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21 fall: histology > Test 2 Lecture 15-17: Reproduction Lecture > Flashcards

Test 2 Lecture 15-17: Reproduction Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

structures of male reproductive system

A

Testis (pl. testes)
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Accessory sex glands
Urethra
Penis

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2
Q

exocrine functions of testis is by ___

A

gamete production

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3
Q

endocrine function of testis is by ___

A

sex hormone secretion

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4
Q
A

Bull male reproductive tract

1) Testicular artery
2) Deferent duct
3) Testis
4) Pelvic symphysis

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5
Q

what mammal has testicles on inside of abdomen

A

marine mammals

elephants

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6
Q

•Testes are covered by ___, which is covered by ___

A

tunica albuginea

visceral vaginal tunic (AKA visceral tunica vaginalis)

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7
Q

another name for visceral vaginal tunic

A

(AKA visceral tunica vaginalis)

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8
Q
A

1) Interstitial cells
2) Lumen
3) Myoid cell, nucleus
4) Primary spermatocyte
5) Seminiferous tubule
6) Sertoli cell, nucleus
7) Spermatid, early
8) Spermatid, late
9) Spermatogonia
10) Tunica albuginea
11) Tunica albuginea, smooth muscle
12) Tunica albuginea, vascular layer
13) Tunica vaginalis

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9
Q

where is the tunica albuginea

A
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10
Q

where is the visceral vaginal tunic of the testis

A
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11
Q

•Spermatogenesis occurs in ___

A

seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis is dependent on __ and Sertoli cell functionality

A

Leydig

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13
Q

___ act to help move (immotile!) spermatozoa

A

Myoid cells

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14
Q
A

1) Efferent ductule
2) Interstitial cell
3) Mediastinum testis

4)Myoid cell, nucleus

5) Primary spermatocyte
6) Rete testis, channel
7) Seminiferous tubules
8) Sertoli cell, nucleus
9) Sertoli cells
10) Spermatid, early
11) Spermatid, late
12) Spermatogonium
13) Straight tubule
14) Transitional zone
15) Tunica albuginea

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15
Q

what is number 4 and what do they do?

A

myoid cell, help move immotile spermatozoa

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16
Q

___ cells lie outside of the basement membranes of the seminiferous tubules

A

leydig cells (interstitial cells)

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17
Q

Leydig cells synthesize and secrete ___ in response to ___

A

testosterone

luteinizing hormone (LH)

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18
Q

why is there so much smooth ER in leydig cells

A

smooth ER metabolizes cholesterol which then gets turned into testosterone

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19
Q

___ cells lie inside of the basolateral membrane of the seminiferous tubules

A

sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)

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20
Q

Sertoli cells convert testosterone to ___ and ___ in response to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

estrogen

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21
Q

testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrogen in response to ___ . This happen in the ___ cells

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

sertoli

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22
Q

sertoli cells secrete

A
  • Androgen-binding protein
  • Inhibin
  • Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
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23
Q

the blood testis barrier is formed by ___ junctions between ___ cells

A

tight

sertoli

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24
Q

developing sperm cells develop in between what cells

A

sertoli cells

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25
Q

what are the two compartments formed by the tight junction in between sertoli cells?

A

basal compartment

adluminal compartment

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26
Q

why do we have the blood testis barrier

A

keep body from attacking sperm that are going through meiosis/ mitosis (haploid cells)

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27
Q

the production of spermatozoa

A

spermatogenesis

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28
Q

•the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis; produces spermatocytes from spermatogonia (diploid)

A

Spermatocytogenesis:

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29
Q

•creates haploid spermatocytes

A

meiosis

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30
Q

•round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids

A

spermiogenesis

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31
Q

•undifferentiated male germ cell

A

Spermatogonium(a):

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32
Q

•produced by mitosis of spermatogonia and will undergo meiosis

A

Spermatocyte(s):

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33
Q

the haploid result of meiosis in males

A

spermatid

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34
Q

two types of spermatids

A
  • Round: still have lots of cytoplasm and organelles
  • Elongated: have shed much of cytoplasm and organelles; have a tail.
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35
Q

The release of elongated spermatids from the Sertoli cell into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

A

Spermiation:

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36
Q

the haploid product of spermatogenesis.

