TEAS 7 - Science (Genetic Material and Proteins)

Question 1

___, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms.

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

DNA is often referred to as the “___ ___ of life” because it carries the information that determines the characteristics and traits of an individual.

Answer 2

building block

Question 3

DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and is made up of smaller units called ___.

Answer 3

nucleotides

Question 4

What does each nucleotide consist of?

Answer 4

sugar molecule, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 5

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Answer 5

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

Question 6

Adenine bonds with ___ while Guanine bonds with ___.

Answer 6

Thymine

Cytosine

Question 7

Adenine always bonds with Thymine and is held together with ___ ___ bonds. Guanine always bonds with Cytosine and is held together by ___ ___ bonds.

Answer 7

two hydrogen

three hydrogen

Question 8

Can adenine bind with cytosine? Can guanine bind with thymine?

Answer 8

No and No

*Adenine cannot bond with cytosine because adenine does not have a third place in its structure for another hydrogen bond.

Question 9

The ___ and arrangement of these bases along the DNA molecule create a specific genetic code

Answer 9

order

Question 10

So how does our DNA end up in each of our cells in order to code for proteins?

Answer 10

organisms grow and develop through the process of cell division; before cell division takes place, DNA must replicate to ensure that each new cell receives an exact copy of the genetic information

Question 10

What are mutations?

Answer 10

changes in DNA

Question 11

___, or changes in the DNA, can happen spontaneously or due to external factors like radiation or certain chemicals. Some mutations can have no significant effect on our cells, while others can cause genetic ___.

Answer 11

Mutations

disorders

Question 12

Each gene is a specific segment of ___ that only codes for ___ specific protein.

Answer 12

DNA

one

Question 13

How many proteins does one gene code for?

Answer 13

one protein

Question 14

What is the relationship between genes, DNA, and proteins?

Answer 14

One gene = One segment of DNA = One protein coded

Question 15

We all have ___ copies of each gene in our DNA. We get one copy from our biological ___ and one copy from our biological ___.

Answer 15

two

mother

father

Question 16

Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nuclei of cells. They are made up of ___, along with ___ that help organize and support the DNA.

Answer 16

DNA

proteins

Question 17

How many chromosomes do humans have? How many pairs do they have?

Answer 17

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

Question 18

Each chromosome contains numerous segments of DNA called ___.

Answer 18

genes

Question 19

Genes are specific stretches of DNA that carry instructions for creating ___, which are essential for various biological functions.

Answer 19

proteins

Question 20

Chromosomes also play a role in genetic disorders, caused by abnormalities or ___ in specific genes located on chromosomes.

These mutations can lead to a ___ in protein production or function, resulting in various health conditions or inherited diseases.

Answer 20

mutations

disruption

Question 21

Review the relationship between the three levels of genetic material. List them from the smallest to the largest component (chromosomes, DNA, genes).

Answer 21

DNA → Genes → Chromosomes

Question 21

Visualize this: Think of ___as a long string, like a necklace made up of different beads. The beads represent ___, which are specific segments of DNA. Now imagine that you take that necklace and wind it around small balls. Those balls represent ___ (called histones), and when the DNA is wrapped around the proteins, it forms the structure of a ___.

Answer 21

DNA

genes

proteins

chromosome

Question 22

Which of the hereditary units is responsible for carrying genetic information from parents to offspring?

Answer 22

DNA

Question 23

Which of these is responsible for determining the sex of an individual?

Answer 23

Chromosomes

Question 24

Which of these statements best reflects the role of genes?

Answer 24

Genes code for enzymatic proteins, non-enzymatic proteins, and RNA.

Question 25

Which of these units code for a protein?

Answer 25

Gene

Question 26

Which of these statements correctly describes the relationship between a gene and a chromosome?

Answer 26

Chromosomes are made up of genes.

Question 27

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the link between chromosomes and DNA?

Answer 27

Chromosomes include numerous genes, each of which is made up of a DNA sequence.

Question 28

Each protein is coded for by a _____.

Answer 28

Gene

Question 28

The double-helical structure of DNA consists of __________.

Answer 28

a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and nitrogen bases

Question 29

The two strands of the DNA are __________.

Answer 29

anti-parallel

Question 30

Which of these bonds would we see between nitrogenous bases?

