TEAS 7 - Science (Immune System) Flashcards
What body system is a complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death?
the immune system
What is the name of the cell that circulates in the blood and contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules in its cytoplasm?
Natural killer cell (NK)
Inflammation occurs when ___ are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release ___ including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing ___.
tissues
chemicals
swelling
___ is a compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
Histamine
The ___ are the body’s fast-acting, first line of immunological defense against organisms that have breached barrier defenses and have entered the ___ tissues of the body.
phagocytes
vulnerable
White blood cells are also known as ___.
leukocytes
___ are the most versatile of the phagocytes in the body.
Macrophages
Self-Recognition is the ability to distinguish between ___ ___ (those that are normally present in the body) and ___ ___ (those that might be on a potential pathogen).
self antigens
foreign antigens
What is apoptosis?
death of cells
*normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth and development
How many types of immunity are there? What are they?
2
innate and adaptive immunity
In ___ immunity, our bodies present the same kinds of defense systems for ___ types of pathogens. Friend or foe, it keeps everyone out
innate
all
___ immunity produces an attack against a ___ pathogen. It can identify potential foes and keep them out.
Adaptive
specific
Before birth, the body inventories all of the cells and tissues in the body and classifies them as “___” cells. The presentation of non-self cells can then trigger the immune system. This is known as ___-___.
all
“self”
self-recognition
Pathogens are bacteria or viruses that enter the body and trigger an ___ response.
immune
The first lines of defense are the natural barriers of the body. These include the ___ and ___ ___. Skin acts as a physical barrier and mucous contains lysozymes that help to destroy pathogens.
skin
mucous membranes
If pathogens enter the body ___ ___ ___ are activated to attack pathogens.
white blood cells
White blood cells that ingest pathogens called ___.
phagocytes
What is the process of ingesting pathogens is called?
phagocytosis
list of phagocytic white blood cells:
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
- Monocytes
- Mast cells
- Eosinophils
What is the most common type of white blood cell in the body?
neutrophils
___ are the most common type of white blood cell in the body, making them a first line to fight infections. The number of neutrophils in the blood will ___ when a person is ill.
Neutrophils
increase
Neutrophil levels may decrease if a person has a ___-___ infection, cancer, an autoimmune condition, or is taking certain medications.
long-term
Inflammation is part of a very basic form of immune response which brings ___ and cells into the site to ___ pathogens and isolates the site, limiting the spread of the pathogen.
fluid
destroy
Inflammation is produced by the release of chemicals from white blood cells called ___ cells. One of these chemicals is histamine.
mast cells
What is one common chemical mast cells release?
histamine
Histamine increases the diameter of local blood vessels (___), causing an increase in blood flow. Histamine also promotes capillary ___ causing fluids to leak out which produces swelling.
vasodilation
permeability
___ which inhibits viral replication.
Interferons
___, which promote fever, help destroy pathogens.
Pyrogens
The complement system includes a series of ___ ___ that can be activated by pathogens. The activated proteins can form ___ that attack pathogens.
plasma proteins
complexes
The ___ ___ includes a series of plasma proteins that can be activated by pathogens to form complexes that attack pathogens.
complement system
Fever, chills, fatigue/loss of energy, headaches, loss of appetite, and muscle stiffness are all ___ of an immune response.
symptoms
Macrophages have different names, depending on the tissue: ___ cells in the liver, ___ in connective tissue, and ___ macrophages in the lungs.
Kupffer cells
histiocytes
alveolar
White blood cells that are responsible for producing antibodies are called ___.
B cells
B cells are immune cells that function primarily by producing ___.
antibodies
___ are any of the group of proteins that bind specifically to pathogen-associated molecules known as antigens.
Antibodies
___ ___ are antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against pathogens.
Dendritic cells
Adaptive immunity will produce a ___ response to ___ antigens on pathogens.
specific, specific
Adaptive immunity is primarily controlled by white blood cells (leukocytes) known as ___, which help control immune responses.
lymphocytes
___-___ is the ability to distinguish between self-antigens and foreign antigens.
Self-recognition
The immune system catalogs all of the body’s cells and tissues as self so that it only attacks ___-___ entities.
non-self
The immune system’s first exposure to a pathogen is called a ___ response.
primary
Symptoms of a first infection, called a ___ disease, are always relatively severe because it takes ___ for an initial adaptive immune response to a pathogen to become effective.
primary
time
Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, a secondary adaptive immune response is generated, which is ___ and ___ than the primary response.
stronger
faster
The secondary adaptive response often ___ a pathogen before it can cause significant tissue damage or any symptoms.
eliminates
What protects us from getting diseases repeatedly from the same pathogen?
immunological memory
___ cells are produced that fully develop upon the next exposure to a pathogen. This is what occurs during the secondary response.
Memory cells
The primary cells that control the adaptive immune response are the lymphocytes, the ___ and ___ cells.
