TEAS 7 - Science (Skeletal System) Flashcards
The ___ is the lining inside of the bone that contains bone cells that allow the bone to grow, repair, and remodel throughout life.
endosteum
The ___ part of the outer double-layered structure on the outside of bones that grow, repair, and remodel bone as well.
periosteum
What are the cells that synthesize the bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton?
osteoblasts
___ are the longest-living bone cells, making up 90-95% of cells in bone tissue.
Osteocytes
___ is the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
Diaphysis
What is the area of the bone where bone growth takes place?
epiphysis
What are the cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions?
osteoclasts
The skeletal system not only helps to provide movement and ___ but also serves as a storage area for ___ and inorganic salts and a source of blood cells.
support
calcium
How many bones are there in the human body?
206 bones
___ bones have a long longitudinal axis.
Long bones
___ have a short longitudinal axis and are more cube-like.
Short bones
___ bones are thin and curved, such as some of the bones of the skull.
Flat bones
___ bones are found in ligaments.
Sesamoid
___ bones are often found in groups and have a variety of shapes and sizes.
Irregular bones
What are the 2 types of bone tissue?
- compact bone
- cancellous bone
___ bone is bone that is very dense.
Compact
*also called cortical bone
___ bone is bone that looks like a trabeculated matrix.
Cancellous bone
*also called spongy bone
Osteocytes (bone-forming cells) get their nutrients by ___.
diffusion
Compact bone is organized according to structural units called ___ (Haversian systems). These are connected together and form an ___ structure that provides support and strength to bones.
osteons
interconnected
Osteons contain a central ___ (Haversian canal) that serves as a pathway for blood vessels and nerves.
canal
Bone is deposited along concentric rings called ___.
lamellae
Along the lamellae are small openings called ___.
lacunae
The lacunae contain fluid and bone cells called ___.
osteocytes
Radiating out in all directions from lacunae are small canals called ___.
canaliculi
Osteons are interconnected by a series of larger canals called ___ canals (perforating canals).
Volksmann’s canals
What are the 3 basic types of cells in bone?
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
___ build up bone. They undergo mitosis and secrete a substance called osteoid that acts as the framework for bone. Once osteoid is secreted, minerals can deposit and form hardened bone.
Osteoblasts
___ are mature osteoblasts that cannot divide by mitosis. Osteocytes reside in lacunae.
Osteocytes
___ are capable of demineralizing bone. They free up calcium from bone and release it into the blood depending on the body’s needs.
Osteoclasts
Tubular bones develop from a process known as ___ ossification. During this process, bones develop from hyaline ___ templates.
endochondral
cartilage
The osteoblasts secrete ___ ___ in all directions around the cell. The matrix unites with that secreted by other osteoblasts as the bone forms. Eventually, the osteoblasts may be ___ off by the bony matrix. At this point, the osteoblast is called an ___.
bony matrix
walled
osteocyte
There are 2 bone-forming processes: ___ bones called intramembranous bones develop in sheet-like layers. ___ bones called endochondral bones develop from cartilage templates.
flat
Tubular
During ___ ossification, bones form from sheet-like layers of connective tissue. These layers have a vascular supply and contain bone-forming cells called ___.
intramembranous (flat bone)
osteoblasts
Tubular bone first develops by the formation of the outer covering called the ___, then the primary and secondary ___ centers are developed. Next, the ___ cavity is developed, and the ___ plates and spongy bone are formed.
periosteum
ossification
medullary
epiphyseal
The middle tubular portion is called the ___ and the ends are called ___. Between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the ___.
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
The outer covering is called the ___ and the hollow inner cavity is called the ___ ___ the contains the bone marrow.
periosteum
medullary cavity
The epiphysis contains the epiphyseal plate or (___ plate).
growth
There is spongy (trabeculated) bone in the ___ and compact bone in the ___.
epiphysis
diaphysis
What kind of bone is in the epiphysis?
spongy (trabeculated) bone
What kind of bone is in the diaphysis?
compact bone
___ are fibrous joints that holds the bones of the skull together.
Suture
A ___ is a rounded bump that serves as a site for muscle and ligament attachments.
tubercle
A ___ is a rounded bump that has a gradual slope.
tuberosity
The styloid process is a ___ process.
pointy
The ___ is a very large bump found on the femur bone.
trochanter
The ___ is a large rounded process.
Condyle
What is the hole found in bones for arteries, veins, and nerves?
Foramen
What do we call a hollow cavity within a bone?
sinus
How many bones are there in the skull?
22 bones
Of the 22 bones that make up the skull, how many form the cranium?