Answer 30

Hydrogen bonds

Question 31

Why does guanine show base-pairing only with cytosine?

Answer 31

For stabilization, by forming three hydrogen bonds

Question 31

How many nucleotides are present in a codon?

Answer 31

3

Question 32

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

Answer 32

DNA RNA

Question 33

What does RNA stand for?

Answer 33

ribonucleic acid

Question 33

While DNA is ___-stranded, RNA is ___-stranded.

Answer 33

double-stranded single-stranded

Question 34

Are DNA and RNA the same?

Answer 34

No, they have key differences and have different roles

Question 34

Another key difference is that RNA has ___ as the sugar in the structure, whereas DNA has ___ (that’s why their names are different!).

Answer 34

ribose deoxyribose

Question 34

___ is a double-stranded molecule, where the two halves are “zipped” together. ___, on the other hand, is usually a single strand of nucleotides.

Answer 34

DNA RNA

Question 34

What is the name of the sugar in RNA?

Answer 34

ribose

Question 34

What is the name of the sugar in DNA?

Answer 34

deoxyribose

Question 35

Are the nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA the same?

Answer 35

No

Question 35

What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Answer 35

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

Question 35

What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA?

Answer 35

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine

Question 35

How do the functions of DNA and RNA differ?

Answer 35

DNA carries genetic information (storage) RNA transfers genetic information (transport)

Question 36

DNA ___ genetic information (storage) while RNA ___ genetic information (transport).

Answer 36

carries transfers

Question 36

How do the nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA differ?

Answer 36

DNA has adenine (A) which pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) which pairs with cytosine (C) RNA has adenine (A) which pairs with uracil (U) and guanine (G) which pairs with cytosine (C) *RNA uses uracil (U)

Question 36

___ carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes. It acts as a template or a “messenger” by transcribing the DNA code and bringing it to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.

Answer 36

mRNA

Question 36

What are the different types of RNA?

Answer 36

mRNA tRNA rRNA

Question 36

mRNA stands for ___ RNA, tRNA stands for ___ RNA, and rRNA stands for ___ RNA.

Answer 36

messenger RNA transfer RNA ribosomal RNA

Question 36

mRNA carries genetic information from ___ to the ribosomes. It acts as a template or a “messenger” by ___ the DNA code and bringing it to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.

Answer 36

DNA transcribing

Question 36

tRNA helps in the translation process by bringing ___ ___ (the building blocks of proteins) to the ribosomes. Each tRNA molecule is ___ to a particular amino acid, and it ensures that the correct amino acids are brought to the ___ according to the mRNA instructions.

Answer 36

amino acids specific ribosomes

Question 37

___ helps in the translation process by bringing amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) to the ribosomes.

Answer 37

tRNA

Question 37

___ is a vital component of ribosomes, the cellular structures where proteins are assembled.

Answer 37

rRNA

Question 38

rRNA is a vital component of ___, the cellular structures where proteins are ___. Ribosomes consist of rRNA and proteins, and they provide the necessary framework for protein synthesis to occur.

Answer 38

ribosomes assembled

Question 39

What do ribosomes consist of?

Answer 39

rRNA and proteins

Question 40

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 40

it describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

Question 41

___ is the process of your cell making a copy of your DNA using mRNA.

Answer 41

Transcription

Question 41

What are the 2 processes that need to take place in order to create proteins?

Answer 41

transcription translation

Question 42

___ is the process of the ribosome using that strand of mRNA to create a new protein.

Answer 42

Translation

Question 43

What is a memory trick for the word and process of transcription?

Answer 43

When we transcribe something, we’re writing it down – basically, we’re making a copy. When our DNA is transcribed, a copy is made using mRNA.

Question 44

What is a memory trick for the word and process of translation?

Answer 44

When something is translated, it is taken from one language and put into another. This is essentially what happens in this step of protein synthesis. The RNA and ribosomes take the language of the mRNA and translate it into amino acids in order to make a protein.

Question 45

Where does transcription take place?

Answer 45

the nucleus (that’s where the DNA is!)

Question 46

At the beginning of transcription, the DNA molecule ___ and unzips, exposing a specific gene that creates a specific protein that the cell needs.

Answer 46

unwinds

Question 47

What is the name of the enzyme that binds to the gene and starts “reading” the DNA sequence?

