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21 fall: histology > lecture 4: cartilage > Flashcards

lecture 4: cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

complex of cells and extracellular matrix that provides supporting and connecting framework for all other tissues of the body

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

ECM provides

A

support
a way for cells to interact

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3
Q

ECM can be divided into two groups

A

Fibers

  • provides structural support and tensile strength

ground substance

  • part protein, part sugar
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4
Q

ECM fibers can be broken into 3 groups

A
  • collagenous or fibrillar (30 types; fibril forming and non) (pink rope like structures)
  • reticular (non-fibril- forming) (criss cross network)
  • elastic (elastin) (walls of arteries, allow stretch)
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5
Q

describe ECM ground substance

A

Part sugar/ part protein

glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycan

  • long negative charged chains (sulfate groups and carboxyl groups make it negative)

structural glycoproteins

  • branched
  • (fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, tenascin, thrombospondin, entactin, ect)
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6
Q

what charge does glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycan have and why?

A

sulfate groups and carboxyl groups (make it negative)

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7
Q

Cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

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8
Q

chondrocytes secrete ___

A

the extra cellular matrix

ground substance (little specs) usually closer to the cell

fiber component usually farther away from cell

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9
Q

what is this

A

fibril

components of ECM

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10
Q

fibril is made of

A

a bunch of collagen molecule

eosinophilic-will stain pink

placed like “bricks” have little openings (hole zones) between each other that make fibril have stripped appearance

(individual, head to tail quarter staggered collagen molecules)

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11
Q

fibrils will randomly criss cross each other this is called

A

cross striated collagen fibrils

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12
Q

collagen molecule is made of

A

3 polypeptide chains that wind around each other

  • type II collagen
  • trimeric
  • rope like, rigid

+ charged (many basic amino acids’s (lysine and histidine))

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13
Q

what makes collagen molecule positive charge

A

has a lot of positively charged amino acids

lysine and histidine

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14
Q

eosin is a ___ dye

A

acidic dye

negative charge

will stain basic (+) acidophilic structures pink

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15
Q

hematoxylin is a ___ dye

A

basic

positive charge

will stain acidic(-) or basophilic structures blue/purple

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16
Q

collagen is ___ charged therefore it will stain with ___ and be ___

A

positive charged

eosin

pink

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17
Q

make up of ground substance

A

supramolecular aggregate of sulfated proteoglycans (negative charge)

back bone of hyaluronic acid (GAG) glycosaminoglycans

cross attached with proteoglycans (core protein)

each protein have more GAG cross attached to them

attached to each other by link proteins

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18
Q

back bone of ground substance

A

hyaluronic acid (GAG)

glycosaminoglycans (chain of repeating sugar heterodimers)

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19
Q

what is the name of the GAG molecules that attach to the core proteins of ground substance

A

chondroitin sulfate

keratan sulfate

(contains sulfate groups, high negative charge)

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20
Q

what is special about

chondroitin sulfate

keratan sulfate

and where are they found

A

contain sulfate groups

high negative charge

cross linked to core proteins of ground substance

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21
Q

what does the negative charge of the GAG chains do

A

spread out for each other and GAG on other core proteins

  • hydrophilic- bind to water/ very hydrated- jello like
  • basophilic ( will bind to hematoxylin- will stain purple)

-metachromatic- shift in color of the stain

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22
Q

what does GAG proteins being hydrophilic do?

A

makes them bind to a bunch of water

gel-like, jello like

very hydrated

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23
Q

most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

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24
Q

younger cartilage cells live on the ___ of tissue

A

outside

chondroblasts

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25
Q

older, more mature cartilage cells live ___

A

deeper within tissue

surrounded by ECM- ground substance and type II fibrils

Chondrocytes

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26
Q

how does cartilage get nutrients

A

perichondrium

two layer membrane on surface of cartilage that contains

  • outer membrane dense irregular connective tissue and vasculature
  • inner membrane has progenitor cells for cartilage
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27
Q

perichondrium layers

A
  • outer membrane dense irregular connective tissue and vasculature
  • inner membrane has progenitor cells for cartilage
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28
Q

what enables cartilage to be compressed

A

sulfated proteoglycans

when compressed they will let go of the water and get closer to each other, compress

when compression stops, they will rebind to water and expand away from each other

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29
Q

proteoglycans can bind to water but will also bind to ___

A

growth factors and cytokines needed for cartilage development

calcium- prevents cartilage from mineralization (prevents from binding to phosphate which starts mineralization)

30
Q

What does calcium binding to proteoglycan of ground substance of cartilage do?

