Test 2 Lecture 15-17: Reproduction Lecture Flashcards
structures of male reproductive system
Testis (pl. testes)
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Accessory sex glands
Urethra
Penis
exocrine functions of testis is by ___
gamete production
endocrine function of testis is by ___
sex hormone secretion
Bull male reproductive tract
1) Testicular artery
2) Deferent duct
3) Testis
4) Pelvic symphysis
what mammal has testicles on inside of abdomen
marine mammals
elephants
•Testes are covered by ___, which is covered by ___
tunica albuginea
visceral vaginal tunic (AKA visceral tunica vaginalis)
another name for visceral vaginal tunic
(AKA visceral tunica vaginalis)
1) Interstitial cells
2) Lumen
3) Myoid cell, nucleus
4) Primary spermatocyte
5) Seminiferous tubule
6) Sertoli cell, nucleus
7) Spermatid, early
8) Spermatid, late
9) Spermatogonia
10) Tunica albuginea
11) Tunica albuginea, smooth muscle
12) Tunica albuginea, vascular layer
13) Tunica vaginalis
where is the tunica albuginea
where is the visceral vaginal tunic of the testis
•Spermatogenesis occurs in ___
seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis is dependent on __ and Sertoli cell functionality
Leydig
___ act to help move (immotile!) spermatozoa
Myoid cells
1) Efferent ductule
2) Interstitial cell
3) Mediastinum testis
4)Myoid cell, nucleus
5) Primary spermatocyte
6) Rete testis, channel
7) Seminiferous tubules
8) Sertoli cell, nucleus
9) Sertoli cells
10) Spermatid, early
11) Spermatid, late
12) Spermatogonium
13) Straight tubule
14) Transitional zone
15) Tunica albuginea
what is number 4 and what do they do?
myoid cell, help move immotile spermatozoa
___ cells lie outside of the basement membranes of the seminiferous tubules
leydig cells (interstitial cells)
Leydig cells synthesize and secrete ___ in response to ___
testosterone
luteinizing hormone (LH)
why is there so much smooth ER in leydig cells
smooth ER metabolizes cholesterol which then gets turned into testosterone
___ cells lie inside of the basolateral membrane of the seminiferous tubules
sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)
Sertoli cells convert testosterone to ___ and ___ in response to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
estrogen
testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrogen in response to ___ . This happen in the ___ cells
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
sertoli
sertoli cells secrete
- Androgen-binding protein
- Inhibin
- Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
the blood testis barrier is formed by ___ junctions between ___ cells
tight
sertoli
developing sperm cells develop in between what cells
sertoli cells
what are the two compartments formed by the tight junction in between sertoli cells?
basal compartment
adluminal compartment
why do we have the blood testis barrier
keep body from attacking sperm that are going through meiosis/ mitosis (haploid cells)
the production of spermatozoa
spermatogenesis
•the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis; produces spermatocytes from spermatogonia (diploid)
Spermatocytogenesis:
•creates haploid spermatocytes
meiosis
•round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids
spermiogenesis
•undifferentiated male germ cell
Spermatogonium(a):
•produced by mitosis of spermatogonia and will undergo meiosis
Spermatocyte(s):
the haploid result of meiosis in males
spermatid
two types of spermatids
- Round: still have lots of cytoplasm and organelles
- Elongated: have shed much of cytoplasm and organelles; have a tail.
The release of elongated spermatids from the Sertoli cell into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
Spermiation:
the haploid product of spermatogenesis.
