TEAS 7 - Science (Skeletal System) Flashcards
The ___ is the lining inside of the bone that contains bone cells that allow the bone to grow, repair, and remodel throughout life.
endosteum
The ___ part of the outer double-layered structure on the outside of bones that grow, repair, and remodel bone as well.
periosteum
What are the cells that synthesize the bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton?
osteoblasts
___ are the longest-living bone cells, making up 90-95% of cells in bone tissue.
Osteocytes
___ is the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
Diaphysis
What is the area of the bone where bone growth takes place?
epiphysis
What are the cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions?
osteoclasts
The skeletal system not only helps to provide movement and ___ but also serves as a storage area for ___ and inorganic salts and a source of blood cells.
support
calcium
How many bones are there in the human body?
206 bones
___ bones have a long longitudinal axis.
Long bones
___ have a short longitudinal axis and are more cube-like.
Short bones
___ bones are thin and curved, such as some of the bones of the skull.
Flat bones
___ bones are found in ligaments.
Sesamoid
___ bones are often found in groups and have a variety of shapes and sizes.
Irregular bones
What are the 2 types of bone tissue?
- compact bone
- cancellous bone
___ bone is bone that is very dense.
Compact
*also called cortical bone
___ bone is bone that looks like a trabeculated matrix.
Cancellous bone
*also called spongy bone
Osteocytes (bone-forming cells) get their nutrients by ___.
diffusion
Compact bone is organized according to structural units called ___ (Haversian systems). These are connected together and form an ___ structure that provides support and strength to bones.
osteons
interconnected
Osteons contain a central ___ (Haversian canal) that serves as a pathway for blood vessels and nerves.
canal
Bone is deposited along concentric rings called ___.
lamellae
Along the lamellae are small openings called ___.
lacunae
The lacunae contain fluid and bone cells called ___.
osteocytes
Radiating out in all directions from lacunae are small canals called ___.
canaliculi
Osteons are interconnected by a series of larger canals called ___ canals (perforating canals).
Volksmann’s canals
What are the 3 basic types of cells in bone?
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
___ build up bone. They undergo mitosis and secrete a substance called osteoid that acts as the framework for bone. Once osteoid is secreted, minerals can deposit and form hardened bone.
Osteoblasts
___ are mature osteoblasts that cannot divide by mitosis. Osteocytes reside in lacunae.
Osteocytes
___ are capable of demineralizing bone. They free up calcium from bone and release it into the blood depending on the body’s needs.
Osteoclasts
Tubular bones develop from a process known as ___ ossification. During this process, bones develop from hyaline ___ templates.
endochondral
cartilage
The osteoblasts secrete ___ ___ in all directions around the cell. The matrix unites with that secreted by other osteoblasts as the bone forms. Eventually, the osteoblasts may be ___ off by the bony matrix. At this point, the osteoblast is called an ___.
bony matrix
walled
osteocyte
There are 2 bone-forming processes: ___ bones called intramembranous bones develop in sheet-like layers. ___ bones called endochondral bones develop from cartilage templates.
flat
Tubular
During ___ ossification, bones form from sheet-like layers of connective tissue. These layers have a vascular supply and contain bone-forming cells called ___.
intramembranous (flat bone)
osteoblasts
Tubular bone first develops by the formation of the outer covering called the ___, then the primary and secondary ___ centers are developed. Next, the ___ cavity is developed, and the ___ plates and spongy bone are formed.
periosteum
ossification
medullary
epiphyseal
The middle tubular portion is called the ___ and the ends are called ___. Between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the ___.
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
The outer covering is called the ___ and the hollow inner cavity is called the ___ ___ the contains the bone marrow.
periosteum
medullary cavity
The epiphysis contains the epiphyseal plate or (___ plate).
growth
There is spongy (trabeculated) bone in the ___ and compact bone in the ___.
epiphysis
diaphysis
What kind of bone is in the epiphysis?
spongy (trabeculated) bone
What kind of bone is in the diaphysis?
compact bone
___ are fibrous joints that holds the bones of the skull together.
Suture
A ___ is a rounded bump that serves as a site for muscle and ligament attachments.
tubercle
A ___ is a rounded bump that has a gradual slope.
tuberosity
The styloid process is a ___ process.
pointy
The ___ is a very large bump found on the femur bone.
trochanter
The ___ is a large rounded process.
Condyle
What is the hole found in bones for arteries, veins, and nerves?
