Test 2 Lecture 15-17: Reproduction Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
structures of male reproductive system
A
Testis (pl. testes)
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Accessory sex glands
Urethra
Penis
2
Q
exocrine functions of testis is by ___
A
gamete production
3
Q
endocrine function of testis is by ___
A
sex hormone secretion
4
Q
A
Bull male reproductive tract
1) Testicular artery
2) Deferent duct
3) Testis
4) Pelvic symphysis
5
Q
what mammal has testicles on inside of abdomen
A
marine mammals
elephants
6
Q
•Testes are covered by ___, which is covered by ___
A
tunica albuginea
visceral vaginal tunic (AKA visceral tunica vaginalis)
7
Q
another name for visceral vaginal tunic
A
(AKA visceral tunica vaginalis)
8
Q
A
1) Interstitial cells
2) Lumen
3) Myoid cell, nucleus
4) Primary spermatocyte
5) Seminiferous tubule
6) Sertoli cell, nucleus
7) Spermatid, early
8) Spermatid, late
9) Spermatogonia
10) Tunica albuginea
11) Tunica albuginea, smooth muscle
12) Tunica albuginea, vascular layer
13) Tunica vaginalis
9
Q
where is the tunica albuginea
A
10
Q
where is the visceral vaginal tunic of the testis
A
11
Q
•Spermatogenesis occurs in ___
A
seminiferous tubules
12
Q
Spermatogenesis is dependent on __ and Sertoli cell functionality
A
Leydig
13
Q
___ act to help move (immotile!) spermatozoa
A
Myoid cells
14
Q
A
1) Efferent ductule
2) Interstitial cell
3) Mediastinum testis
4)Myoid cell, nucleus
5) Primary spermatocyte
6) Rete testis, channel
7) Seminiferous tubules
8) Sertoli cell, nucleus
9) Sertoli cells
10) Spermatid, early
11) Spermatid, late
12) Spermatogonium
13) Straight tubule
14) Transitional zone
15) Tunica albuginea
15
Q
what is number 4 and what do they do?
A
myoid cell, help move immotile spermatozoa
16
Q
___ cells lie outside of the basement membranes of the seminiferous tubules
A
leydig cells (interstitial cells)
17
Q
Leydig cells synthesize and secrete ___ in response to ___
A
testosterone
luteinizing hormone (LH)
18
Q
why is there so much smooth ER in leydig cells
A
smooth ER metabolizes cholesterol which then gets turned into testosterone
19
Q
___ cells lie inside of the basolateral membrane of the seminiferous tubules
A
sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)
20
Q
Sertoli cells convert testosterone to ___ and ___ in response to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
A
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
estrogen
21
Q
testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrogen in response to ___ . This happen in the ___ cells
A
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
sertoli
22
Q
sertoli cells secrete
A
- Androgen-binding protein
- Inhibin
- Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
23
Q
the blood testis barrier is formed by ___ junctions between ___ cells
A
tight
sertoli
24
Q
developing sperm cells develop in between what cells
A
sertoli cells
25
what are the two compartments formed by the tight junction in between sertoli cells?
basal compartment
adluminal compartment
26
why do we have the blood testis barrier
keep body from attacking sperm that are going through meiosis/ mitosis (haploid cells)
27
the production of spermatozoa
spermatogenesis
28
•the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis; produces spermatocytes from spermatogonia (diploid)
**Spermatocytogenesis:**
29
•creates haploid spermatocytes
meiosis
30
•round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids
spermiogenesis
31
•undifferentiated male germ cell
**Spermatogonium(a):**
32
•produced by mitosis of spermatogonia and will undergo meiosis
**Spermatocyte(s):**
33
the haploid result of meiosis in males
spermatid
34
two types of spermatids
* **Round**: still have lots of cytoplasm and organelles
* **Elongated**: have shed much of cytoplasm and organelles; have a tail.
35
The release of elongated spermatids from the Sertoli cell into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
**Spermiation:**
36
the haploid product of spermatogenesis.