A

Spermatozoon(a)

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37
Q

•Males are born with a finite number of __

A

spermatogonia

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38
Q

•Spermatogonia produce an infinite number of ___

A

spermatozoa

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39
Q

three stages of spermatogenesis

A
  • Spermatocytogenesis: the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis; produces spermatocytes from spermatogonia (diploid)
  • Meiosis: creates haploid spermatocytes
  • Spermiogenesis: round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids
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40
Q

mitosis stage of spermatogenesis

A

spermatocytogenesis

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41
Q

Types of Spermatogonia

A

dark type A (Ad) (stem cells)

Light type A (Ap)

type B- will undergo meiosis into spermatozoa

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42
Q

meiosis of spermatocytes leads to formation of 4 ___

A

spermatids (haploid cells)

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43
Q

spermatids changes there shape into __

A

elongated spermatids (with tails)

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44
Q

elongated spermatids when released by the stertoli cell are then called

A

spermatozoa

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45
Q

Why is spermiogenesis needed?

A

makes more “aerodynamic”

develop flagella(tail) to move

mitochondria move to mid-peice to make energy to move tail

DNA condenses- transcriptional inactive

gets rid of stuff they don’t need

Spermiogenesis: round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids

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46
Q

sperm as they develop have ___ in between cells to allow them to communicate

A

cross bridges

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47
Q

spermiation

A

spermatids are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

now called spermatozoa

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48
Q

Neighboring developing spermatids develop in synchrony ___

A

“spermatogenic wave”

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49
Q

sperm are motile upon release from sertoli cells. True or False

A

False

spermatozoa are not motile when first released from steroli cells into the seminiferous tubules

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50
Q

•Seminiferous tubules terminate into ___(AKA tubuli recti), which then lead to the __

A

straight tubules

rete testis

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51
Q

the rete testis is found within the ___

A

mediastinum testis

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52
Q

___ carry spermatozoa from the rete testis to the epididymis

A

•Efferent ductules (AKA ductuli efferentes)

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53
Q
A
  1. sertoli cells
  2. transitional zone
  3. straight tubules (aka tubuli recti)
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54
Q

sperm travel from __ to __

A

form in seminiferous tubules into straight tubules into rete testis into efferent ductules into the epididymis

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55
Q

___ is the site of sperm maturation, concentration and storage

A

epididymis

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56
Q

The three regions of the epididymis are the ___

A

caput (head)

corpus

cauda

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57
Q
A

head/caput of the epididymis

5) Loose connective tissue
6) Lymphocyte, migrating
7) Pseudostratified epithelium
9) Smooth muscle

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58
Q
A

Corpus (2nd part of epididymis)

3) Duct of the epididymis
5) Loose connective tissue
7) Pseudostratified epithelium
8) Pseudostratified epithelium, efferent ductule

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59
Q
A

cauda (end of epididymis)

3) Duct of the epididymis
5) Loose connective tissue
7) Pseudostratified epithelium
8) Pseudostratified epithelium, efferent ductule
10) spermatozoa

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60
Q

why are the cells in the caput pseudostratified columnar?

A

absorb fluids

secrete glycoproteins

1st part of the epididymis

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61
Q

what is the main purpose of the cauda?

A

smooth muscle push sperm during ejaculation

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62
Q

where do sperm “learn to swim”