8 bones
The human skeleton is divided into ___ main parts.
2
What are the 2 main parts of the human skeleton?
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
What does the axial skeleton include?
skull, spine, ribcage, and sacrum
What does the appendicular skeleton include?
upper and lower extemities
What are the 8 bones of the cranium?
- Frontal
- Occipital
- Right and left Parietals
- Right and left Temporals
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
The cranial bones are held together by special joints called ___.
sutures
Sutures are joints considered ___ and composed of ___ fibrous connective tissue.
immovable
dense
The ___ ___ connects the parietal bones at the top of the skull. It lies in the sagittal plane.
Sagittal suture
The Sagittal suture connects the ___ ___ at the top of the skull. It lies in the sagittal plane.
parietal bones
The ___ ___ connects both parietal bones to the frontal bone on the top of the skull. It lies in a coronal plane.
Coronal suture
The ___ ___ connects the occipital bone to the posterior portions of the parietal bones.
Lambdoid suture
Coronal suture—connects both parietal bones to the ___ ___ on the top of the skull. It lies in a coronal plane.
frontal bone
The Squamosus suture connects the parietal bones to the ___ ___.
temporal bones
The Lambdoid suture connects the ___ ___ to the posterior portions of the parietal bones.
occipital bone
The ___ ___ connects the parietal bones to the temporal bones.
Squamosus suture
The occipital bone contains the ___ ___ which is a passageway for the spinal cord.
foramen magnum
Identify the frontal bone.
point to the structure
Identify the parietal bones.
point to the structure
Identify the temporal bones.
point to the structures
Identify the occipital bone.
point to the structure
Identify the foramen ovale.
point to the structure
Identify the sagittal suture.
point to the structure
Identify the coronal suture.
point to the structure
Identify the squamous suture.
point to the structure
Identify the lamboid suture.
point to the structure
Identify the sphenoid suture.
point to the structure
Identify the ethmoid bone.
point to the structure
Identify the lacrimal bone.
point to the structure
Identify the vomer bone.
point to the structure
Identify the nasal bone.
point to the structure
Identify the mandible bone.
point to the structure
Identify the maxilla bone.
point to the structure
Identify the zygomatic bone.
point to the structure
Identify the perpendicular plate.
point to the structure
Identify the palatine bone.
point to the structure
Identify the sella turcica.
point to the structure
Identify the lesser wings of the sella turcica.
point to the structure
Identify the greater wings of the sella turcica.
point to the structure
Identify the crista galli.
point to the structure
___ is the spinal curve with the convexity of the curve anterior.
lordosis
*often affects the lumbar
*makes L-shape
*curves inward (anterior)
___ is the spinal curve with the concavity of the curve anterior.
Kyphosis
*often affects the thoracic vertebrae
*curves outward (posterior)
What do we call an increased lordotic curve?
hyperlordosis
What do we call an increased kyphotic curve?
hyperkyphosis
How many vertebra in the spine?
25 vertebra
What are the 3 regions of the spine?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
What is the “memory trick” to remember how many vertebrae are in each region of the spine?
Breakfast - Cervical has 7 vertebrae
Lunch - Thoracic has 12 vertebrae
Dinner - Lumbar has 5 vertebrae
The cervical spine has 2 very unique vertebrae called the ___ and ___.
atlas and axis
The vertebrae are numbered according to their location from top to bottom. For example, C2 is the ___ ___ vertebra, T5 is the ___ ___ vertebra and L5 is the ___ ___ vertebra.
second cervical
fifth thoracic
fifth lumbar
There are ___ spinal curves.
4
The cervical and lumbar curves are both known as ___ curves or lordoses.
lordotic
Which curves of the spine are considered to be in lordosis?
cervical and lumbar curves
What are the 4 spinal curves?
cervical curve
thoracic curve
lumbar curve
pelvic curve
A lordotic curve is characterized by having its ___ anterior.
convexity
Lordotic curves are considered ___ curves because they develop ___ birth when humans begin to hold their heads up, sit up, and walk.
secondary
after
The thoracic and pelvic curves are called ___ curves.
kyphotic
Which curves of the spine are considered to be in kyphosis?
thoracic and pelvic curves
Kyphotic curves or kyphoses are characterized as being ___ anteriorly.
concave
The kyphotic curves are considered ___ curves because they are present at birth.
primary
What do we call an increased curvature of the cervical or lumbar spine?
hyperlordosis
What do we call an increased curvature of the thoracic or pelvic spine?
hyperkyphosis
What do we call a decreased curvature of the cervical or lumbar spine?
hypolordosis
The ___ attach to the 12 thoracic vertebra in the back and some ribs attach to the sternum in the front.
ribs
There are ___ types of ribs.