T and B cells
___ cells recognize antigens on the surface of specialized cells called antigen-presenting cells and trigger an immune response.
T cells
___ ___ ___ bear the CD4 molecule and function by secreting cytokines that act to enhance other immune responses.
Helper T cells (Th)
Helper T cells (Th) secrete ___ that act to ___ other immune responses.
cytokines
enhance
___ ___ ___ bear the CD8 molecule and kill target cells by inducing apoptosis using the same mechanism as Natural Killer (NK) cells.
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) ___ target cells and induce apoptosis.
kill
Activated T-cells also produce ___ cells that remain inactive until the next time the pathogen appears. They then activate quickly to help destroy the pathogen.
memory
B-cells are also activated via ___ immunity. B-cells secrete ___ that disable and destroy pathogens.
adaptive
antibodies
Antibodies are also known as ___.
Immunoglobulins
5 classes of antibodies:
IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE
___ is the largest category and accounts for 80% of all antibodies.
IgG
IgG antibodies attack ___ and ___.
bacteria and viruses
IgE antibodies function in ___ reactions, facilitating the release of histamine and heparin.
allergic
IgD antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of ___ and help activate B-cells.
B cells
___ antibodies work with IgG antibodies to form immune complexes.
IgM
___ is found in secretions such as tears, mucous, and saliva and attack pathogens.
IgA
Dendritic cells are ___-___ cells found in mucous membranes, lymphatic organs, and the epidermis of the skin. They engulf cells by way of ___.
antigen-presenting
endocytosis
___ ___ are antigen-presenting cells found in mucous membranes, lymphatic organs, and the epidermis of the skin. These cells have a branched appearance and can engulf pathogens by way of endocytosis.
Dendritic cells
___ cells are antigen-presenting cells located in lymphatic organs that are known to help regulate T-cell function.
Reticular cells
___ immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies by the infected person.
Active immunity
___ immunity is when antibodies come from an outside source.
Passive immunity
___ ___ ___ occurs from a natural exposure to a pathogen that triggers an immune response. For example, getting a virus and then developing immunity against the virus.
Naturally acquired immunity
___ ___ ___ results from a non-natural exposure to a pathogen. For example, a vaccine triggers an immune response.
Artificially acquired immunity
Getting a virus and then developing immunity against the virus is an example of ___.
naturally acquired immunity
A vaccine that triggers an immune response is an example of ___.
artificially acquired immunity
___ ___ ___ ___ is the administration of antibodies for patients who have damaged immune systems.
Artificially acquired passive immunity
A fetus or baby that receives antibodies from the mom either during fetal development or by way of breastfeeding is an example of ___.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
___ are an immune response to an inert substance.
Allergies
___ is the virus that triggers the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom (AIDS)
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
Allergies are an ___ immune response to an inert substance.
overactive
The most severe allergic reaction is the ___ reaction.
anaphylactic
Inert substances can trigger an immune response that ranges from ___ to life-threatening.
mild
In anaphylactic reactions, the B-cells overproduce the ___ antibodies which can trigger mast cells to release substances (ex. ___) that cause systemic inflammation.
IgE
histamine
The most common triggers for anaphylactic reactions:
- penicillin-based drugs
- food such as peanuts and shellfish
- insect stings.
Anaphylactic reactions can be life-threatening medical ___.
emergencies
___ or Human Immunodeficiency Virus is the virus that can cause ___ or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS works to destroy the immune system by wiping out ___ ___ ___.
HIV
AIDS
Helper T-cells
Without helper T-cells, other T-cells and B-cells ___ to activate.
fail
A person with HIV is considered to have progressed to AIDS when:
- The number of ___ cells falls below 200
- Someone with a ___ immune system has CD4 counts between 500 and 1,600
CD4
healthy
When is a person with HIV considered to have progressed to AIDS?
- The number of CD4 cells falls below 200
- Someone with a healthy immune system has CD4 counts between 500 and 1,600
In ___, the person’s own immune system attacks the body.
autoimmunity
In autoimmunity, the person’s ___ immune system attacks their own body.
own
Common examples of autoimmune disorders include:
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Multiple sclerosis
The ___ ___ is the system of vessels, cells, and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens.
lymphatic system
___ ___ are small, hollow structures that function to remove debris and pathogens from the lymph, and are thus sometimes referred to as the “filters of the lymph.”
lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are filters of ___.
lymph
The ___ ___ ___ is one of the major connections between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the right subclavian vein.
right lymphatic duct
The ___ ___ is one of the major connections between the lymphatic and circulatory systems at the left subclavian vein.
thoracic duct
The right lymphatic duct serves as a connection point between the lymphatic and circulatory system. This occurs at the ___ ___ ___.
right subclavian vein
The thoracic duct serves as a connection point between the lymphatic and circulatory system. This occurs at the ___ ___ ___.
