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21 fall: histology > Test 2: lecture 22 > Flashcards

Test 2: lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q

why have lungs

A

aerobic respiration creates much more energy then anaerobic

2 atp per glucose vs 30 ATP per glucose

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2
Q

2 major adaptations to allow oxygen throughout the body

A
  • Circulatory system – (hemoglobin) transport O2 throughout the body
  • Dedicated respiratory organ – provide enough surface area for O2 to diffuse into the circulatory system (gas exchange)
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3
Q

type of gas exchange organs that have formed

A

external gills

internal bills

lungs

trachea

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4
Q

some other functions of the respiratory system other than O2 exchange

A
  • Warming & moistening the incoming air
  • Regulation of airflow (contracts or expand)
  • Removing foreign airborne particles•“mucociliary clearance- particles get caught in mucus and expelled”
  • Heat exchange (cooling the entire organism)
  • Olfaction•Particularly in the proximal most airway of course
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5
Q

“mucociliary clearance-

A

particles get caught in mucus of the lung and expelled”

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6
Q

two parts of the respiratory tract

A

conducting (bring air into the lung)

respiratory (site of gas exchange)

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7
Q

conducting airways

A

bring air into the lungs

•Nose•Pharynx•Larynx•Trachea•Bronchi•Bronchioles

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8
Q

Respiratory portion of the lungs

A

site of gas exchange

•Respiratory bronchioles (sort of)•Alveolar ducts•Alveolar sacs (acini)•alveoli

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9
Q

nasal cavity vestibule has ___ epithelium and ___ are present

A
  • keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Hair follicles and sebaceous glands are also present
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10
Q

4 main types of surface epithelium in the nasal passage

A
  • Vestibule
  • Transitional
  • Respiratory
  • Olfactory
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11
Q

•Nasal Vestibule – ___ (epidermis-like)•Even has appendages for nose hairs

A

stratified, squamous

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12
Q

•Transitional from the vestibule to the nasal cavity has ____ epithelium

A

nonciliated, cuboidal or columnar, pseudostratified

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13
Q

type of epithelium in the respiratory tract

A
  • pseudostratified, ciliated, cuboidal / columnar in the nasal cavity
  • characteristic of all conductive passages of the respiratory epithelium
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14
Q

•Olfactory – ___ epithelium for olfaction (smell) present in the dorsal / posterior aspect of the nasal cavity

A

specialized

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15
Q

•Surface of the lateral parts of the nasal cavity is organized into folds made of bony projections known as ____

A

conchae or turbinate

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16
Q

Nasal turbinate allow ___ of the air

A

warming, cooling and filtration

Increase surface area

Humidifies inhaled air

Generate turbulence- Aerosolized particulate matter drops out, trapped in mucusControl airflow (nasal cycle)

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17
Q

In the nasal turbinate, mucous and serous glands in the connective tissue supplement the mucous secretion of ___ cell

A

goblet cells

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18
Q

olfactory epithelium line the ___ and the ___

A

nasal septum and superior concha

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19
Q

make up of olfactory epithelium

A
  • Pseudostratified
  • Contains ciliated olfactory sensory neurons
  • Olfactory receptors responding to odor-producing substances dissolved in the serous layer
  • Sustentacular cells (support)
  • Basal cells (progenitor)
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20
Q
A

transitioning for olfactory to respiratory epithelium → where the cilli come in and goblet cells

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21
Q

olfactory has ___ epithelium

A

pseudostratified

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22
Q

make make olfactory neurons special

A

they can regenerate from basal epithelial progenitors!

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23
Q

Bowan’s glands are found ___ and are needed to dissolve ___

A

olfactory region

mucous-serous glands

particles to be able to smell them

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24
Q

pharynx parts

A

•Nasopharynx•Oropharynx•Hypopharynx

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25
Q

nasopharynx has __ epithelum

A

respiratory

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26
Q

oropharynx and hypopharynx is lined with ___

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

larynx is lined by ___

A

respiratory epithelium cells

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28
Q

___ connects the pharynx to the trachea

A

larynx

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29
Q

•Vocal folds are lined by ____ epithelium and contain skeletal muscles and ligaments needed to control the tension of the vocal folds

A

stratified squamous

30
Q

mammals have ___ shaped cartilage in the trachea

A

C-shaped

31
Q

the ___ is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the cartilage in the trachea

A

by bands of smooth muscle (trachealis muscle) and connective tissue fibers

32
Q

respiratory epithelium have what kind of cells

A

basal

tuft cell-brush cells with microvilli (rare)

serous cells- club cells

goblet cells- mucus cells

cilated cells

ionocyte (very rare very new)

