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21 fall: histology > Test 2: lecture 22 > Flashcards

Test 2: lecture 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

why have lungs

A

aerobic respiration creates much more energy then anaerobic

2 atp per glucose vs 30 ATP per glucose

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2
Q

2 major adaptations to allow oxygen throughout the body

A
  • Circulatory system – (hemoglobin) transport O2 throughout the body
  • Dedicated respiratory organ – provide enough surface area for O2 to diffuse into the circulatory system (gas exchange)
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3
Q

type of gas exchange organs that have formed

A

external gills

internal bills

lungs

trachea

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4
Q

some other functions of the respiratory system other than O2 exchange

A
  • Warming & moistening the incoming air
  • Regulation of airflow (contracts or expand)
  • Removing foreign airborne particles•“mucociliary clearance- particles get caught in mucus and expelled”
  • Heat exchange (cooling the entire organism)
  • Olfaction•Particularly in the proximal most airway of course
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5
Q

“mucociliary clearance-

A

particles get caught in mucus of the lung and expelled”

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6
Q

two parts of the respiratory tract

A

conducting (bring air into the lung)

respiratory (site of gas exchange)

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7
Q

conducting airways

A

bring air into the lungs

•Nose•Pharynx•Larynx•Trachea•Bronchi•Bronchioles

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8
Q

Respiratory portion of the lungs

A

site of gas exchange

•Respiratory bronchioles (sort of)•Alveolar ducts•Alveolar sacs (acini)•alveoli

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9
Q

nasal cavity vestibule has ___ epithelium and ___ are present

A
  • keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Hair follicles and sebaceous glands are also present
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10
Q

4 main types of surface epithelium in the nasal passage

A
  • Vestibule
  • Transitional
  • Respiratory
  • Olfactory
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11
Q

•Nasal Vestibule – ___ (epidermis-like)•Even has appendages for nose hairs

A

stratified, squamous

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12
Q

•Transitional from the vestibule to the nasal cavity has ____ epithelium

A

nonciliated, cuboidal or columnar, pseudostratified

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13
Q

type of epithelium in the respiratory tract

A
  • pseudostratified, ciliated, cuboidal / columnar in the nasal cavity
  • characteristic of all conductive passages of the respiratory epithelium
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14
Q

•Olfactory – ___ epithelium for olfaction (smell) present in the dorsal / posterior aspect of the nasal cavity

A

specialized

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15
Q

•Surface of the lateral parts of the nasal cavity is organized into folds made of bony projections known as ____

A

conchae or turbinate

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16
Q

Nasal turbinate allow ___ of the air

A

warming, cooling and filtration

Increase surface area

Humidifies inhaled air

Generate turbulence- Aerosolized particulate matter drops out, trapped in mucusControl airflow (nasal cycle)

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17
Q

In the nasal turbinate, mucous and serous glands in the connective tissue supplement the mucous secretion of ___ cell

A

goblet cells

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18
Q

olfactory epithelium line the ___ and the ___

A

nasal septum and superior concha

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19
Q

make up of olfactory epithelium

A
  • Pseudostratified
  • Contains ciliated olfactory sensory neurons
  • Olfactory receptors responding to odor-producing substances dissolved in the serous layer
  • Sustentacular cells (support)
  • Basal cells (progenitor)
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20
Q
A

transitioning for olfactory to respiratory epithelium → where the cilli come in and goblet cells

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21
Q

olfactory has ___ epithelium

A

pseudostratified

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22
Q

make make olfactory neurons special

A

they can regenerate from basal epithelial progenitors!