3
What are the 3 types of ribs?
true ribs
false ribs
floating ribs
Ribs 1-7 are called ___ ribs.
true
Ribs 8-10 are called ___ ribs.
false
Why are ribs 1-7 called true ribs?
because they attach directly to the sternum
Ribs 11-12 are called ___ ribs.
floating
How are ribs 1-7 (true ribs) attached to the sternum?
by way of their cartilage called costochondral cartilage
What is the name of the cartilage that attached the ribs to the sternum?
costochondral cartilage
Why are ribs 8-10 called false ribs?
because they are attached to the cartilage of the true ribs
Why are ribs 11-12 called floating ribs?
because they have no connection to the sternum
The sternum has ___ parts.
3
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
manubrium - superior portion
body - middle portion
xiphoid process - inferior portion
The ___ is a triangular bone that consists of a series of 5 fused vertebrae.
sacrum
How many fused bones are there in the sacrum?
5
How many small, fused bones are there in the coccyx?
3-5
The inferior end of the sacrum is a small bone called the ___ which consists of another series of 3-5 very small, fused vertebrae.
coccyx
The ribs attach to the 12 ___ vertebra in the back.
thoracic
The upper extremity begins with what is called the ___ (shoulder) girdle.
pectoral
What bones does the pectoral girdle consist of?
clavicle and scapula
The pectoral girdle acts as a support for the ___.
arms
The pectoral girdle attaches to the axial skeleton where the ___ attaches to the sternum (sternoclavicular joint). This is the only direct attachment of the arm to the ___.
clavicle
body
What is the only direct attachment of the arm to the body?
clavicle to sternum (sternoclavicular joint)
*there are many muscles that help to stabilize the connection
The ___ are the only S-shaped bones.
clavicles
The ___ is a triangular bone located in the posterior portion of the thoracic area. It articulates with the clavicle and the humerus.
scapula
What forms the “socket” of the ball and socket joint of the shoulder?
glenoid cavity
The ___ ___ or fossa is a concave surface on the lateral aspect of the scapula. It forms the “___” of the ball and socket joint of the shoulder.
glenoid cavity
“socket”
The ___ of the scapula is located on the posterior surface. It is a ridge of bone extending superiorly from medial to lateral.
spine
The ___ ___ is the terminal end of the spine of the scapula. It is a large process and articulates with the clavicle. The acromion process marks the highest point of the shoulder.
acromion process
The ___ ___ is located on the anterior aspect of the scapula. This process is smaller than the acromion process and is located anterior and inferior to it.
coracoid process
What markets the highest point of the shoulder?
acromion process
Identify the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
point to the structure
Identify the head of the humerus.
point to the structure
The ___ is the proximal bone of the arm. It is a long tubular bone that articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna.
humerus
Identify the surgical neck of the humerus.
point to the structure
Identify the anatomical neck of the humerus.
point to the structure
Identify the greater tubercle of the humerus.
point of the structure
Identify the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
point to the structure
Identify the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
point to the structure
Identify the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
point to the structure
Identify the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
point to the structure
Identify the capitulum of the humerus.
point to the structure
Identify the trochlea of the humerus.
point to the structure
Identify the olecranon fossa.
point to the structure
Identify the coronoid fossa.
point to the structure
The bump on your elbow is actually the ___ process of the ulna
olecranon
The ulna and radius both support the forearm. The ulna is on the ___ side of the forearm (when the palms are faced up). The radius is on the ___ side of the forearm (when the palms are faced up)
medial
lateral
The ulna articulates with the trochlea of the ___ and forms a hinge joint.
humerus
Identify the olecranon process of the ulna.
point to the structure
Identify the trochlear notch of the ulna.
point to the structure
Identify the trochlear notch of the ulna.
point to the structure
Identify the radial notch of the ulna.
point to the structure
Identify the styloid process of the ulna.
point to the structure
Identify the head of the radius.
point to the structure
Identify the radial tuberosity of the radius.
point to the structure
Identify the styloid process of the radius.
point to the structure
The carpal bones are located in the ___.
wrist
The carpal bones consist of ___ bones that articulate with the radius and ulna ___ and the metacarpals ___.
8
proximally
distally
The 8 carpal bones:
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
What is the “memory trick” for the 8 carpal bones?