A

epididymis

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63
Q

___ carries sperm from the epididymis towards the urethra

A

ductus deferens

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64
Q
A

Ductus deferens of a dog

  1. muscularis
  2. psueodostratified epithelium
  3. serosa
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65
Q

why are there mucosal folding is the ductus deferens of a stallion

A

some absorption of fluids is still happening within the ductus deferens

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66
Q
A

ductus deferens, stallion

  1. lamina propria
  2. muscularis
  3. pseudostratified epithelium
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67
Q

semen is a mixture of sperm and ___

A

seminal plasma

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68
Q

___ secrete substances that comprise the seminal plasma

A

accessory sex glands

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69
Q

seminal plasma help with __

A

aid with copulation

nourish spermatozoa

protect spermatozoa

facilitate sperm transport

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70
Q

What are some accessory sex glands

A

seminal vesicle/ vesicular gland

ampullary gland

bulbourethral gland/ cowper’s gland

prostate

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71
Q

ampullary gland

A

paired

swelling of ductus deferens

connects to urethra via the ejaculatory duct

makes secretions for seminal plasma as well as store some sperm and remove some sperm

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72
Q
A

ampulla, ram

1 adventitia

  1. ampulla, lumen
  2. gland
  3. muscularis
  4. pseudostratified epithelium
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73
Q

seminal vesicles secrete ___ and ___

A

fructose (nourishment for sperm)

prostaglandins (induce smooth muscle contraction in females repro tract)

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74
Q
A

seminal vesicle (ram)

  1. gland
  2. interlobular septum
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75
Q

prostate

A

not paired

  • Two parts
  • Disseminate prostate: diffusely spread within wall of pelvis urethra
  • Corpus prostate: compact and placed external to urethra
  • Mucoserous gland (in most species)
  • Secretions support motility and vaginal plug formation
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76
Q

two parts of the prostate

A
  • Disseminate prostate: diffusely spread within wall of pelvis urethra
  • Corpus prostate: compact and placed external to urethra
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77
Q

secretion from the prostate help __

A

support motility and vaginal plug formation

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78
Q

Bulbourethral Gland

A
  • Paired
  • Compound tubular glands near urethra
  • Secretes pre-ejaculate (mucus-like)
  • Absent in dogs
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79
Q

what secretes pre-ejaculate

A

Bulbourethral Gland

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80
Q
A

Bulbourethral Gland

  1. secretory cells
  2. duct
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81
Q
A

disseminate prostate, ram

  1. mucous cell
  2. smooth muscle
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82
Q

urine and semen flow through the ___ to outside the body

A

urethra

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83
Q

The urethra is divided into the ___ and ___

A

pelvic urethra

penile urethra

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84
Q

the ___ has a lumen lined with transitional epithelium (expansion!) and is surrounded by stratum __

A

pelvic urethra

cavernosum

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85
Q

The ___ has a mixture of epithelial types and is surrounded by corpus ___

A

penile urethra

spongiosum

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86
Q

What are the three regions of the penis

A

root

body

glans

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87
Q

The penis is made of three columns of tissue

A
  • Two crura encased in tunica albuginea •AKA corpus cavernosum
  • The urethra is enveloped in the corpus spongiosum
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88
Q

the penis has two crura encased in ___ and is made of ___

A

tunica albuginea

corpus cavernosum

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89
Q

The urethra is enveloped in the ___

A

corpus spongiosum

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90
Q
A
  1. spongy bone
  2. os penis
  3. corpus spongiosum
  4. urethra, lumen
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91
Q
A

penile urethra, ram

  1. cavernous space
  2. tunica albuginea
  3. urethra lumen
92
Q
A

DIAGRAM OF PENILE REGIONS (DYCE)

1) Crus penis
2) Bulb
3) Corpus spongiosum
4) Corpus cavernosum
5) Urethra
6) Bladder
7) Ureter
8) Deferent duct

93
Q

where do sperm finish maturation?

A

inside the female repro tract

94
Q

The acrosome is critical for __ of sperm

A

fertilization

95
Q

where are mitochondria of the sperm stored?

A

midpiece

96
Q

the tail in sperm is used for ___

A

locomotion

97
Q

mucous and serous fluids are produced in which accessory sex gland?