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23
Q

Bowan’s glands are found ___ and are needed to dissolve ___

A

olfactory region

mucous-serous glands

particles to be able to smell them

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24
Q

pharynx parts

A

•Nasopharynx•Oropharynx•Hypopharynx

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25
nasopharynx has __ epithelum
respiratory
26
oropharynx and hypopharynx is lined with \_\_\_
stratified squamous epithelium
27
larynx is lined by \_\_\_
respiratory epithelium cells
28
\_\_\_ connects the pharynx to the trachea
larynx
29
•Vocal folds are lined by ____ epithelium and contain skeletal muscles and ligaments needed to control the tension of the vocal folds
stratified squamous
30
mammals have ___ shaped cartilage in the trachea
C-shaped
31
the ___ is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the cartilage in the trachea
by bands of smooth muscle (trachealis muscle) and connective tissue fibers
32
respiratory epithelium have what kind of cells
basal tuft cell-brush cells with microvilli (rare) serous cells- club cells goblet cells- mucus cells cilated cells ionocyte (very rare very new)
33
tuft cells
AKA solitary chemosensory cell very rare type of respiratory epithelium brush cells with microvilli round in the respiratory epithelium
34
\_\_\_ glands, contain the reserve stem cell population of myoepithelial cells for the respiratory epithelium
submucosal
35
\_\_\_ are a type of respiratory epithelium cells that might be responsible for cystic fibrosis
ionocyte
36
respiratory epithelium
37
pseudostratified sometimes ciliated epithelium can see cartilage form the tracheal rings
38
trachea
39
trachea vs bronchi
cartilage c shape → scattered plates of cartilage and muscle layer of smooth muscle in the bronchi, not in the trachea
40
Bronchi
* Histologically very similar to trachea * Bronchi can be intrapulmonary (intralobar) or interpulmonary (mainstem bronchi) * Lined with respiratory epithelium * Possess submucosal glands (at least in larger animals), scattered plates of cartilage and muscle * Bronchi are surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle
41
how can you tell it is a bronchi
cartilage not in a full ring- scattered layer of smooth muscle can see alveoli at the sides→ in the lungs → intrapulmonary branch of the bronchi
42
bronchioles
no cartilage no glands surrounded by thicker layer of smooth muscle
43
in the bronchioles respiratory epithelium is ciliated, ___ columnar to ciliated simple columnar
pseudostratified
44
terminal bronchioles are the ___ of the conducting portion of the lungs
last bronchioles
45
In the \_\_\_, the respiratory epithelium becomes progressive cuboidal, less columnar
terminal bronchioles
46
conducting portion of the lung is covered by ___ epithelium, the respiratory portion of the lung is covered by ___ epithelium
respiratory alveolar
47
respiratory bronchioles are airways in the ___ portion of the lungs, weird hybrid area between the ___ and \_\_\_
respiratory conducting portion and respiratory portion
48
branches of the respiratory portion of the lungs
respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs
49
•Respiratory bronchiole is when the wall of a terminal bronchiole breaks open into a thin walled\_\_\_ structure
alveolar •These outcroppings are true alveoli, in that gas exchange can occur in these sites
50
respiratory bronchioles terminate in \_\_\_and \_\_\_, composed entirely of alveolar cell types in these regions
**alveolar ducts** **alveolar sacs,**
51
terminal bronchiole→ respiratory bronchiole with out pouching of alveolar ducts and sacs
52
53
54
two type of alveolar cells
type 1 and type 2
55
alveolar type 2 cells
Cuboidal, non-ciliated, possess lamellar bodies Produce surfactant proteins and phospholipids Stem cells of the distal lung
56
what act as stem cells in the alveolar region of the lungs?
alveolar type 2 will make cells when injury has occured
57
alveolar type 1 cells
**Large, squamous** **Cover 95% of lung surface area** **Facilitate gas exchange between air and blood**
58
what cells facilitate gas exchange between air and blood?
alveolar type 1 cells
59
alveolar type ___ cells produce surfactant
type 2
60
pulmonary surfactant
* produced by type 2 cells * complex mixture of saturated phospholipids (85 % dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) and surfactant proteins that stabilize the alveoli and the distal airways of the lung * **Decreases surface tension** preventing the alveolar sac from collapsing Surfactant proteins B and C are **hydrophobic,** thus helping increase the rate and **spread of surfactant** phospholipids over the surface of the lung
61
what helps get rid of unwanted stuff in the alveoli?
alveolar macrophage •Since multiciliated cells are absent from the alveolar epithelium and cannot help to remove particulate matter, alveolar macs take care of this
62
pulmonary blood circulation
pulmonary arteries→ arterioles and capillaries → gas exchange→ pulmonary veins
63
aerocytes
type of alveolar capillary cell- very branches and wrapped around alveolar sac to allow gas exchange held together by gCap cells
64
Epithelial (AT1) derived \_\_\_is required for aerocyte differentiation from general capillary ECS
VEGFA
65
bronchial artery
bring oxygenated blood to the lungs (feeding blood supply)
66
•Air sacs permit a ___ flow of air through the lungs, meaning the air moving through these lungs is largely ‘fresh’ air with a higher % oxygen
unidirectional
67
air flow in mammals is \_\_\_
bidirectional air moves in and out- but part of the old stays in the lung to mix with the new air → lower oxygen %
68
Birds have ___ to allow unidirectional flow of air
9 air sacs
69
where does gas exchange occur in the bird
parabronchi
70
avian parabronchus

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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