**Spermatozoon(a)**
37
•*Males are born with a _finite_ number of \_\_*
*spermatogonia*
38
•*Spermatogonia produce an _infinite_ number of \_\_\_*
*spermatozoa*
39
three stages of spermatogenesis
* **Spermatocytogenesis:** the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis; produces spermatocytes from **spermatogonia (diploid)**
* **Meiosis:** creates **haploid spermatocytes**
* **Spermiogenesis:** round spermatids morph into **elongated spermatids**
40
mitosis stage of spermatogenesis
spermatocytogenesis
41
Types of Spermatogonia
dark type A (Ad) (stem cells)
Light type A (Ap)
type B- will undergo meiosis into spermatozoa
42
meiosis of spermatocytes leads to formation of 4 \_\_\_
spermatids (haploid cells)
43
spermatids changes there shape into \_\_
elongated spermatids (with tails)
44
elongated spermatids when released by the stertoli cell are then called
spermatozoa
45
Why is spermiogenesis needed?
makes more “aerodynamic”
develop flagella(tail) to move
mitochondria move to mid-peice to make energy to move tail
DNA condenses- transcriptional inactive
gets rid of stuff they don't need
**Spermiogenesis:** round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids
46
sperm as they develop have ___ in between cells to allow them to communicate
cross bridges
47
spermiation
spermatids are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
now called spermatozoa
48
Neighboring developing spermatids develop in synchrony \_\_\_
“spermatogenic wave"
49
sperm are motile upon release from sertoli cells. True or False
False
spermatozoa are not motile when first released from steroli cells into the seminiferous tubules
50
•**Seminiferous tubules** terminate into **\_\_\_**(AKA tubuli recti), which then lead to the \_\_
**straight tubules**
**rete testis**
51
the rete testis is found within the \_\_\_
mediastinum testis
52
\_\_\_ carry spermatozoa from the rete testis to the epididymis
•**Efferent ductules** (AKA ductuli efferentes)
53
9. sertoli cells
14. transitional zone
13. straight tubules (aka tubuli recti)
54
sperm travel from __ to \_\_
form in **seminiferous tubules** into **straight tubules** into **rete testis** into **efferent ductules** into the **epididymis**
55
\_\_\_ is the site of sperm maturation, concentration and storage
epididymis
56
The three regions of the epididymis are the \_\_\_
caput (head)
corpus
cauda
57
head/caput of the epididymis
5) Loose connective tissue
6) Lymphocyte, migrating
7) Pseudostratified epithelium
9) Smooth muscle
58
**Corpus (2nd part of epididymis)**
3) Duct of the epididymis
5) Loose connective tissue
7) Pseudostratified epithelium
8) Pseudostratified epithelium, efferent ductule
59
**cauda (end of epididymis)**
3) Duct of the epididymis
5) Loose connective tissue
7) Pseudostratified epithelium
8) Pseudostratified epithelium, efferent ductule
10) spermatozoa
60
why are the cells in the caput pseudostratified columnar?
**absorb fluids**
secrete glycoproteins
**1st part of the epididymis**
61
what is the main purpose of the cauda?
smooth muscle push sperm during ejaculation
62
where do sperm “learn to swim”
epididymis
63
\_\_\_ carries sperm from the epididymis towards the urethra
ductus deferens
64
**Ductus deferens of a dog**
4. muscularis
5. psueodostratified epithelium
6. serosa
65
why are there mucosal folding is the ductus deferens of a stallion
some absorption of fluids is still happening within the ductus deferens
66
ductus deferens, stallion
2. lamina propria
4. muscularis
5. pseudostratified epithelium
67
semen is a mixture of sperm and \_\_\_
seminal plasma
68
\_\_\_ secrete substances that comprise the seminal plasma
accessory sex glands
69
seminal plasma help with \_\_
aid with copulation
nourish spermatozoa
protect spermatozoa
facilitate sperm transport
70
What are some accessory sex glands
seminal vesicle/ vesicular gland
ampullary gland
bulbourethral gland/ cowper's gland
prostate
71
ampullary gland
paired
swelling of ductus deferens
connects to urethra via the ejaculatory duct
