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TEAS 7 Test Prep > TEAS 7 - Science (Immune System) > Flashcards

TEAS 7 - Science (Immune System) Flashcards

1
Q

What body system is a complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death?

A

the immune system

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2
Q

What is the name of the cell that circulates in the blood and contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules in its cytoplasm?

A

Natural killer cell (NK)

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3
Q

Inflammation occurs when ___ are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release ___ including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing ___.

A

tissues

chemicals

swelling

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4
Q

___ is a compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.

A

Histamine

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5
Q

The ___ are the body’s fast-acting, first line of immunological defense against organisms that have breached barrier defenses and have entered the ___ tissues of the body.

A

phagocytes

vulnerable

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6
Q

White blood cells are also known as ___.

A

leukocytes

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7
Q

___ are the most versatile of the phagocytes in the body.

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

Self-Recognition is the ability to distinguish between ___ ___ (those that are normally present in the body) and ___ ___ (those that might be on a potential pathogen).

A

self antigens

foreign antigens

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9
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

death of cells

*normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth and development

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10
Q

How many types of immunity are there? What are they?

A

2

innate and adaptive immunity

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11
Q

In ___ immunity, our bodies present the same kinds of defense systems for ___ types of pathogens. Friend or foe, it keeps everyone out

A

innate

all

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12
Q

___ immunity produces an attack against a ___ pathogen. It can identify potential foes and keep them out.

A

Adaptive

specific

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13
Q

Before birth, the body inventories all of the cells and tissues in the body and classifies them as “___” cells. The presentation of non-self cells can then trigger the immune system. This is known as ___-___.

A

all

“self”

self-recognition

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14
Q

Pathogens are bacteria or viruses that enter the body and trigger an ___ response.

A

immune

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15
Q

The first lines of defense are the natural barriers of the body. These include the ___ and ___ ___. Skin acts as a physical barrier and mucous contains lysozymes that help to destroy pathogens.

A

skin

mucous membranes

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16
Q

If pathogens enter the body ___ ___ ___ are activated to attack pathogens.

A

white blood cells

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17
Q

White blood cells that ingest pathogens called ___.

A

phagocytes

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18
Q

What is the process of ingesting pathogens is called?

A

phagocytosis

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19
Q

list of phagocytic white blood cells:

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Monocytes
  • Mast cells
  • Eosinophils
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20
Q

What is the most common type of white blood cell in the body?

A

neutrophils

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21
Q

___ are the most common type of white blood cell in the body, making them a first line to fight infections. The number of neutrophils in the blood will ___ when a person is ill.

A

Neutrophils

increase

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22
Q

Neutrophil levels may decrease if a person has a ___-___ infection, cancer, an autoimmune condition, or is taking certain medications.

A

long-term

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23
Q

Inflammation is part of a very basic form of immune response which brings ___ and cells into the site to ___ pathogens and isolates the site, limiting the spread of the pathogen.

A

fluid

destroy

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24
Q

Inflammation is produced by the release of chemicals from white blood cells called ___ cells. One of these chemicals is histamine.

A

mast cells

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25
Q

What is one common chemical mast cells release?

A

histamine

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26
Q

Histamine increases the diameter of local blood vessels (___), causing an increase in blood flow. Histamine also promotes capillary ___ causing fluids to leak out which produces swelling.

A

vasodilation

permeability

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27
Q

___ which inhibits viral replication.

A

Interferons

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28
Q

___, which promote fever, help destroy pathogens.

A

Pyrogens

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29
Q

The complement system includes a series of ___ ___ that can be activated by pathogens. The activated proteins can form ___ that attack pathogens.

A

plasma proteins

complexes

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30
Q

The ___ ___ includes a series of plasma proteins that can be activated by pathogens to form complexes that attack pathogens.

A

complement system

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31
Q

Fever, chills, fatigue/loss of energy, headaches, loss of appetite, and muscle stiffness are all ___ of an immune response.

A

symptoms

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32
Q

Macrophages have different names, depending on the tissue: ___ cells in the liver, ___ in connective tissue, and ___ macrophages in the lungs.

A

Kupffer cells

histiocytes

alveolar

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33
Q

White blood cells that are responsible for producing antibodies are called ___.

A

B cells

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34
Q

B cells are immune cells that function primarily by producing ___.