Spermatozoon(a)
•Males are born with a finite number of __
spermatogonia
•Spermatogonia produce an infinite number of ___
spermatozoa
three stages of spermatogenesis
- Spermatocytogenesis: the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis; produces spermatocytes from spermatogonia (diploid)
- Meiosis: creates haploid spermatocytes
- Spermiogenesis: round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids
mitosis stage of spermatogenesis
spermatocytogenesis
Types of Spermatogonia
dark type A (Ad) (stem cells)
Light type A (Ap)
type B- will undergo meiosis into spermatozoa
meiosis of spermatocytes leads to formation of 4 ___
spermatids (haploid cells)
spermatids changes there shape into __
elongated spermatids (with tails)
elongated spermatids when released by the stertoli cell are then called
spermatozoa
Why is spermiogenesis needed?
makes more “aerodynamic”
develop flagella(tail) to move
mitochondria move to mid-peice to make energy to move tail
DNA condenses- transcriptional inactive
gets rid of stuff they don’t need
Spermiogenesis: round spermatids morph into elongated spermatids
sperm as they develop have ___ in between cells to allow them to communicate
cross bridges
spermiation
spermatids are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
now called spermatozoa
Neighboring developing spermatids develop in synchrony ___
“spermatogenic wave”
sperm are motile upon release from sertoli cells. True or False
False
spermatozoa are not motile when first released from steroli cells into the seminiferous tubules
•Seminiferous tubules terminate into ___(AKA tubuli recti), which then lead to the __
straight tubules
rete testis
the rete testis is found within the ___
mediastinum testis
___ carry spermatozoa from the rete testis to the epididymis
•Efferent ductules (AKA ductuli efferentes)
- sertoli cells
- transitional zone
- straight tubules (aka tubuli recti)
sperm travel from __ to __
form in seminiferous tubules into straight tubules into rete testis into efferent ductules into the epididymis
___ is the site of sperm maturation, concentration and storage
epididymis
The three regions of the epididymis are the ___
caput (head)
corpus
cauda
head/caput of the epididymis
5) Loose connective tissue
6) Lymphocyte, migrating
7) Pseudostratified epithelium
9) Smooth muscle
Corpus (2nd part of epididymis)
3) Duct of the epididymis
5) Loose connective tissue
7) Pseudostratified epithelium
8) Pseudostratified epithelium, efferent ductule
cauda (end of epididymis)
3) Duct of the epididymis
5) Loose connective tissue
7) Pseudostratified epithelium
8) Pseudostratified epithelium, efferent ductule
10) spermatozoa
why are the cells in the caput pseudostratified columnar?
absorb fluids
secrete glycoproteins
1st part of the epididymis
what is the main purpose of the cauda?
smooth muscle push sperm during ejaculation
where do sperm “learn to swim”
epididymis
___ carries sperm from the epididymis towards the urethra
ductus deferens
Ductus deferens of a dog
- muscularis
- psueodostratified epithelium
- serosa
why are there mucosal folding is the ductus deferens of a stallion
some absorption of fluids is still happening within the ductus deferens
ductus deferens, stallion
- lamina propria
- muscularis
- pseudostratified epithelium
semen is a mixture of sperm and ___
seminal plasma
___ secrete substances that comprise the seminal plasma
accessory sex glands
seminal plasma help with __
aid with copulation
nourish spermatozoa
protect spermatozoa
facilitate sperm transport
What are some accessory sex glands
seminal vesicle/ vesicular gland
ampullary gland
bulbourethral gland/ cowper’s gland
prostate
ampullary gland
paired
swelling of ductus deferens
connects to urethra via the ejaculatory duct