Foramen
What do we call a hollow cavity within a bone?
sinus
How many bones are there in the skull?
22 bones
Of the 22 bones that make up the skull, how many form the cranium?
8 bones
The human skeleton is divided into ___ main parts.
2
What are the 2 main parts of the human skeleton?
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
What does the axial skeleton include?
skull, spine, ribcage, and sacrum
What does the appendicular skeleton include?
upper and lower extemities
What are the 8 bones of the cranium?
- Frontal
- Occipital
- Right and left Parietals
- Right and left Temporals
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
The cranial bones are held together by special joints called ___.
sutures
Sutures are joints considered ___ and composed of ___ fibrous connective tissue.
immovable
dense
The ___ ___ connects the parietal bones at the top of the skull. It lies in the sagittal plane.
Sagittal suture
The Sagittal suture connects the ___ ___ at the top of the skull. It lies in the sagittal plane.
parietal bones
The ___ ___ connects both parietal bones to the frontal bone on the top of the skull. It lies in a coronal plane.
Coronal suture
The ___ ___ connects the occipital bone to the posterior portions of the parietal bones.
Lambdoid suture
Coronal suture—connects both parietal bones to the ___ ___ on the top of the skull. It lies in a coronal plane.
frontal bone
The Squamosus suture connects the parietal bones to the ___ ___.
temporal bones
The Lambdoid suture connects the ___ ___ to the posterior portions of the parietal bones.
occipital bone
The ___ ___ connects the parietal bones to the temporal bones.
Squamosus suture
The occipital bone contains the ___ ___ which is a passageway for the spinal cord.
foramen magnum
Identify the frontal bone.
point to the structure
Identify the parietal bones.
point to the structure
Identify the temporal bones.
point to the structures
Identify the occipital bone.
point to the structure
Identify the foramen ovale.
point to the structure
Identify the sagittal suture.
point to the structure
Identify the coronal suture.
point to the structure
Identify the squamous suture.
point to the structure
Identify the lamboid suture.
point to the structure
Identify the sphenoid suture.
point to the structure
Identify the ethmoid bone.
point to the structure
Identify the lacrimal bone.
point to the structure
Identify the vomer bone.
point to the structure
Identify the nasal bone.
point to the structure
Identify the mandible bone.
point to the structure
Identify the maxilla bone.
point to the structure
Identify the zygomatic bone.
point to the structure
Identify the perpendicular plate.
point to the structure
Identify the palatine bone.
point to the structure
Identify the sella turcica.
point to the structure
Identify the lesser wings of the sella turcica.
point to the structure
Identify the greater wings of the sella turcica.
point to the structure
Identify the crista galli.
point to the structure
___ is the spinal curve with the convexity of the curve anterior.
lordosis
*often affects the lumbar
*makes L-shape
*curves inward (anterior)
___ is the spinal curve with the concavity of the curve anterior.
Kyphosis
*often affects the thoracic vertebrae
*curves outward (posterior)
What do we call an increased lordotic curve?
hyperlordosis
What do we call an increased kyphotic curve?
hyperkyphosis
How many vertebra in the spine?
25 vertebra
What are the 3 regions of the spine?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
What is the “memory trick” to remember how many vertebrae are in each region of the spine?
Breakfast - Cervical has 7 vertebrae
Lunch - Thoracic has 12 vertebrae
Dinner - Lumbar has 5 vertebrae
The cervical spine has 2 very unique vertebrae called the ___ and ___.
atlas and axis
The vertebrae are numbered according to their location from top to bottom. For example, C2 is the ___ ___ vertebra, T5 is the ___ ___ vertebra and L5 is the ___ ___ vertebra.
second cervical
fifth thoracic
fifth lumbar
There are ___ spinal curves.
4
The cervical and lumbar curves are both known as ___ curves or lordoses.
lordotic
Which curves of the spine are considered to be in lordosis?
cervical and lumbar curves
What are the 4 spinal curves?
cervical curve
thoracic curve
lumbar curve
pelvic curve
A lordotic curve is characterized by having its ___ anterior.
convexity
Lordotic curves are considered ___ curves because they develop ___ birth when humans begin to hold their heads up, sit up, and walk.
secondary
after
The thoracic and pelvic curves are called ___ curves.
kyphotic
Which curves of the spine are considered to be in kyphosis?
thoracic and pelvic curves
Kyphotic curves or kyphoses are characterized as being ___ anteriorly.
concave