A

prostate

98
Q

how is female repro system different from male:

A
  • Cyclic changes in activity
  • Restricted periods of fertility
  • Limited gamete production
  • A fixed number of germ cells determined during embryonic development
99
Q

how are male and female repro system similar

A

produce gametes

produce hormones

100
Q

major function of ovaries

A

gamete production

sex hormone production

101
Q

what sex hormones does the ovary produce

A

estrogen (follicles)

progesterone (corpus luteum)

102
Q

The ovary has two parts

A

The cortex and medulla

In most species, the cortex is exterior to the medulla, however in the mare (of course) this is reversed

103
Q

In most species, the ___is exterior to the __ however in the mare (of course) this is reversed

A
  • cortex*
  • medulla,*
104
Q
A

ovary, queen

  1. corpus luteum
  2. cortex
  3. growing follicle
  4. medulla
105
Q

where can ovulation occur in a mare

A

ovulation fossa

106
Q

cortex of the ovary

A
  • Covered by simple squamous or cuboidal germinal epithelium
  • Tunica albuginea lies deep to the germinal epithelium
  • Stroma contains Interstitial glands may be observed here
  • Follicles is made of Oocytes, Granulosa cells, Theca cells
107
Q

Medulla of the ovary

A
  • Vascular support
  • Connective tissue
  • A rete ovarii can be found in the ovarian medulla of some animals
  • Hilus cells may be found close to the rete ovarii in some mammals.
108
Q

___ may be found close to the rete ovarii in some mammals

A

Hilus cells

109
Q

a ___ can be found in the ovarian medulla of some animals

A

rete ovarii

110
Q

oogenesis

A
  • Occurs inside of ovarian follicles
  • Is dependent on theca and granulosa cell functionality
  • Oogonia multiply by mitosis for a limited period of time
  • Oogonia enter meiosis and then meiotic arrest (prophase 1) occurs until recruitment
  • After recruitment, meiosis I continues, then arrests again in meiosis II
  • Meiosis II completed after fertilization
111
Q

meiosis in eggs lead to

A

1 haploid ovum

2 polar bodies

112
Q

ovarian cycle

simple

A

primordial follicle

primary follicle

secondary follicle

graadian follicle

ovulation of oocyte with corona radiata

corpus luteum

corpus albicans

113
Q

primordial follicle

A

13 is a primordial follicle

earliest form of follicle

  • Simple squamous follicle cell layer surrounds a primary oocyte
  • Oocytes are arrested in prophase I

•The majority of oocytes are in this stage

114
Q

Primordial follicle turns into ___ when __ happens

A

primary follicle

follicle cells become cuboidal and form membrana granulosa

115
Q

what forms during the formation of the primary follicle

A
  • Follicle cells become cuboidal and proliferate (membrana granulosa)
  • Theca folliculi forms

Zona pellucida forms

116
Q

primary follicle

A
  • Follicle cells become cuboidal and proliferate (membrana granulosa)
  • Theca folliculi forms

Zona pellucida forms

117
Q
A

primary follicle

2) Corona radiata
10) Oocyte, cytoplasm
11) Oocyte, nucleus
12) Primary follicle
14) Stroma
16) Theca folliculi
19) Zona pellucida

118
Q

what happens to the theca cells in a secondary follicle

A
  • Theca cells further differentiate
  • Theca interna: vascular; hormone secretion
  • Theca externa: connective tissue
119
Q

what happens to the granulosa cells of a secondary follicle

A

form multiple layers

120
Q

What forms during secondary follicle

A

antrum (opening/space)

121
Q

secondary follicle

A
  • Follicular growth in response to FSH
  • Multiple layers of granulosa cells

•Antrum becomes apparent

  • Theca cells further differentiate
  • Theca interna: vascular; hormone secretion
  • Theca externa: connective tissue
122
Q

granulosa cells

A
  • Precursor is follicle cell
  • Innermost layer communicates with oocytes via gap junctions with transzonal projections
123
Q

FSH binds to receptors of granulosa cells and trigger the production of

A
  • Estrogen production
  • Upregulation of CYP19 (aromatase)
  • Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II),
  • Inhibin
  • Activin
  • Increased expression of LH receptors in later stagesAntrum
124
Q
A

ovary, bitch

1) Antrum
4) Granulosa lutein cell
8) Theca externa
9) Theca interna

125
Q

Theca cells

A
  • Differentiate from mesenchymal cells in the stroma
  • Reside outside of the basement membrane
  • Bind LH to produce androgens
126
Q

when does zona pellucida form___

A

primary follicle

127
Q

zone pellucida is a ___ barrier around the primary oocyte

A

gylcoprotein

128
Q

when does the antrum form?