makes secretions for seminal plasma as well as store some sperm and remove some sperm
72
**ampulla, ram**
1 adventitia
2. ampulla, lumen
4. gland
7. muscularis
8. pseudostratified epithelium
73
seminal vesicles secrete ___ and \_\_\_
**fructose** (nourishment for sperm)
**prostaglandins** (induce smooth muscle contraction in females repro tract)
74
**seminal vesicle (ram)**
4. gland
5. interlobular septum
75
prostate
not paired
* Two parts
* **Disseminate prostate**: diffusely spread within wall of pelvis urethra
* **Corpus prostate**: compact and placed external to urethra
* Mucoserous gland (in most species)
* Secretions **support motility and vaginal plug formation**
76
two parts of the prostate
* **Disseminate prostate:** diffusely spread within wall of pelvis urethra
* **Corpus prostate:** compact and placed external to urethra
77
secretion from the prostate help \_\_
support motility and vaginal plug formation
78
Bulbourethral Gland
* Paired
* Compound tubular glands near urethra
* Secretes pre-ejaculate (mucus-like)
* Absent in dogs
79
what secretes pre-ejaculate
Bulbourethral Gland
80
**Bulbourethral Gland**
7. secretory cells
3. duct
81
**disseminate prostate, ram**
5. mucous cell
9. smooth muscle
82
urine and semen flow through the ___ to outside the body
urethra
83
The urethra is divided into the ___ and \_\_\_
pelvic urethra
penile urethra
84
the ___ has a lumen lined with transitional epithelium (expansion!) and is surrounded by stratum \_\_
pelvic urethra
cavernosum
85
The ___ has a mixture of epithelial types and is surrounded by corpus \_\_\_
penile urethra
spongiosum
86
What are the three regions of the penis
root
body
glans
87
The penis is made of three columns of tissue
* Two crura encased in tunica albuginea •AKA **corpus cavernosum**
* The urethra is enveloped in the **corpus spongiosum**
88
the penis has two crura encased in ___ and is made of \_\_\_
tunica albuginea
corpus cavernosum
89
The urethra is enveloped in the \_\_\_
corpus spongiosum
90
10. spongy bone
6. os penis
2. corpus spongiosum
12. urethra, lumen
91
**penile urethra, ram**
2. cavernous space
9. tunica albuginea
10. urethra lumen
92
**DIAGRAM OF PENILE REGIONS (DYCE)**
1) Crus penis
2) Bulb
3) Corpus spongiosum
4) Corpus cavernosum
5) Urethra
6) Bladder
7) Ureter
8) Deferent duct
93
where do sperm finish maturation?
inside the female repro tract
94
The acrosome is critical for __ of sperm
fertilization
95
where are mitochondria of the sperm stored?
midpiece
96
the tail in sperm is used for \_\_\_
locomotion
97
mucous and serous fluids are produced in which accessory sex gland?
prostate
98
how is female repro system different from male:
* Cyclic changes in activity
* Restricted periods of fertility
* Limited gamete production
* A fixed number of germ cells determined during embryonic development
99
how are male and female repro system similar
produce gametes
produce hormones
100
major function of ovaries
gamete production
sex hormone production
101
what sex hormones does the ovary produce
estrogen (follicles)
progesterone (corpus luteum)
102
The ovary has two parts
The cortex and medulla
*In most species, the cortex is exterior to the medulla, however in the mare (of course) this is reversed*
103
In most species, the \_\_\_is exterior to the __ however in the mare (of course) this is reversed
* cortex*
* medulla,*
104
**ovary, queen**
3. corpus luteum
4. cortex
7. growing follicle
8. medulla
105
where can ovulation occur in a mare
ovulation fossa
106
cortex of the ovary
* Covered by simple squamous or cuboidal **germinal epithelium**
* **Tunica albuginea** lies deep to the germinal epithelium
* Stroma contains **Interstitial glands** may be observed here
* Follicles is made of **Oocytes, Granulosa cells, Theca cells**
107
Medulla of the ovary
* Vascular support
* Connective tissue
* A **rete ovarii** can be found in the ovarian medulla of some animals
* **Hilus cells** may be found close to the rete ovarii in some mammals.
