets come from

A

megakaryocytes

73
Q

during development of megakaryocytes cells ___

A

get bigger and nucleus becomes lobulated, cytoplasm gets more complex: (1000s) which are platelets

sit close to sinusoids

74
Q

megakaryocytes are situated in perivascular niches close to ___

A

sinusoids

75
Q

what are these

A

green: immature megakaryocyte
pink: mature megakaryocyte

precursor to platelets

76
Q

what is this and what is the green arrow pointing to?

A

megakaryocyte

green arrow pointing to platelets

77
Q

platelets

A
  • small cellular fragments derived from megakaryocytes
  • mammals
  • no nucleus
  • <1 % of whole blood volume
  • 100,000-500,000/ microL (very prevalent but so little they take up only a little space)
  • forms clots
78
Q

Thrombocytes

A

“platelets” of non- mammals

  • nucleated cells
  • look similar to lymphocytes
  • 20,000-40,000/ microL
  • less abundant because they last longer
79
Q

in non mammals cells that act like platelets

A

thrombocytes

80
Q

in mammals ___ have a similar function to ___ in non mammals

A

platelets

thrombocytes

81
Q

GMP can form

A

granulocytes

monocytes

dendritic cells

82
Q

dendritic cells come from

A

GMP and GMLP

83
Q

erythrocytes and platelets come from the same ___

A

progenitor, branches earlier from all other blood cell type

84
Q

Type of Granulocytes

A

basophil

eosinophil

neutrophil

85
Q

steps of neutrophil

A

myeloblast

N. promyelocyte (progranulocyte)

N. Myelocyte

N. Metamyelocyte

N. Band (band nuetrophil)

Neutrophil

86
Q

label

A

neutrophils immature and mature in blood

myeloblast, promyelocyte (progranulocyte), myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band neutrophil, segmented neutrophil

87
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant WBCs

  • first line of defense
  • important in inflammatory responses
  • attack and destroy bacteria and viruses by phagocytosis

-live only a few days

-granules are neutral except in rabbits, guinea pigs and non mammals

88
Q

granules of neutrophils are ___ expect for ___

A

granules are neutral except in rabbits, guinea pigs and non mammals

89
Q

what is this

A

mature neutrophil in blood

granules, neutral

purple, lobulated nucleus

bigger then red blood cells

90
Q

in non mammals what is the same as neutrophils in mammals

A

heterophils

91
Q

Heterophils

A

“neutrophils” of non-mammals

have large distinct granules, makes it hard to distinguish from eosinophils

92
Q

what is this

A

nucleated red blood cell

heterophil (neutrophil of non mammal)

93
Q

Basophil

A

type of granulocyte

very dark granules- basophilic (will be purple)

long lobulated nucleus

94
Q

what are these

A

basophils

dark, basophilic (purple) granules

lobulated, long nucleus

granules and nucleus same/similar colors

95
Q

Eosinophils

A

type of granulocytes

big acidophilic (eosin) granulocytes (pink)

Granules can be different shapes depending on species

long lobulated/segmented nucleus

96
Q

cat has __ shaped granules in eosinophils

A

rod

97
Q

dogs have __ shaped eosinophil granules

A

variably sized

98
Q

horses have ___ shaped eosinophil granules

A

large, round, bright pink

99
Q

what is this

A

eosinophil of horse

large, pink granules

100
Q

what is this?

A

eosinophil of cat

rod shaped granules

101
Q

Monopoiesis is

A

monocyte to macrophage

102
Q

can you tell the steps of maturation of a monocyte in the bone marrow?

A

no look almost identical

103
Q

monocyte

A

bean shaped nucleus

turn into macrophage

104
Q

most tissue-resident ___ are established prenatally and maintained through adulthood by longevity and ____. Their generation and maintenance are thus ___ from ongoing hematopoiesis although the cells can be complemented by adult monocyte-derived ___

A

macrophages

self renewal

independent

macrophages

105
Q

Aside from being immune sentinels, tissue macrophages form integral components of their host tissue. This entails their ___ in response to local environmental cues to contribute to the development and specific function of their tissue of residence

A

specialization

106
Q

monocyte/macrophage can turn into

A
107
Q

in spleen macrophages are

A
  • white pulp
  • red-pulp
  • marginal zone
  • metallophilic
108
Q

monocytes can either be __ or __

A

inflammatory monocytes

or

resident monocytes

109
Q

type of dendritic cells

A

classical Dendritic Cells- two types cDC1 and cDC2

present antigens

plasma Dendritic Cells

have lots of ER looks like plasma cell

110
Q

Mast cells

A

most like basophils

  • mast cells circulate in immature form and mature to connective tissue or mucosal mast cells in tissues depending on environment
  • granules rich in histamine and heparin and anti-coagulant
  • express high affinity IgE receptors (worms, allergies)
110
Q

Mast cells

A

most like basophils

  • mast cells circulate in immature form and mature to connective tissue or mucosal mast cells in tissues depending on environment
  • granules rich in histamine and heparin and anti-coagulant
  • express high affinity IgE receptors (worms, allergies)
111
Q

mast cell granules are rich in

A

histamine

heparin

anti-coagulant

112
Q

Lymphoid cells

A

Natural Killer cells (large granular lymphocyte)

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

(adaptive immune system)

113
Q

immature T cells move into

A

thymus

mature and learn self from non-self

CD4 and CD8 cells

114
Q

B cells

A

pro B cells

Pre B cells

Leave bone marrow

become mature

gets activated into plasma cells that make antibodies and memory cells

in birds: will mature in Bursa of Fabricius

115
Q

what is this

A

Lymphocyte

B or T cell

nucleus is round, takes up most of cell

116
Q

red blood cells form ___

A

rouleau

in cats and horse

the presence of antibodies on the surface of the erythrocytes which joins them together

117
Q

anisocytosis

cow

A

blood cells are different sizes

118
Q

poikilocytosis

A

goat blood look weird shapes

119
Q

weird shaped blood

what animal

A

poikilocytosis

120
Q

different sized blood

A

anisocytosis

bovine

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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