makes secretions for seminal plasma as well as store some sperm and remove some sperm
ampulla, ram
1 adventitia
- ampulla, lumen
- gland
- muscularis
- pseudostratified epithelium
seminal vesicles secrete ___ and ___
fructose (nourishment for sperm)
prostaglandins (induce smooth muscle contraction in females repro tract)
seminal vesicle (ram)
- gland
- interlobular septum
prostate
not paired
- Two parts
- Disseminate prostate: diffusely spread within wall of pelvis urethra
- Corpus prostate: compact and placed external to urethra
- Mucoserous gland (in most species)
- Secretions support motility and vaginal plug formation
two parts of the prostate
- Disseminate prostate: diffusely spread within wall of pelvis urethra
- Corpus prostate: compact and placed external to urethra
secretion from the prostate help __
support motility and vaginal plug formation
Bulbourethral Gland
- Paired
- Compound tubular glands near urethra
- Secretes pre-ejaculate (mucus-like)
- Absent in dogs
what secretes pre-ejaculate
Bulbourethral Gland
Bulbourethral Gland
- secretory cells
- duct
disseminate prostate, ram
- mucous cell
- smooth muscle
urine and semen flow through the ___ to outside the body
urethra
The urethra is divided into the ___ and ___
pelvic urethra
penile urethra
the ___ has a lumen lined with transitional epithelium (expansion!) and is surrounded by stratum __
pelvic urethra
cavernosum
The ___ has a mixture of epithelial types and is surrounded by corpus ___
penile urethra
spongiosum
What are the three regions of the penis
root
body
glans
The penis is made of three columns of tissue
- Two crura encased in tunica albuginea •AKA corpus cavernosum
- The urethra is enveloped in the corpus spongiosum
the penis has two crura encased in ___ and is made of ___
tunica albuginea
corpus cavernosum
The urethra is enveloped in the ___
corpus spongiosum
- spongy bone
- os penis
- corpus spongiosum
- urethra, lumen
penile urethra, ram
- cavernous space
- tunica albuginea
- urethra lumen
DIAGRAM OF PENILE REGIONS (DYCE)
1) Crus penis
2) Bulb
3) Corpus spongiosum
4) Corpus cavernosum
5) Urethra
6) Bladder
7) Ureter
8) Deferent duct
where do sperm finish maturation?
inside the female repro tract
The acrosome is critical for __ of sperm
fertilization
where are mitochondria of the sperm stored?
midpiece
the tail in sperm is used for ___
locomotion
mucous and serous fluids are produced in which accessory sex gland?
prostate
how is female repro system different from male:
- Cyclic changes in activity
- Restricted periods of fertility
- Limited gamete production
- A fixed number of germ cells determined during embryonic development
how are male and female repro system similar
produce gametes
produce hormones
major function of ovaries
gamete production
sex hormone production
what sex hormones does the ovary produce
estrogen (follicles)
progesterone (corpus luteum)
The ovary has two parts
The cortex and medulla
In most species, the cortex is exterior to the medulla, however in the mare (of course) this is reversed
In most species, the ___is exterior to the __ however in the mare (of course) this is reversed
- cortex*
- medulla,*
ovary, queen
- corpus luteum
- cortex
- growing follicle
- medulla
where can ovulation occur in a mare
ovulation fossa
cortex of the ovary
- Covered by simple squamous or cuboidal germinal epithelium
- Tunica albuginea lies deep to the germinal epithelium
- Stroma contains Interstitial glands may be observed here
- Follicles is made of Oocytes, Granulosa cells, Theca cells
Medulla of the ovary
- Vascular support
- Connective tissue
- A rete ovarii can be found in the ovarian medulla of some animals
- Hilus cells may be found close to the rete ovarii in some mammals.