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle
The remaining fingers have proximal, ___ and ___ phalanges.
middle, distal
The bones of the hand are called the ____. They are numbered 1-5.
metacarpals
The finger bones are called ___. They are numbered the same as the metacarpals and named for their location.
phalanges
The ___ has only a proximal and distal phalanx.
thumb
The lower portion of the appendicular skeleton begins with the ___ girdle which includes the ___ bones.
pelvic girdle
coxal bones
What are the 3 fused bones of the coxal bone?
ilium
ischium
pubis
The coxal bones consist of ___ fused bones.
3
The 2 coxal ilium bones connect with the sacrum to form the ___ ___.
sacroiliac joints
The ___ is the largest bone of the coxal bones and if you put your hands on your hips you are resting them on your ilium bones.
ilium
The femur bone is the upper leg bone and is the ___ bone in the body.
longest
What is the longest bone in the body?
femur bone
Identify the head of the femur.
point to the structure
Identify the neck of the femur.
point to the structure
Identify the lesser trochanter of the femur.
point to the structure
Identify the greater trochanter of the femur.
point to the structure
Identify the medial and lateral condyles.
point to the structures
Identify the tibial tuberosity of the tibia.
point to the structure
Between the tibia and fibula of the lower leg, which bone is larger? Which bone is medial and which bone is lateral?
tibia is larger
tibia is medial
fibula is lateral
Identify the tibial condyles of the tibia.
point to the structure
Identify the medial malleolus of the tibia.
point to the structure
Identify the fibular head of the fibula.
point to the structure
Identify the lateral malleolus of the fibula.
point to the structure
Identify the patella (knee bone).
point to the structure
The ___ and ___ consist of the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges and have a similar construction to the wrist and hand.
ankle and foot
The ___ or heel bone is the largest of the tarsals.
calcaneus
What do we call the knee bone?
patella
The ___ forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula.
talus
The bones of the tarsals:
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Lateral cuneiform
- Intermediate cuneiform
- Medial cuneiform
What is the bone that we call heel bone?
calcaneus
What is a “memory trick” for the bones of the tarsals?
“Tiger Cubs Need MILC”
There are 3 ___ bones named for their position which articulate with the metatarsals.
cuneiform
*medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones
There are 5 tubular bones of the feet called ___ that are named for their position (1-5).
metatarsals
The phalanges of the feet are similar to those in the fingers. The big toe only has ___ and ___ phalanges while the remaining toes have ___, ___, and ___ phalanges.
proximal and distal
proximal, middle, and distal
Joints are called ___.
articulations
Joints can be classified according to the ___ that connects the bones. Joints can also be classified according to their degree of ___.
tissue
movement
What are the three basic categories of joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilagenous
- Synovial
Fibrous joints are held together by ___ connective tissue.
dense
Examples of ___ joints include the sutures in the skull, teeth, and ligaments between bones called interosseous ligaments.
fibrous joints
Most joints in the body are what type of joint?
synovial joint
Cartilagenous joints are bones united by ___.
cartilage
Examples of ___ joints include the intervertebral discs and the symphysis pubis.
cartilaginous
Synovial joints contain fluid (___ ___) and cartilage on the ends of the bones.
synovial fluid
Synovial joints are ___ movable and encapsulated by a synovial membrane.
freely
___ ___ are freely movable and encapsulated by a synovial membrane.
Synovial joints
In synovial joints, strong bands of dense connective tissue called ___ connect the bones together.
ligaments
Some synovial joints contain discs of fibrocartilage called ___ that act as small cushions to help dissipate force from the bones.
menisci
Menisci are fibrocartilage disks that act as ___ to help dissipate from the bones.
cushions
Small sacs called bursa contain synovial fluid that helps to cushion the area around the joints and reduce friction.
bursa
Bursa are small ___ that contain synovial fluid to help cushion and ___ friction in the area around it.
sac
reduce
Ball and socket joints, hinge joints, condyloid joints, gliding joints, pivot joints, and saddle joints are types of ____ joints.
synovial joints
Ball and socket joints are a type of ___ joint and consist of a ___ process and rounded socket.
synovial
rounded
___ and ___ joints consist of a rounded process and rounded socket. These include the hip and shoulder and allow for a variety of movements.
Ball and socket joints
Hinge joints are a type of ___ joint and consist of a convex surface and ___ socket.
synovial
concave
___ joints consist of a convex surface and concave socket. Examples include the joint between the humerus and ulna as well as in some of the phalanges. Hinge joints only move in ___ plane.
Hinge joints
one
Condyloid joints are a type of ___ joint and consist of ___ processes fitting into elliptical sockets.
synovial
oval
___ joints consist of oval processes fitting into elliptical sockets. An example of this joint is the metacarpal phalangeal joint.