left subclavian vein
The lymphatic system plays an important role in returning ___ to the circulatory system,
fluid
The lymphatic system transports its own fluid called ___ through a complex network of vessels and lymph nodes that contain ___ ___ ___ to help fight off pathogens.
lymph
white blood cells
The lymphatic system is a ___ system that contains capillaries, vessels, and lymph nodes.
vascular
The lymph capillaries pick up ___ fluid lost by the circulatory system. The fluid known as ___ moves through the lymph system and is returned to venous circulation.
interstitial
lymph
The lymphatic system also transports dietary ___ from the gastrointestinal system.
fats
Small lymphatic structures called ___ are located in the small intestine in structures called villi. Fats are broken down and packaged as structures known as ___. The fats then move through the system to the venous circulation.
lacteals
chylomicrons
How is fat carried in the lymphatic system?
packages in structures called chylomicrons
What do lymph nodes carry that destroy pathogens?
white blood cells
Lymphatic capillaries are distributed throughout the ___.
interstitium
Lymphatic capillaries are ___ found in the central nervous system and bone marrow. They are also not resident in tissues without ___ flow such as the epidermis or cartilage.
not
blood
The lymphatic capillaries form larger structures called lymphatic ___.
vessels
The vessels have a similar structure to ___ and contain three layers. The layers consist of an inner endothelium, a middle smooth muscle layer, and an outer layer of thin fibrous connective tissue.
veins
Lymphatic vessels also contain ___ to allow the one-way flow of blood.
valves
Why do lymphatic vessels contain valves?
to allow blood to move in one way
___ muscle contraction moves blood from one area separated by a valve to another. ___ muscle contraction also moves lymph fluid by means of adding pressure to the outside of the vessels to constrict them.
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Is the distribution of lymph drainage symmetrical?
No, it is asymmetrical
The ___ ___ ___ drains the right side of the head, neck, and trunk. The ___ ___ drains the remainder of the body.
right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
right side of head, neck, and trunk
What does the thoracic duct drain?
the rest of the body
Lymph nodes act as ___ and work to remove pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.
filters
The lymphatic vessels connect with the ___ ___ and fluid moves through them.
lymphatic nodes
Lymph nodes are small oval structures and are generally not felt during examinations unless ___ or ___.
enlarged
calcified
Although diffusely located throughout the body, lymph nodes tend to conglomerate in certain areas such as the ___, axillary, inguinal, ___, and mammary glands.
cervical
popliteal
Vessels entering the nodes are known as ___.
afferent vessels
Vessels exiting the nodes are known as ___ ___.
efferent vessels
Lymph nodes consist of an outer ___ and an inner ___.
cortex
medulla
The cortex contains open areas called ____.
sinuses
The medulla contains ___ ___ which are branching structures of lymphatic tissue.
medullary cords
What cells are located inside lymph nodes?
macrophages
lymphocytes
What two organs are associated with the lymphatic system?
spleen
thymus
What two organs are associated contain lymphatic tissue?
spleen and thymus
What are the 2 general types of lymphocytes?
T and B lymphocytes
Where do B and T cells mature?
B-cells mature in the bone marrow (letter B)
T-cells mature in the thymus (letter T)
Where are B and T cells made?
bone marrow
Lymphatic tissue also contains ___ cells that produce reticular fibers.
reticular cells
White blood cells connect with reticular fibers so that ___ moving through the tissue is exposed to the cells. The white blood cells can then ___ bacteria and debris.
fluid
destroy
Lymphatic tissue resides throughout the lymphatic system. When it is ___ located in a lymph node or organ such as in the mucous membranes of the digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive systems it is known as ___ ___ ___ ___. The tonsils are another example of MALT.
not
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
The spleen is located in the ___ upper quadrant of the abdominal area generally close to the diaphragm and is about as large as an ___ ___.
left
adult fist
The spleen consists of an ___ connective tissue capsule. The ___ portion has a trabeculated structure containing areas of red and white pulp.
outer
inner
White pulp consists of lymphatic tissue associated with ___ within lymphatic organs. Red pulp contains both white and red blood cells and is associated with ____.
arteries
veins
The splenic artery and vein enter and exit the spleen at the ___.
hilum
The cells in the spleen work to ___ pathogens.
destroy
The spleen acts as a blood ___.
reservoir
Which of the following antigen-specific immune cells produce cytokines, which facilitate various immune reactions?
Helper T-cells
Which of the following is/are responsible for producing antibodies?
B cells
Which of the following responds quickly after an infection?
Innate immune system
*Non-specific responses that act immediately following an infection are termed the innate immune system.
In adaptive immunity, which of the following is responsible for a very rapid response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen?
memory cells
Which of the following is a white blood cell that primarily engulfs and ingests pathogens?
Macrophages
Which of the following is a temporary immunity against specific diseases acquired via the placenta, breast milk, or serum-containing antibodies?
passive immunity