A

secondary follicle

129
Q

___ cells turn into theca cells which turn into ___ and ___

A

stroma

theca interna

theca externa

130
Q

The two layers of theca cells are: theca interna which are ___, and theca externa which is ___

A

vascular, hormone secretion

connective tissue

131
Q

in between the theca and granulosa cells there is a ___ that acts as a ___

A

basement membrane

blood ovarian barrier

132
Q

follicle cells in egg development become __

A

granulosa cells

133
Q

the innermost layer of granulosa cells communicates with the oocyte via ___ with ___

A

gap junctions

transzonal projections

(reaches through zona pellucida to reach oocyte)

134
Q

corona radiata is another name for ___ . What are these cells?

A

cumulus cells

granulosa cells directly around ZP that come with egg when it is ovulated.

cumulus cells reach into the oocyte with transzonal projections

135
Q

___ differentiate from mesenchymal cells in the stroma

A

theca cells

136
Q

___ lie outside the basement membrane of the follicle

A

theca cells

137
Q

___ cells are similar to the leydig cell of the male

A

theca

bind LH to produce androgens, have large amount of lipids inside cell

138
Q

Theca cells bind to ___ to produce androgens

A

LH (luteinizing hormone)

139
Q

sertoli cells of male anatomy are similar to the ___ of the female anatomy

A

granulosa

140
Q

what cells in male and female repro dev. respond to FSH

A

sertoli

granulosa

141
Q

What cells in male and female repro dev. bind to LH and produce androgens?

A

theca (female)

leydig (male)

142
Q

What is completed in the tertiary follicle?

A

meiosis 1

143
Q

what happens from secondary to tertiary follicle?

A

antrum grows

cumulus oophoorus surrounds oocyte (innermost layer is corona radiata)

meiosis 1 is complete

follicle prepares to be ovulated

144
Q

another name for tertiary follicle

A

graafian

145
Q
A

tertiary follicle

1) Antrum
5) Cumulus oophorus
9) Membrana granulosa
10) Oocyte, cytoplasm
11) Oocyte, nucleus1
15) Theca externa
17) Theca interna

146
Q

stalk of granulosa cells that hold oocyte in center of follicle is called the ___ and appears in the ___ follicle

A

cumulus oophorus

tertiary

147
Q

the degeneration of those ovarian follicles which do not ovulate during the menstrual cycle

A

atresia

148
Q

a surge in ___ initiates oculation

A

LH luteinizing hormone

149
Q

The surge in LH that initiates ovulation causes the oocyte to go through ___

A

metaphase II

150
Q

after ovulation the granulosa cells and theca interna morph into ___

A

luteal cells

151
Q

luteal cells which is a combo of ___ and ___ produce ___

A

granulosa and theca interna

progesterone

152
Q

prior to ovulation, theca cells respond to ___ and produce ___.

Granulosa cells respond to __ and produce __ and form __ on the outside of the cells

A

LH

androgens

FSH and androgens to produce estradiol and LH receptors on surface of granulosa cells

153
Q

after ovulation the ___ degrades and both the ___ and ___ respond to LH to produce __

A

basement membrane

granulosa and theca cells = luteal cell

G + LH → progesterone

Theca + LH→ androgens

G + androstenedione→ estradiol

154
Q

theca cells make ___ in response to LH

A

androstenedione

androgens

155
Q

granulosa and theca interna morph into luteal cells, grossly visible as a ___ and then a __

A
  • corpus hemorrhagicum* (CH)
  • corpus luteum* (CL)
156
Q

luteal cells produce ___

A

progesterone

157
Q
A

corpus luteum, ovary of a sow

4) Granulosa lutein cell
10) Theca lutein cell

158
Q

What do you notice about the appearance of the luteal cells (especially the granulosa luteal cells)? How is this reflective of their physiological roles?