___ may be found close to the rete ovarii in some mammals
Hilus cells
a ___ can be found in the ovarian medulla of some animals
rete ovarii
oogenesis
- Occurs inside of ovarian follicles
- Is dependent on theca and granulosa cell functionality
- Oogonia multiply by mitosis for a limited period of time
- Oogonia enter meiosis and then meiotic arrest (prophase 1) occurs until recruitment
- After recruitment, meiosis I continues, then arrests again in meiosis II
- Meiosis II completed after fertilization
meiosis in eggs lead to
1 haploid ovum
2 polar bodies
ovarian cycle
simple
primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
graadian follicle
ovulation of oocyte with corona radiata
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
primordial follicle
13 is a primordial follicle
earliest form of follicle
- Simple squamous follicle cell layer surrounds a primary oocyte
- Oocytes are arrested in prophase I
•The majority of oocytes are in this stage
Primordial follicle turns into ___ when __ happens
primary follicle
follicle cells become cuboidal and form membrana granulosa
what forms during the formation of the primary follicle
- Follicle cells become cuboidal and proliferate (membrana granulosa)
- Theca folliculi forms
Zona pellucida forms
primary follicle
- Follicle cells become cuboidal and proliferate (membrana granulosa)
- Theca folliculi forms
Zona pellucida forms
primary follicle
2) Corona radiata
10) Oocyte, cytoplasm
11) Oocyte, nucleus
12) Primary follicle
14) Stroma
16) Theca folliculi
19) Zona pellucida
what happens to the theca cells in a secondary follicle
- Theca cells further differentiate
- Theca interna: vascular; hormone secretion
- Theca externa: connective tissue
what happens to the granulosa cells of a secondary follicle
form multiple layers
What forms during secondary follicle
antrum (opening/space)
secondary follicle
- Follicular growth in response to FSH
- Multiple layers of granulosa cells
•Antrum becomes apparent
- Theca cells further differentiate
- Theca interna: vascular; hormone secretion
- Theca externa: connective tissue
granulosa cells
- Precursor is follicle cell
- Innermost layer communicates with oocytes via gap junctions with transzonal projections
FSH binds to receptors of granulosa cells and trigger the production of
- Estrogen production
- Upregulation of CYP19 (aromatase)
- Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II),
- Inhibin
- Activin
- Increased expression of LH receptors in later stagesAntrum
ovary, bitch
1) Antrum
4) Granulosa lutein cell
8) Theca externa
9) Theca interna
Theca cells
- Differentiate from mesenchymal cells in the stroma
- Reside outside of the basement membrane
- Bind LH to produce androgens
when does zona pellucida form___
primary follicle
zone pellucida is a ___ barrier around the primary oocyte
gylcoprotein
when does the antrum form?
secondary follicle
___ cells turn into theca cells which turn into ___ and ___
stroma
theca interna
theca externa
The two layers of theca cells are: theca interna which are ___, and theca externa which is ___
vascular, hormone secretion
connective tissue
in between the theca and granulosa cells there is a ___ that acts as a ___
basement membrane
blood ovarian barrier
follicle cells in egg development become __
granulosa cells
the innermost layer of granulosa cells communicates with the oocyte via ___ with ___
gap junctions
transzonal projections
(reaches through zona pellucida to reach oocyte)
corona radiata is another name for ___ . What are these cells?
cumulus cells
granulosa cells directly around ZP that come with egg when it is ovulated.
cumulus cells reach into the oocyte with transzonal projections
___ differentiate from mesenchymal cells in the stroma
theca cells
___ lie outside the basement membrane of the follicle
theca cells
___ cells are similar to the leydig cell of the male
theca
bind LH to produce androgens, have large amount of lipids inside cell
Theca cells bind to ___ to produce androgens
LH (luteinizing hormone)
sertoli cells of male anatomy are similar to the ___ of the female anatomy
granulosa
what cells in male and female repro dev. respond to FSH
sertoli
granulosa
What cells in male and female repro dev. bind to LH and produce androgens?
theca (female)
leydig (male)
What is completed in the tertiary follicle?
meiosis 1
what happens from secondary to tertiary follicle?
antrum grows
cumulus oophoorus surrounds oocyte (innermost layer is corona radiata)
meiosis 1 is complete
follicle prepares to be ovulated
another name for tertiary follicle
graafian
tertiary follicle
1) Antrum
5) Cumulus oophorus
9) Membrana granulosa
10) Oocyte, cytoplasm
11) Oocyte, nucleus1
15) Theca externa
17) Theca interna
stalk of granulosa cells that hold oocyte in center of follicle is called the ___ and appears in the ___ follicle
cumulus oophorus
tertiary
the degeneration of those ovarian follicles which do not ovulate during the menstrual cycle
atresia
a surge in ___ initiates oculation
LH luteinizing hormone
The surge in LH that initiates ovulation causes the oocyte to go through ___
metaphase II
after ovulation the granulosa cells and theca interna morph into ___
luteal cells
luteal cells which is a combo of ___ and ___ produce ___
granulosa and theca interna
progesterone
prior to ovulation, theca cells respond to ___ and produce ___.