108
\_\_\_ may be found close to the rete ovarii in some mammals
Hilus cells
109
a ___ can be found in the ovarian medulla of some animals
rete ovarii
110
oogenesis
* Occurs inside of ovarian follicles
* Is dependent on theca and granulosa cell functionality
* Oogonia multiply by mitosis for a ***limited*** period of time
* Oogonia enter meiosis and then meiotic arrest **(prophase 1)** occurs until recruitment
* After recruitment, meiosis I continues, then arrests again **in meiosis II**
* Meiosis II completed after fertilization
111
meiosis in eggs lead to
**1 haploid ovum**
2 polar bodies
112
ovarian cycle
simple
primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
graadian follicle
ovulation of oocyte with corona radiata
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
113
primordial follicle
earliest form of follicle
* Simple squamous **follicle cell** layer surrounds a **primary oocyte**
* Oocytes are arrested in **prophase I**
**•**The majority of oocytes are in this stage
#13 is a primordial follicle
114
Primordial follicle turns into ___ when __ happens
primary follicle
follicle cells become cuboidal and form **membrana granulosa**
115
what forms during the formation of the primary follicle
* Follicle cells become cuboidal and proliferate **(membrana granulosa)**
* **Theca folliculi** forms
**Zona pellucida** forms
116
primary follicle
* Follicle cells become cuboidal and proliferate **(membrana granulosa)**
* **Theca folliculi** forms
**Zona pellucida** forms
117
primary follicle
2) Corona radiata
10) Oocyte, cytoplasm
11) Oocyte, nucleus
12) Primary follicle
14) Stroma
16) Theca folliculi
19) Zona pellucida
118
what happens to the theca cells in a secondary follicle
* Theca cells further differentiate
* **Theca interna**: vascular; hormone secretion
* **Theca externa**: connective tissue
119
what happens to the granulosa cells of a secondary follicle
form multiple layers
120
What forms during secondary follicle
antrum (opening/space)
121
secondary follicle
* Follicular growth in response to **FSH**
* **Multiple layers** of granulosa cells
**•****Antrum** becomes apparent
* Theca cells further differentiate
* **Theca interna**: vascular; hormone secretion
* **Theca externa**: connective tissue
122
granulosa cells
* Precursor is follicle cell
* Innermost layer communicates with oocytes via gap junctions with transzonal projections
123
FSH binds to receptors of granulosa cells and trigger the production of
* Estrogen production
* Upregulation of CYP19 (aromatase)
* Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II),
* Inhibin
* Activin
* Increased expression of LH receptors in later stagesAntrum
124
**ovary, bitch**
1) Antrum
4) Granulosa lutein cell
8) Theca externa
9) Theca interna
125
Theca cells
* Differentiate from mesenchymal cells in the stroma
* Reside outside of the basement membrane
* Bind LH to produce androgens
126
when does zona pellucida form\_\_\_
primary follicle
127
zone pellucida is a ___ barrier around the primary oocyte
gylcoprotein
128
when does the antrum form?
secondary follicle
129
\_\_\_ cells turn into theca cells which turn into ___ and \_\_\_
stroma
theca interna
theca externa
130
The two layers of theca cells are: theca interna which are \_\_\_, and theca externa which is \_\_\_
vascular, hormone secretion
connective tissue
131
in between the theca and granulosa cells there is a ___ that acts as a \_\_\_
basement membrane
blood ovarian barrier
132
follicle cells in egg development become \_\_
granulosa cells
133
the innermost layer of granulosa cells communicates with the oocyte via ___ with \_\_\_
gap junctions
transzonal projections
(reaches through zona pellucida to reach oocyte)
134
corona radiata is another name for ___ . What are these cells?
cumulus cells
granulosa cells directly around ZP that come with egg when it is ovulated.
cumulus cells reach into the oocyte with transzonal projections
135
\_\_\_ differentiate from mesenchymal cells in the stroma
theca cells
136
\_\_\_ lie outside the basement membrane of the follicle
theca cells
137
\_\_\_ cells are similar to the leydig cell of the male
theca
bind LH to produce androgens, have large amount of lipids inside cell
138
Theca cells bind to ___ to produce androgens
LH (luteinizing hormone)
139
sertoli cells of male anatomy are similar to the ___ of the female anatomy
granulosa
140
what cells in male and female repro dev. respond to FSH
sertoli
granulosa
141
What cells in male and female repro dev. bind to LH and produce androgens?
theca (female)
leydig (male)
142
What is completed in the tertiary follicle?
meiosis 1
143
what happens from secondary to tertiary follicle?
antrum grows
cumulus oophoorus surrounds oocyte (innermost layer is corona radiata)
meiosis 1 is complete
follicle prepares to be ovulated
144
another name for tertiary follicle
graafian
145
**tertiary follicle**
1) Antrum
5) Cumulus oophorus
9) Membrana granulosa
10) Oocyte, cytoplasm
11) Oocyte, nucleus1
15) Theca externa
17) Theca interna
146
stalk of granulosa cells that hold oocyte in center of follicle is called the ___ and appears in the ___ follicle
cumulus oophorus
tertiary
147
the degeneration of those ovarian follicles which do not ovulate during the menstrual cycle
atresia
148
a surge in ___ initiates oculation
LH luteinizing hormone
149
The surge in LH that initiates ovulation causes the oocyte to go through \_\_\_
metaphase II
150
after ovulation the granulosa cells and theca interna morph into \_\_\_
luteal cells
151
luteal cells which is a combo of ___ and ___ produce \_\_\_
granulosa and theca interna
progesterone
152
prior to ovulation, theca cells respond to ___ and produce \_\_\_.