A

antibodies

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35
Q

___ are any of the group of proteins that bind specifically to pathogen-associated molecules known as antigens.

A

Antibodies

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36
Q

___ ___ are antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against pathogens.

A

Dendritic cells

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37
Q

Adaptive immunity will produce a ___ response to ___ antigens on pathogens.

A

specific, specific

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38
Q

Adaptive immunity is primarily controlled by white blood cells (leukocytes) known as ___, which help control immune responses.

A

lymphocytes

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39
Q

___-___ is the ability to distinguish between self-antigens and foreign antigens.

A

Self-recognition

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40
Q

The immune system catalogs all of the body’s cells and tissues as self so that it only attacks ___-___ entities.

A

non-self

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41
Q

The immune system’s first exposure to a pathogen is called a ___ response.

A

primary

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42
Q

Symptoms of a first infection, called a ___ disease, are always relatively severe because it takes ___ for an initial adaptive immune response to a pathogen to become effective.

A

primary

time

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43
Q

Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, a secondary adaptive immune response is generated, which is ___ and ___ than the primary response.

A

stronger

faster

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44
Q

The secondary adaptive response often ___ a pathogen before it can cause significant tissue damage or any symptoms.

A

eliminates

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45
Q

What protects us from getting diseases repeatedly from the same pathogen?

A

immunological memory

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46
Q

___ cells are produced that fully develop upon the next exposure to a pathogen. This is what occurs during the secondary response.

A

Memory cells

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47
Q

The primary cells that control the adaptive immune response are the lymphocytes, the ___ and ___ cells.

A

T and B cells

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48
Q

___ cells recognize antigens on the surface of specialized cells called antigen-presenting cells and trigger an immune response.

A

T cells

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49
Q

___ ___ ___ bear the CD4 molecule and function by secreting cytokines that act to enhance other immune responses.

A

Helper T cells (Th)

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50
Q

Helper T cells (Th) secrete ___ that act to ___ other immune responses.

A

cytokines

enhance

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51
Q

___ ___ ___ bear the CD8 molecule and kill target cells by inducing apoptosis using the same mechanism as Natural Killer (NK) cells.

A

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

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52
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) ___ target cells and induce apoptosis.

A

kill

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53
Q

Activated T-cells also produce ___ cells that remain inactive until the next time the pathogen appears. They then activate quickly to help destroy the pathogen.

A

memory

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54
Q

B-cells are also activated via ___ immunity. B-cells secrete ___ that disable and destroy pathogens.

A

adaptive

antibodies

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55
Q

Antibodies are also known as ___.

A

Immunoglobulins

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56
Q

5 classes of antibodies:

A

IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE

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57
Q

___ is the largest category and accounts for 80% of all antibodies.

A

IgG

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58
Q

IgG antibodies attack ___ and ___.

A

bacteria and viruses

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59
Q

IgE antibodies function in ___ reactions, facilitating the release of histamine and heparin.

A

allergic

60
Q

IgD antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of ___ and help activate B-cells.

A

B cells

61
Q

___ antibodies work with IgG antibodies to form immune complexes.

A

IgM

62
Q

___ is found in secretions such as tears, mucous, and saliva and attack pathogens.

A

IgA

63
Q

Dendritic cells are ___-___ cells found in mucous membranes, lymphatic organs, and the epidermis of the skin. They engulf cells by way of ___.

A

antigen-presenting

endocytosis

64
Q

___ ___ are antigen-presenting cells found in mucous membranes, lymphatic organs, and the epidermis of the skin. These cells have a branched appearance and can engulf pathogens by way of endocytosis.

A

Dendritic cells

65
Q

___ cells are antigen-presenting cells located in lymphatic organs that are known to help regulate T-cell function.

A

Reticular cells

66
Q

___ immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies by the infected person.

A

Active immunity

67
Q

___ immunity is when antibodies come from an outside source.

A

Passive immunity

67
Q

___ ___ ___ occurs from a natural exposure to a pathogen that triggers an immune response. For example, getting a virus and then developing immunity against the virus.

A

Naturally acquired immunity

68
Q

___ ___ ___ results from a non-natural exposure to a pathogen. For example, a vaccine triggers an immune response.

A

Artificially acquired immunity

69
Q

Getting a virus and then developing immunity against the virus is an example of ___.

A

naturally acquired immunity

70
Q

A vaccine that triggers an immune response is an example of ___.