Granulosa cells respond to __ and produce __ and form __ on the outside of the cells
LH
androgens
FSH and androgens to produce estradiol and LH receptors on surface of granulosa cells
after ovulation the ___ degrades and both the ___ and ___ respond to LH to produce __
basement membrane
granulosa and theca cells = luteal cell
G + LH → progesterone
Theca + LH→ androgens
G + androstenedione→ estradiol
theca cells make ___ in response to LH
androstenedione
androgens
granulosa and theca interna morph into luteal cells, grossly visible as a ___ and then a __
- corpus hemorrhagicum* (CH)
- corpus luteum* (CL)
luteal cells produce ___
progesterone
corpus luteum, ovary of a sow
4) Granulosa lutein cell
10) Theca lutein cell
What do you notice about the appearance of the luteal cells (especially the granulosa luteal cells)? How is this reflective of their physiological roles?
frothy
have cholesterol/ fat needed to make progesterone
___ are critical for early stages of pregnancy because the produce ___
luteal cells
progesterone
if fertilization does not occur, the __ will regress into the __
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
follicles that do not ovulate will undergo ___ which is regression
atresia
__ is the fate of most primordial follicles
atresia (regression)
names for uterine tubes
oviducts, fallopian tubes, salpinx
What are the function of uterine tubes?
- “Collect/capture” oocytes and transport towards uterus
- Site of fertilization
- Secretions optimize oocyte and sperm functionality
- Sperm storage
why is sperm storage important in the female repro tract?
sperm can last up to 5 days in some species, allows female to copulate and have sperm waiting for when she ovulates
oocyte degrades quickly, sperm last a long time
What are the three regions of the uterine tubes?
- Infundibulum and fimbriae
- Ampulla
- Isthmus
What are the layers of the uterine tubes?
- Serosa
- Muscularis
- Lamina propria
- Epithelium (Mixture of ciliated and non-ciliated cells)
what part of the uterine tube “catches” the oocyte
infundibulum
___ lies at the entrance of the infundibulum
fimbria
varies across species
infundibulum have lots of __ and __ to help collect the oocyte into the uterine tube
mucosal folds
ciliated cells
(sometimes muscularis in some species)
__ is the site of fertilization
ampulla of the uterine tube (middle)
ampulla have fewer ___ then infundibulum but has more ___
mucosal folds
smooth muscle
the smooth muscle of the ampulla help move what?
sperm up through uterine tubes
oocyte down through uterine tubes
(moves both ways depending on cycle)
contractions of ampulla are controlled by
prostaglandins and estrogens
Ampulla
- adipose
- folds
- muscularis
- serosa
The __ is the part of the uterine tube that attaches to the uterus
isthmus
isthmus is a site of storage of what ___
sperm
isthmus acts as a gateway for sperm, embryos and in some species ___
unfertilized oocytes
horses: oocyte only migrates into uterus if fertilized
isthmus, uterine tube
- circular muscle
- folds
- longitudinal muscle
secretions in the uterine tube help with ___ and initiating sperm ___
deferring
capacitation
secretions in the uterine tube aid in movement of the ___, ___ and ___
oocyte, spermatozoa, embryo
secretions in the uterine tube help with ___/___ oocyte, spermatozoa and embryo
nourishing/ protecting
four main types of placental mammals
duplex
- Biparitite
- Bicornate
- Simplex
layers of the uterus
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
the uterus when under the influence of estrogen will ___ and ___
develop endometrial glands
edema
The uterus when under the influence of progesterone will be ___
immune repressed (progesterone= baby, decrease immune response so body does not attack baby)
“quiet” uterus
the myometrium of the uterus does 4 things:
middle layer of uterus (2 layer muscle)
- Move sperm towards uterine tubes
- Remove excess semen (in some species)
- Promote maternal recognition of pregnancy (in some species)
- Parturition
explain how myometrium promotes maternal recognition of pregnancy in horses
fertilized oocyte will travel up and down and back and forth in between uterine horns to tell the female she is pregnant and stop cycle
___ separates the two myometrial layers in some species
stratum vasculare
what is the green circle
uterine horn, estrus, bitch
2) Endometrial gland
5) Myometrium, circular
6) Myometrium, longitudinal
7) Stratum vasculare
___ promotes contraction of the uterus
oxytocin
___ inhibits contraction of the uterus
progesterone
___ is the innermost part of the uterus
endometrium
functions of the endometrium:
- Identify and eliminate foreign substances
- Nourish conceptus via secretions (early pregnancy) and placental communication (later)
What is the effect of estrogen on the endometrium layer of the uterus ?