A

frothy

have cholesterol/ fat needed to make progesterone

159
Q

___ are critical for early stages of pregnancy because the produce ___

A

luteal cells

progesterone

160
Q

if fertilization does not occur, the __ will regress into the __

A

corpus luteum

corpus albicans

161
Q

follicles that do not ovulate will undergo ___ which is regression

A

atresia

162
Q

__ is the fate of most primordial follicles

A

atresia (regression)

163
Q

names for uterine tubes

A

oviducts, fallopian tubes, salpinx

164
Q

What are the function of uterine tubes?

A
  • “Collect/capture” oocytes and transport towards uterus
  • Site of fertilization
  • Secretions optimize oocyte and sperm functionality
  • Sperm storage
165
Q

why is sperm storage important in the female repro tract?

A

sperm can last up to 5 days in some species, allows female to copulate and have sperm waiting for when she ovulates

oocyte degrades quickly, sperm last a long time

166
Q

What are the three regions of the uterine tubes?

A
  • Infundibulum and fimbriae
  • Ampulla
  • Isthmus
167
Q

What are the layers of the uterine tubes?

A
  • Serosa
  • Muscularis
  • Lamina propria
  • Epithelium (Mixture of ciliated and non-ciliated cells)
168
Q

what part of the uterine tube “catches” the oocyte

A

infundibulum

169
Q

___ lies at the entrance of the infundibulum

A

fimbria

varies across species

170
Q

infundibulum have lots of __ and __ to help collect the oocyte into the uterine tube

A

mucosal folds

ciliated cells

(sometimes muscularis in some species)

171
Q

__ is the site of fertilization

A

ampulla of the uterine tube (middle)

172
Q

ampulla have fewer ___ then infundibulum but has more ___

A

mucosal folds

smooth muscle

173
Q

the smooth muscle of the ampulla help move what?

A

sperm up through uterine tubes

oocyte down through uterine tubes

(moves both ways depending on cycle)

174
Q

contractions of ampulla are controlled by

A

prostaglandins and estrogens

175
Q
A

Ampulla

  1. adipose
  2. folds
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
176
Q

The __ is the part of the uterine tube that attaches to the uterus

A

isthmus

177
Q

isthmus is a site of storage of what ___

A

sperm

178
Q

isthmus acts as a gateway for sperm, embryos and in some species ___

A

unfertilized oocytes

horses: oocyte only migrates into uterus if fertilized

179
Q
A

isthmus, uterine tube

  1. circular muscle
  2. folds
  3. longitudinal muscle
180
Q

secretions in the uterine tube help with ___ and initiating sperm ___

A

deferring

capacitation

181
Q

secretions in the uterine tube aid in movement of the ___, ___ and ___

A

oocyte, spermatozoa, embryo

182
Q

secretions in the uterine tube help with ___/___ oocyte, spermatozoa and embryo

A

nourishing/ protecting

183
Q

four main types of placental mammals

A

duplex

  • Biparitite
  • Bicornate
  • Simplex
184
Q

layers of the uterus

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
185
Q

the uterus when under the influence of estrogen will ___ and ___

A

develop endometrial glands

edema

186
Q

The uterus when under the influence of progesterone will be ___

A

immune repressed (progesterone= baby, decrease immune response so body does not attack baby)

“quiet” uterus

187
Q

the myometrium of the uterus does 4 things:

A

middle layer of uterus (2 layer muscle)

  • Move sperm towards uterine tubes
  • Remove excess semen (in some species)
  • Promote maternal recognition of pregnancy (in some species)
  • Parturition
188
Q

explain how myometrium promotes maternal recognition of pregnancy in horses

A

fertilized oocyte will travel up and down and back and forth in between uterine horns to tell the female she is pregnant and stop cycle

189
Q

___ separates the two myometrial layers in some species

A

stratum vasculare

190
Q

what is the green circle

A

uterine horn, estrus, bitch

2) Endometrial gland
5) Myometrium, circular
6) Myometrium, longitudinal
7) Stratum vasculare

191
Q

___ promotes contraction of the uterus

A

oxytocin

192
Q

___ inhibits contraction of the uterus

A

progesterone

193
Q

___ is the innermost part of the uterus

A

endometrium

194
Q

functions of the endometrium:

A
  • Identify and eliminate foreign substances
  • Nourish conceptus via secretions (early pregnancy) and placental communication (later)
195
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the endometrium layer of the uterus ?