A

artificially acquired immunity

71
Q

___ ___ ___ ___ is the administration of antibodies for patients who have damaged immune systems.

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

72
Q

A fetus or baby that receives antibodies from the mom either during fetal development or by way of breastfeeding is an example of ___.

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

73
Q

___ are an immune response to an inert substance.

A

Allergies

74
Q

___ is the virus that triggers the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom (AIDS)

A

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

75
Q

Allergies are an ___ immune response to an inert substance.

A

overactive

75
Q

The most severe allergic reaction is the ___ reaction.

A

anaphylactic

76
Q

Inert substances can trigger an immune response that ranges from ___ to life-threatening.

A

mild

77
Q

In anaphylactic reactions, the B-cells overproduce the ___ antibodies which can trigger mast cells to release substances (ex. ___) that cause systemic inflammation.

A

IgE

histamine

78
Q

The most common triggers for anaphylactic reactions:

A
  • penicillin-based drugs
  • food such as peanuts and shellfish
  • insect stings.
79
Q

Anaphylactic reactions can be life-threatening medical ___.

A

emergencies

80
Q

___ or Human Immunodeficiency Virus is the virus that can cause ___ or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS works to destroy the immune system by wiping out ___ ___ ___.

A

HIV

AIDS

Helper T-cells

81
Q

Without helper T-cells, other T-cells and B-cells ___ to activate.

A

fail

82
Q

A person with HIV is considered to have progressed to AIDS when:

  • The number of ___ cells falls below 200
  • Someone with a ___ immune system has CD4 counts between 500 and 1,600
A

CD4

healthy

83
Q

When is a person with HIV considered to have progressed to AIDS?

A
  • The number of CD4 cells falls below 200
  • Someone with a healthy immune system has CD4 counts between 500 and 1,600
84
Q

In ___, the person’s own immune system attacks the body.

A

autoimmunity

85
Q

In autoimmunity, the person’s ___ immune system attacks their own body.

A

own

86
Q

Common examples of autoimmune disorders include:

A
  • Type 1 Diabetes
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Multiple sclerosis
86
Q

The ___ ___ is the system of vessels, cells, and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens.

A

lymphatic system

87
Q

___ ___ are small, hollow structures that function to remove debris and pathogens from the lymph, and are thus sometimes referred to as the “filters of the lymph.”

A

lymph nodes

88
Q

Lymph nodes are filters of ___.

A

lymph

89
Q

The ___ ___ ___ is one of the major connections between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the right subclavian vein.

A

right lymphatic duct

90
Q

The ___ ___ is one of the major connections between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the left subclavian vein.

A

thoracic duct

90
Q

The right lymphatic duct serves as a connection point between the lymphatic and circulatory system. This occurs at the ___ ___ ___.

A

right subclavian vein

91
Q

The thoracic duct serves as a connection point between the lymphatic and circulatory system. This occurs at the ___ ___ ___.

A

left subclavian vein

92
Q

The lymphatic system plays an important role in returning ___ to the circulatory system,

A

fluid

93
Q

The lymphatic system transports its own fluid called ___ through a complex network of vessels and lymph nodes that contain ___ ___ ___ to help fight off pathogens.

A

lymph

white blood cells

94
Q

The lymphatic system is a ___ system that contains capillaries, vessels, and lymph nodes.

A

vascular

95
Q

The lymph capillaries pick up ___ fluid lost by the circulatory system. The fluid known as ___ moves through the lymph system and is returned to venous circulation.

A

interstitial

lymph

96
Q

The lymphatic system also transports dietary ___ from the gastrointestinal system.

A

fats

97
Q

Small lymphatic structures called ___ are located in the small intestine in structures called villi. Fats are broken down and packaged as structures known as ___. The fats then move through the system to the venous circulation.

A

lacteals

chylomicrons

98
Q

How is fat carried in the lymphatic system?

A

packages in structures called chylomicrons

99
Q

What do lymph nodes carry that destroy pathogens?

A

white blood cells

99
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are distributed throughout the ___.

A

interstitium

100
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are ___ found in the central nervous system and bone marrow. They are also not resident in tissues without ___ flow such as the epidermis or cartilage.

A

not

blood

101
Q

The lymphatic capillaries form larger structures called lymphatic ___.