increased glandular development
what is the effect of progesterone on the endometrium layer of the uterus
- increased glandular secretions
- Decreased local immune response
what are the two mammalian cycles of the endometrium
estrous cycle
menstrual cycle
parts of estrous cycle
estrus
diestrus
anestrus
parts of the menstrual cycle
proliferative
secretory
menstruation
endometrial quality is an indicatior of ___
fertility
What factors can be assessed from an endometrial biopsy of the uterus
Glandular distribution
Glandular fibrosis
Presence of lymphatic lacunae
Presence of inflammatory cells
Grade 1 kenney scale
good or bad?
good = good chance to get pregnant
Why is there an inflammatory response in the uterus to sperm?
in some species, such as horses, sperm is deposited directly into the uterus, only 1 sperm is needed, everything else is waste. The inflammatory response will recruit neutrophils to eat/ move out the unwanted/waste sperm
ruminant uterus have __
caruncles
caruncles of the ruminant are
- Highly vascularized
- Glands absent
- Will interdigitate with the cotyledon to make the placentome
caruncles of the ruminant uterus will connect to the ___ of the placenta
cotyledon
the cervix is tightly closed during ___ and ___
diestrus (not in heat)
pregnancy
progesterone will keep the cervix open or closed?
closed. progesterone is produced during pregnancy to keep cervix closed
the cervix is open during ___ and ___ in response to ___
estrus
parturition (estrogen)
estrogen will open or close the cervix
open, Relaxed/open during estrus and parturition
The cervix epithelium can be __
stratified squamous or simple cuboidal
the cervix consists of many ___ and has __ cells and __ cells
mucosal folds
goblet
ciliated
bitch: 8)Lamina propria 11)Stratified squamous epithelium
mare: 9)Primary fold10)Secondary fold 12)Tertiary fold
mare: 4)Cilia 8)Lamina propria
the vagina is made of ___
stratified epithelium and smooth muscle
the ___ has great stretching capacity and changes in response to hormones
vagina
vagina
5) Keratinized cells
6) Lamina propria
10) stratified squamous epithelium
mammary duct system
teat may have 1,2 or more duct systems (___)
each with its own orifice (hole)
humans many ducts many holes through which milk leaves
Each gland in the mammary duct system drains through ___
a single teat
one teat, one gland
___ stimulate ductile and alverolar growth of mammary glands during pregnancy
estrogen
progesterone
(build ducts, but do not turn on water yet)
___ inhibits milk production
progesterone
Lactogenesis begins at ___
parturition
during lactogenesis, ___ and ___ decrease, ___ increases and ___ is released
- Progesterone and estrogen decreases
- Prolactin increases
- Oxytocin is released
active mammary gland
4) Intralobular connective tissue
5) Myoepithelial cell, nucleus
6) Secretion
7) Secretory cell, nucleus
At parturition, __ increases and __ is released
prolactin
oxytocin
mammary glands are ___ glands
apocrine
(piece of cell is broken off)