A

increased glandular development

196
Q

what is the effect of progesterone on the endometrium layer of the uterus

A
  • increased glandular secretions
  • Decreased local immune response
197
Q

what are the two mammalian cycles of the endometrium

A

estrous cycle

menstrual cycle

198
Q

parts of estrous cycle

A

estrus

diestrus

anestrus

199
Q

parts of the menstrual cycle

A

proliferative

secretory

menstruation

200
Q

endometrial quality is an indicatior of ___

A

fertility

201
Q

What factors can be assessed from an endometrial biopsy of the uterus

A

Glandular distribution

Glandular fibrosis

Presence of lymphatic lacunae

Presence of inflammatory cells

202
Q

Grade 1 kenney scale

good or bad?

A

good = good chance to get pregnant

203
Q

Why is there an inflammatory response in the uterus to sperm?

A

in some species, such as horses, sperm is deposited directly into the uterus, only 1 sperm is needed, everything else is waste. The inflammatory response will recruit neutrophils to eat/ move out the unwanted/waste sperm

204
Q

ruminant uterus have __

A

caruncles

205
Q

caruncles of the ruminant are

A
  • Highly vascularized
  • Glands absent
  • Will interdigitate with the cotyledon to make the placentome
206
Q

caruncles of the ruminant uterus will connect to the ___ of the placenta

A

cotyledon

207
Q

the cervix is tightly closed during ___ and ___

A

diestrus (not in heat)

pregnancy

208
Q

progesterone will keep the cervix open or closed?

A

closed. progesterone is produced during pregnancy to keep cervix closed

209
Q

the cervix is open during ___ and ___ in response to ___

A

estrus

parturition (estrogen)

210
Q

estrogen will open or close the cervix

A

open, Relaxed/open during estrus and parturition

211
Q

The cervix epithelium can be __

A

stratified squamous or simple cuboidal

212
Q

the cervix consists of many ___ and has __ cells and __ cells

A

mucosal folds

goblet

ciliated

213
Q
A

bitch: 8)Lamina propria 11)Stratified squamous epithelium

mare: 9)Primary fold10)Secondary fold 12)Tertiary fold

mare: 4)Cilia 8)Lamina propria

214
Q

the vagina is made of ___

A

stratified epithelium and smooth muscle

215
Q

the ___ has great stretching capacity and changes in response to hormones

A

vagina

216
Q
A

vagina

5) Keratinized cells
6) Lamina propria
10) stratified squamous epithelium

217
Q

mammary duct system

teat may have 1,2 or more duct systems (___)

A

each with its own orifice (hole)

humans many ducts many holes through which milk leaves

218
Q

Each gland in the mammary duct system drains through ___

A

a single teat

one teat, one gland

219
Q

___ stimulate ductile and alverolar growth of mammary glands during pregnancy

A

estrogen

progesterone

(build ducts, but do not turn on water yet)

220
Q

___ inhibits milk production

A

progesterone

221
Q

Lactogenesis begins at ___

A

parturition

222
Q

during lactogenesis, ___ and ___ decrease, ___ increases and ___ is released

A
  • Progesterone and estrogen decreases
  • Prolactin increases
  • Oxytocin is released
223
Q
A

active mammary gland

4) Intralobular connective tissue
5) Myoepithelial cell, nucleus
6) Secretion
7) Secretory cell, nucleus

224
Q

At parturition, __ increases and __ is released

A

prolactin

oxytocin

225
Q

mammary glands are ___ glands

A

apocrine

(piece of cell is broken off)

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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