Condyloid joints
Gliding joints are a type of ___ joint and consist of ___ surfaces connected together. Examples include the carpal bones of the wrist.
synovial
flattened
___ joints consist of flattened surfaces connected together. Examples include the carpal bones of the wrist.
Gliding joints
___ joints consist of a cylinder fitting into a ring of bone. Examples include the joint between the atlas and the axis of the spine and the joint between the radius and humerus.
Pivot joints
Saddle joints are a type of ___ joint and consist of two bones having ___ concave and convex surfaces.
synovial
both
Pivot joints are a type of ___ joint and consist of a ___ fitting into a ring of bone.
synovial
cylinder
Flexion consists of the humerus moving ___ in a sagittal plane.
anteriorly
___ consists of the humerus moving posteriorly in a sagittal plane.
Extension
___ is the movement of the humerus away from the body in a coronal plane.
Abduction
Abduction is the movement of the humerus ___ from the body in a coronal plane.
away
Extension consists of the humerus moving ___ in a sagittal plane.
posteriorly
___ joints consist of two bones having both concave and convex surfaces. An example is the carpal-metacarpal joint of the hand.
Saddle joints
___ consists of the humerus moving anteriorly in a sagittal plane.
Flexion
Adduction is moving the humerus ___ the body in a coronal plane.
toward
___ is moving the humerus toward the body in a coronal plane.
Adduction
Internal rotation is moving the humerus along its long axis ___ the body.
toward
___ ___ is moving the humerus along its long axis toward the body.
Internal rotation
___ ___ is moving the humerus along its long axis away from the body.
External rotation
___ is the movement of the foot so the sole of the foot points medially.
Inversion
External rotation is moving the humerus along its long axis ___ from the body.
away
Inversion is the movement of the foot so the sole of the foot points ___.
medially
___ is the movement of the foot so the sole of the foot points laterally.
Eversion
Eversion is the movement of the foot so the sole of the foot points ___.
laterally
What is a common inflammatory disorder of the joints?
arthritis
What kind of arthritis can worn-down joints develop?
osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is developed by ___-___ joints.
worn-down
What kind of arthritis is caused by an autoimmune disorder?
rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by an ___ disorder.
autoimmune
___ ___ is composed of repeating units of osteons and is the strongest form of bone tissue. On the contrary, ___ ___ is lighter than compact bone tissue and is always located on the interior of the bone.
Compact bone
spongy bone
Osteoporosis is an ___ in bone remodeling where bone resorption ___ bone formation, resulting in porous and fragile bones.
imbalance
exceeds
Physiologically, bone resorption and deposition are in equilibrium. Which of the following is the result of inhibition of bone resorption and prevention of calcium removal from the bone?
hypocalcemia
The epiphyseal plate which is responsible for the continued elongation of bones is made up of ___.
cartilage
The yellow marrow-containing space found within adult bone diaphysis is called the:
medullary cavity
Sesamoid bones develop from tendons. Which of the following are sesamoid bones?
patellae (kneecaps)
Which of the following causes bone matrix resorption during bone growth and remodeling?
osteoclasts
___ are the cells responsible for bone matrix synthesis and calcification.
Osteoblasts
___ are responsible for the maintenance of calcified bone matrix.
Osteocytes
When someone is immobile, they may experience loss of bone density due to ___.
demineralization
Fragile bones due to production of deficient or defective collagen as a result of a genetic defect is a characteristic of which of the following conditions?
Brittle Bone Disease
The site where two or more bones meet is called a ___.
joint
Which of the following bones is responsible for side-to-side movement of the head?
axis (C2)
The ___ corresponds to the first cervical vertebrae and facilitates the up-and-down movement of the head.
atlas
*the globe (ATLAS) sits on the AXIS
The inhibition of activity or function of osteoblasts at the epiphyseal plate will result in which of the following?
mineralization of the bone matrix will be halted
*The main function of osteoblasts is to synthesize bone matrix.
**Inhibition of the activity of osteoblasts will result in decreased mineralization and synthesis of the bone matrix.
Which of the following structures allows motion around a single axis and only permits flexion and extension?
hinge joint
Which of the following structures connects a bone and a muscle together and serves to move the bone?
tendon
Which of the following structures connects a bone and another bone together?
ligaments
*ligaments connect bones, cartilage, and joints; they are meant to hold structures together and keep them stable, not help them move.
___ is the tough connective tissue that covers the bone surface.
Periosteum
Which of the following is a component of the axial skeleton that does not form a joint with other bones of the human body?
hyoid
*The hyoid bone is suspended by ligaments and muscles.