Granulosa cells respond to __ and produce __ and form __ on the outside of the cells
LH
androgens
FSH and androgens to produce estradiol and LH receptors on surface of granulosa cells
153
after ovulation the ___ degrades and both the ___ and ___ respond to LH to produce \_\_
basement membrane
granulosa and theca cells = luteal cell
G + LH → **progesterone**
Theca + LH→ **androgens**
G + androstenedione→ **estradiol**
154
theca cells make ___ in response to LH
androstenedione
## Footnote
**androgens**
155
granulosa and theca interna morph into luteal cells, grossly visible as a ___ and then a \_\_
* corpus hemorrhagicum* (CH)
* corpus luteum* (CL)
156
luteal cells produce \_\_\_
progesterone
157
corpus luteum, ovary of a sow
4) Granulosa lutein cell
10) Theca lutein cell
158
What do you notice about the appearance of the luteal cells (especially the granulosa luteal cells)? How is this reflective of their physiological roles?
frothy
have cholesterol/ fat needed to make progesterone
159
\_\_\_ are critical for early stages of pregnancy because the produce \_\_\_
luteal cells
progesterone
160
if fertilization does not occur, the __ will regress into the \_\_
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
161
follicles that do not ovulate will undergo ___ which is regression
atresia
162
\_\_ is the fate of most primordial follicles
atresia (regression)
163
names for uterine tubes
oviducts, fallopian tubes, salpinx
164
What are the function of uterine tubes?
* “Collect/capture” oocytes and transport towards uterus
* Site of fertilization
* Secretions optimize oocyte and sperm functionality
* Sperm storage
165
why is sperm storage important in the female repro tract?
sperm can last up to 5 days in some species, allows female to copulate and have sperm waiting for when she ovulates
oocyte degrades quickly, sperm last a long time
166
What are the three regions of the uterine tubes?
* Infundibulum and fimbriae
* Ampulla
* Isthmus
167
What are the layers of the uterine tubes?
* Serosa
* Muscularis
* Lamina propria
* Epithelium (Mixture of ciliated and non-ciliated cells)
168
what part of the uterine tube “catches” the oocyte
infundibulum
169
\_\_\_ lies at the entrance of the infundibulum
fimbria
varies across species
170
infundibulum have lots of __ and __ to help collect the oocyte into the uterine tube
mucosal folds
ciliated cells
(sometimes muscularis in some species)
171
\_\_ is the site of fertilization
ampulla of the uterine tube (middle)
172
ampulla have fewer ___ then infundibulum but has more \_\_\_
mucosal folds
smooth muscle
173
the smooth muscle of the ampulla help move what?
sperm up through uterine tubes
oocyte down through uterine tubes
(moves both ways depending on cycle)
174
contractions of ampulla are controlled by
prostaglandins and estrogens
175
**Ampulla**
1. adipose
5. folds
7. muscularis
9. serosa
176
The __ is the part of the uterine tube that attaches to the uterus
isthmus
177
isthmus is a site of storage of what \_\_\_
sperm
178
isthmus acts as a gateway for sperm, embryos and in some species \_\_\_
unfertilized oocytes
horses: oocyte only migrates into uterus if fertilized
179
isthmus, uterine tube
1. circular muscle
5. folds
6. longitudinal muscle
180
secretions in the uterine tube help with ___ and initiating sperm \_\_\_
deferring
capacitation
181
secretions in the uterine tube aid in movement of the \_\_\_, ___ and \_\_\_
oocyte, spermatozoa, embryo
182
secretions in the uterine tube help with \_\_\_/\_\_\_ oocyte, spermatozoa and embryo
nourishing/ protecting
183
four main types of placental mammals
duplex
* Biparitite
* Bicornate
* Simplex
184
layers of the uterus
* Perimetrium
* Myometrium
* Endometrium
185
the uterus when under the influence of estrogen will ___ and \_\_\_
develop endometrial glands
edema
186
The uterus when under the influence of progesterone will be \_\_\_
**immune repressed** (progesterone= baby, decrease immune response so body does not attack baby)
## Footnote
**“quiet” uterus**
187
the myometrium of the uterus does 4 things:
**middle layer of uterus (2 layer muscle)**
* Move sperm towards uterine tubes
* Remove excess semen (in some species)
* Promote maternal recognition of pregnancy (in some species)
* Parturition
188
explain how myometrium promotes maternal recognition of pregnancy in horses
fertilized oocyte will travel up and down and back and forth in between uterine horns to tell the female she is pregnant and stop cycle
189
\_\_\_ separates the two myometrial layers in some species
stratum vasculare
190
what is the green circle
**uterine horn, estrus, bitch**
2) Endometrial gland
5) Myometrium, circular
6) Myometrium, longitudinal
7) **Stratum vasculare**
191
\_\_\_ promotes contraction of the uterus
oxytocin
192
\_\_\_ inhibits contraction of the uterus
progesterone
193
\_\_\_ is the innermost part of the uterus
endometrium
194
functions of the endometrium:
* Identify and eliminate foreign substances
* Nourish conceptus via secretions (early pregnancy) and placental communication (later)
195
What is the effect of estrogen on the endometrium layer of the uterus ?