33
Q

tuft cells

A

AKA solitary chemosensory cell

very rare type of respiratory epithelium

brush cells with microvilli round in the respiratory epithelium

34
Q

___ glands, contain the reserve stem cell population of myoepithelial cells for the respiratory epithelium

A

submucosal

35
Q

___ are a type of respiratory epithelium cells that might be responsible for cystic fibrosis

A

ionocyte

36
Q
A

respiratory epithelium

37
Q
A

pseudostratified sometimes ciliated epithelium

can see cartilage form the tracheal rings

38
Q
A

trachea

39
Q

trachea vs bronchi

A

cartilage c shape → scattered plates of cartilage and muscle

layer of smooth muscle in the bronchi, not in the trachea

40
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Histologically very similar to trachea
  • Bronchi can be intrapulmonary (intralobar) or interpulmonary (mainstem bronchi)
  • Lined with respiratory epithelium
  • Possess submucosal glands (at least in larger animals), scattered plates of cartilage and muscle
  • Bronchi are surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle
41
Q

how can you tell it is a bronchi

A

cartilage not in a full ring- scattered

layer of smooth muscle

can see alveoli at the sides→ in the lungs → intrapulmonary branch of the bronchi

42
Q

bronchioles

A

no cartilage no glands

surrounded by thicker layer of smooth muscle

43
Q

in the bronchioles respiratory epithelium is ciliated, ___ columnar to ciliated simple columnar

A

pseudostratified

44
Q

terminal bronchioles are the ___ of the conducting portion of the lungs

A

last bronchioles

45
Q

In the ___, the respiratory epithelium becomes progressive cuboidal, less columnar

A

terminal bronchioles

46
Q

conducting portion of the lung is covered by ___ epithelium, the respiratory portion of the lung is covered by ___ epithelium

A

respiratory

alveolar

47
Q

respiratory bronchioles are airways in the ___ portion of the lungs, weird hybrid area between the ___ and ___

A

respiratory

conducting portion and respiratory portion

48
Q

branches of the respiratory portion of the lungs

A

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs

49
Q

•Respiratory bronchiole is when the wall of a terminal bronchiole breaks open into a thin walled___ structure

A

alveolar

•These outcroppings are true alveoli, in that gas exchange can occur in these sites

50
Q

respiratory bronchioles terminate in ___and ___, composed entirely of alveolar cell types in these regions

A

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs,

51
Q
A

terminal bronchiole→ respiratory bronchiole with out pouching of alveolar ducts and sacs

52
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q

two type of alveolar cells

A

type 1 and type 2

55
Q

alveolar type 2 cells

A

Cuboidal, non-ciliated, possess lamellar bodies

Produce surfactant proteins and phospholipids

Stem cells of the distal lung

56
Q

what act as stem cells in the alveolar region of the lungs?

A

alveolar type 2

will make cells when injury has occured

57
Q

alveolar type 1 cells

A

Large, squamous

Cover 95% of lung surface area

Facilitate gas exchange between air and blood

58
Q

what cells facilitate gas exchange between air and blood?

A

alveolar type 1 cells

59
Q

alveolar type ___ cells produce surfactant

A

type 2

60
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A
  • produced by type 2 cells
  • complex mixture of saturated phospholipids (85 % dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) and surfactant proteins that stabilize the alveoli and the distal airways of the lung
  • Decreases surface tension preventing the alveolar sac from collapsing

Surfactant proteins B and C are hydrophobic, thus helping increase the rate and spread of surfactant phospholipids over the surface of the lung

61
Q

what helps get rid of unwanted stuff in the alveoli?

A

alveolar macrophage

•Since multiciliated cells are absent from the alveolar epithelium and cannot help to remove particulate matter, alveolar macs take care of this

62
Q

pulmonary blood circulation

A

pulmonary arteries→ arterioles and capillaries → gas exchange→ pulmonary veins

63
Q

aerocytes

A

type of alveolar capillary cell- very branches and wrapped around alveolar sac to allow gas exchange

held together by gCap cells

64
Q

Epithelial (AT1) derived ___is required for aerocyte differentiation from general capillary ECS

A

VEGFA

65
Q

bronchial artery

A

bring oxygenated blood to the lungs (feeding blood supply)

66
Q

•Air sacs permit a ___ flow of air through the lungs, meaning the air moving through these lungs is largely ‘fresh’ air with a higher % oxygen

A

unidirectional

67
Q

air flow in mammals is ___

A

bidirectional

air moves in and out- but part of the old stays in the lung to mix with the new air → lower oxygen %

68
Q

Birds have ___ to allow unidirectional flow of air

A

9 air sacs

69
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the bird

A

parabronchi

70
Q
A

avian parabronchus

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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