A

prevents cartilage from mineralization (prevents from binding to phosphate which starts mineralization)

31
Q

formation of cartilage

A

chondrogenesis

32
Q

steps of chrondrogenesis

A

mesenchymal condensations (progenitor cells)

chondroblasts

chondrocytes

isogenic groups

33
Q

mesenchymal cells in chondrogenesis

A

star shaped cells, migrate as a sheet until they get to where cartilage is to be formed and get pushed together and form into chondroblasts

34
Q

chondroblasts

A

made from mesenchymal cells pushed together

start to secrete ECM, when cells make so much ECM it pushes them away from each other they are then referred to as mature chondrocytes

35
Q

chondrocytes

A

surrounded by ECM

will divide but can’t move away from each other will form isogenic groups

36
Q

the matrix directly outside a isogenic group

A

isogenic group- chondrocyte and its daughter cells

territorial matrix- usually has more sulfated proteoglycans

(stain purple- more negative)

37
Q

the matrix father away form isogenic groups

A

inter territorial matrix

has less sulfated proteoglycans

has more fiber components

stains (pink- more positive)

38
Q

home where chondrocytes live in the EMC

A

lacunae

39
Q

where is the perichondrium

A
40
Q

describe what is happening

A

hyaline cartilage surrounded

2 layer perichondrium

dense irregular connective tissue with vessels

and inner layer with progenitor cells

young chondroblasts secreting ECM forming into chondrocytes

chondrocytes dividing to turn into isogenic groups

41
Q

two ways cartilage can grow

A

apositional

interstitial

42
Q

describe apositional growth of cartilage

A

outside/border of cartilage

perichondrium

chondroprogenitors turning into chondroblasts which secrete ECM and turn into chondrocytes

43
Q

where does apositional growth of cartilage happen

A

perichondrium (2 layer border of cartilage) happens in inner layer

44
Q

describe interstitial growth of cartilage

A

chondrocytes dividing into isogenous groups

happens on inside of cartilage

45
Q

because cartilage can ___ it can grow very happidly

A

grown two ways: apositional and interstitial

46
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline

elastic

fribrocartilage

47
Q

describe hyaline cartilage

A

type II collagen

Function: structural support, rapid growth, withstand compression

Locations: fetal skeleton, respiratory passages (laryngeal, tracheal, bronchial cartilages), cushioning of joints

48
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A

Type II collagen and elastin

Function: flexible support, ability to withstand deformation

Location: external ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis, larynx cartilage

49
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A

type I and Type II collagen

Function: attachment to bone, provides restricted mobility under great mechanical stress

Location: annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, bone-ligament junctions (always found in association with dense connective tissue)

50
Q

in fibrocartilage isogenous groups are found in ___

A

rows

51
Q

endochondral ossification

A

how bone is formed from cartilage precursor

primary center of ossification

bony collar forms on diaphysis (shaft)

this triggers maturation of cartilage which ends in cartilage hypertrophy

this allows vasculature to enter cartilage which brings cells that eat cartilage and form bone

will form bony spicules and marrow cavity

This processes is repeated at ends of bone (secondary center of ossification)

area in between centers of ossification are the cartilaginous growth plates

When bone fully developed growth plate degrades and primary and secondary ossification centers fuse

52
Q

1st step of endochondral ossification

A

bony collar forms around shaft of bone

perichondrium becomes periosteum

triggers

zone of proliferation

zone of hypertrophy

53
Q

1st step of endochondral ossification perichondrium becomes ___

A

periosteum

54
Q

zones of endochondral ossification

A

zone of proliferation

zone of hypertrophy

zone of erosion

zone of ossification

55
Q

Zone of hypertrophy is able to be __

A

invaded by vasculature which brings in mesenchymal progenitor cells and chodroclasts and osteoclasts

56
Q

chondroclasts do what___

A

(eat) break down cartilage

(zone of erosion)

57
Q

zone of ossification

A

mesenchymal progenitor cells transform into osteoblasts

where bone is being formed on top of the hypertrophic cartilage remnants

58
Q

what is I

A

zone of resting

59
Q

what is II

A

zone of proliferation

cartilage cells rapidly divide and form rows

60
Q

what is III

A

zone of hypertrophy

cartilage cells grow in size, get really big

cartilage cells form different type of ECM

61
Q

What is IV

A

Zone of erosion

chondroclasts eat cartilage

came from outside bone when vessels invaded

62
Q

What is V

A

zone of ossification

mesenchymal cells transform into osteoblasts which make bones on the hypertrophic cartilage matrix backbone

form trabecular bone

bone marrow cavity forms

63
Q

where does cartilage remain when bone is fully grown

A

articular cap

(end of bone)

does not have perichondrium- can not rebuild itself- osteoarthritis

64
Q

structure of hyaline cartilage

A

avascular

hydrated sponge concept

molecular seive concept

65
Q

when cartilage is replaced by bone inside of long bones it is called

A

trabecular bone (spongy bone)

66
Q

in collagen fibril the area where collagen molecules connect

A

hole zones

collagen molecules are “staggered”

gives stripped appearance

67
Q

Type II collagen

A

trimeric molecule

laterally aggregates into fibrils

fibrils criss cross randomly

slightly basic (positive), eosinophilic (pink)

provides rigid structural support

68
Q

supramolecular PG/GAG aggregates

A

hyaluronic acid backbone

mainly chondroitin/keratan sulfate side chains

highly negative, basophilic (purple stain)

hydrophilic- spongy, gel like

metachromatic stain- changes color of stain

69
Q

outer layer of perichondrium is

A

gense irregular CT

has vessels

70
Q

fibrocartilage forms in___

A

rings

isogenous groups are in rows

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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