increased glandular development
196
what is the effect of progesterone on the endometrium layer of the uterus
* increased **glandular secretions**
* Decreased local immune response
197
what are the two mammalian cycles of the endometrium
estrous cycle
menstrual cycle
198
parts of estrous cycle
estrus
diestrus
anestrus
199
parts of the menstrual cycle
proliferative
secretory
menstruation
200
endometrial quality is an indicatior of \_\_\_
fertility
201
What factors can be assessed from an endometrial biopsy of the uterus
Glandular distribution
Glandular fibrosis
Presence of lymphatic lacunae
Presence of inflammatory cells
202
Grade 1 kenney scale
good or bad?
good = good chance to get pregnant
203
Why is there an inflammatory response in the uterus to sperm?
in some species, such as horses, sperm is deposited directly into the uterus, only 1 sperm is needed, everything else is waste. The inflammatory response will recruit neutrophils to eat/ move out the unwanted/waste sperm
204
ruminant uterus have \_\_
caruncles
205
caruncles of the ruminant are
* Highly vascularized
* Glands absent
* Will interdigitate with the cotyledon to make the placentome
206
caruncles of the ruminant uterus will connect to the ___ of the placenta
cotyledon
207
the cervix is tightly closed during ___ and \_\_\_
diestrus (not in heat)
pregnancy
208
progesterone will keep the cervix open or closed?
closed. progesterone is produced during pregnancy to keep cervix closed
209
the cervix is open during ___ and ___ in response to \_\_\_
estrus
parturition (estrogen)
210
estrogen will open or close the cervix
open, Relaxed/open during estrus and parturition
211
The cervix epithelium can be \_\_
stratified squamous or simple cuboidal
212
the cervix consists of many ___ and has __ cells and __ cells
mucosal folds
goblet
ciliated
213
bitch: 8)Lamina propria 11)Stratified squamous epithelium
**mare:** 9)Primary fold10)Secondary fold 12)Tertiary fold
mare: 4)Cilia 8)Lamina propria
214
the vagina is made of \_\_\_
stratified epithelium and smooth muscle
215
the ___ has great stretching capacity and changes in response to hormones
vagina
216
**vagina**
5) Keratinized cells
6) Lamina propria
10) stratified squamous epithelium
217
mammary duct system
teat may have 1,2 or more duct systems (\_\_\_)
each with its own orifice (hole)
humans many ducts many holes through which milk leaves
218
Each gland in the mammary duct system drains through \_\_\_
a single teat
## Footnote
**one teat, one gland**
219
\_\_\_ stimulate ductile and alverolar growth of mammary glands during pregnancy
estrogen
progesterone
(build ducts, but do not turn on water yet)
220
\_\_\_ inhibits milk production
progesterone
221
Lactogenesis begins at \_\_\_
parturition
222
during lactogenesis, ___ and ___ decrease, ___ increases and ___ is released
* Progesterone and estrogen decreases
* Prolactin increases
* Oxytocin is released
223
**active mammary gland**
4) Intralobular connective tissue
5) Myoepithelial cell, nucleus
6) Secretion
7) Secretory cell, nucleus
224
At parturition, __ increases and __ is released
prolactin
oxytocin
225
mammary glands are ___ glands
apocrine
| (piece of cell is broken off)