A

vessels

102
Q

The vessels have a similar structure to ___ and contain three layers. The layers consist of an inner endothelium, a middle smooth muscle layer, and an outer layer of thin fibrous connective tissue.

A

veins

103
Q

Lymphatic vessels also contain ___ to allow the one-way flow of blood.

A

valves

104
Q

Why do lymphatic vessels contain valves?

A

to allow blood to move in one way

104
Q

___ muscle contraction moves blood from one area separated by a valve to another. ___ muscle contraction also moves lymph fluid by means of adding pressure to the outside of the vessels to constrict them.

A

Smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle

105
Q

Is the distribution of lymph drainage symmetrical?

A

No, it is asymmetrical

106
Q

The ___ ___ ___ drains the right side of the head, neck, and trunk. The ___ ___ drains the remainder of the body.

A

right lymphatic duct

thoracic duct

106
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

right side of head, neck, and trunk

107
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

the rest of the body

108
Q
A
109
Q

Lymph nodes act as ___ and work to remove pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

A

filters

109
Q

The lymphatic vessels connect with the ___ ___ and fluid moves through them.

A

lymphatic nodes

109
Q

Lymph nodes are small oval structures and are generally not felt during examinations unless ___ or ___.

A

enlarged

calcified

110
Q

Although diffusely located throughout the body, lymph nodes tend to conglomerate in certain areas such as the ___, axillary, inguinal, ___, and mammary glands.

A

cervical

popliteal

110
Q

Vessels entering the nodes are known as ___.

A

afferent vessels

111
Q

Vessels exiting the nodes are known as ___ ___.

A

efferent vessels

112
Q

Lymph nodes consist of an outer ___ and an inner ___.

A

cortex

medulla

113
Q

The cortex contains open areas called ____.

A

sinuses

113
Q

The medulla contains ___ ___ which are branching structures of lymphatic tissue.

A

medullary cords

114
Q

What cells are located inside lymph nodes?

A

macrophages

lymphocytes

115
Q

What two organs are associated with the lymphatic system?

A

spleen

thymus

115
Q

What two organs are associated contain lymphatic tissue?

A

spleen and thymus

116
Q

What are the 2 general types of lymphocytes?

A

T and B lymphocytes

117
Q

Where do B and T cells mature?

A

B-cells mature in the bone marrow (letter B)

T-cells mature in the thymus (letter T)

117
Q

Where are B and T cells made?

A

bone marrow

118
Q

Lymphatic tissue also contains ___ cells that produce reticular fibers.

A

reticular cells

118
Q

White blood cells connect with reticular fibers so that ___ moving through the tissue is exposed to the cells. The white blood cells can then ___ bacteria and debris.

A

fluid

destroy

119
Q

Lymphatic tissue resides throughout the lymphatic system. When it is ___ located in a lymph node or organ such as in the mucous membranes of the digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive systems it is known as ___ ___ ___ ___. The tonsils are another example of MALT.

A

not

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

119
Q

The spleen is located in the ___ upper quadrant of the abdominal area generally close to the diaphragm and is about as large as an ___ ___.

A

left

adult fist

120
Q

The spleen consists of an ___ connective tissue capsule. The ___ portion has a trabeculated structure containing areas of red and white pulp.

A

outer

inner

121
Q

White pulp consists of lymphatic tissue associated with ___ within lymphatic organs. Red pulp contains both white and red blood cells and is associated with ____.

A

arteries

veins

121
Q

The splenic artery and vein enter and exit the spleen at the ___.

A

hilum

121
Q

The cells in the spleen work to ___ pathogens.

A

destroy

122
Q

The spleen acts as a blood ___.

A

reservoir

123
Q

Which of the following antigen-specific immune cells produce cytokines, which facilitate various immune reactions?

A

Helper T-cells

124
Q

Which of the following is/are responsible for producing antibodies?

A

B cells

125
Q

Which of the following responds quickly after an infection?

A

Innate immune system

*Non-specific responses that act immediately following an infection are termed the innate immune system.

126
Q

In adaptive immunity, which of the following is responsible for a very rapid response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen?

A

memory cells

127
Q

Which of the following is a white blood cell that primarily engulfs and ingests pathogens?

A

Macrophages

128
Q

Which of the following is a temporary immunity against specific diseases acquired via the placenta, breast milk, or serum-containing antibodies?

A

passive immunity

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