Answer 47

RNA polymerase

Question 47

As the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, it creates a single-stranded molecule called ___ ___ (mRNA).

Answer 47

messenger RNA

Question 48

The mRNA molecule is ___ to the DNA template strand.

Answer 48

complementary

Question 49

When the RNA polymerase sees cytosine (C), it adds a ___ to the strand of mRNA (and vice versa).

Answer 49

guanine (G)

Question 50

When RNA polymerase sees thymine (T), it adds ___. Finally, the only difference in base pairing during transcription occurs when RNA polymerase reads adenine (A) on the DNA strand. In that case, it adds a ___ to the new strand, not a thymine (T).

Answer 50

adenine (A) uracil (U)

Question 51

Once the mRNA molecule is complete, it ___ from the DNA template and leaves the nucleus, carrying the genetic instructions to the next step which is ___.

Answer 51

detaches translation

Question 52

Where does translation occur?

Answer 52

in the cytoplasm (where the ribosomes are)

Question 53

At the end of transcription, the mRNA molecule leaves the ___ and attaches itself to a ___ in the cytoplasm. This is the beginning of translation.

Answer 53

nucleus ribosome

Question 54

How many bases does the read on the mRNA sequence at a time?

Answer 54

3

Question 55

The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence ___ bases at a time. Each set of 3 bases is known as a ___.

Answer 55

3 codon

Question 56

What does each codon code for?

Answer 56

a specific amino acid

Question 57

Each codon codes for a specific ___ ___. There are also specific codons known as “___” and “___” codons. These codons tell the cell machinery where the beginning and the end of the amino acid chain are for that specific protein.

Answer 57

amino acid "start" "stop"

Question 58

___ molecules are specialized RNA molecules that bind both to specific amino acids and specific codons on the mRNA.

Answer 58

tRNA

Question 58

So, how do we go from “reading” the mRNA to the creation of a protein?

Answer 58

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 59

The unique structure of the tRNA allows it to bind to and carry a specific ___ ___, while also having a specific “___” that allows it to bind to the corresponding codon on the mRNA. Then it transfers the amino acid to the new peptide chain.

Answer 59

amino acid "anticodon"

Question 60

As the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand, it joins the amino acids carried by the ___ molecules together in a specific order dictated by the mRNA sequence. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a “___” codon on the mRNA, signaling the end of protein synthesis. The newly synthesized protein is then ___ from the ribosome and can go on to perform its specific function in the cell.

Answer 60

tRNA stop released

Question 61

What are “start” and “stop” codons?

Answer 61

they are specific codons that never change and they signal to the ribosomes where to START and STOP creating a protein

Question 62

What is the sequence for the "start" codon?

Answer 62

AUG

Question 63

Whenever AUG is read, the ribosome knows that it’s time to ___ building a protein.

Answer 63

start

Question 64

When the ribosome reads UAG, UAA, and UGA, it knows that it has reached the ___ of the amino acid chain.

Answer 64

end

Question 64

What are the sequences for the "stop" codons?

Answer 64

UAG UAA UGA

Question 65

What is a memory trick for the "start" codon?

Answer 65

Start codon: AUG "School STARTS in AUGust"

Question 66

What is a memory trick for the "stop" codons?

Answer 66

Stop codons: UGA, UAA, and UAG UAA: "U Are Annoying!" UGA: "U Go Away!" UAG: "U Are Gone!"

Question 67

Which nitrogenous base is seen in RNA but not in DNA?

Answer 67

Uracil (U)

Question 68

A ___ is a sequence of 3 nucleotides on a messenger RNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

Answer 68

codon

Question 69

Which RNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

Answer 69

Messenger RNA

Question 69

___ carries amino acids to the ribosome for assembly.

Answer 69

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 69

Which of the following correctly describes the function of the ribosomal RNA?

Answer 69

It catalyzes the formation of bonds between the amino acid molecules

Question 70

Which bond is present between base pairs of RNA?

Answer 70

Hydrogen bond

Question 71

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Answer 71

Ribosomes

Question 71

How many subunits are present in a ribosome?

Answer 71

2

Question 72

What happens to DNA during transcription?

Answer 72

DNA unwinds

Question 73

Which enzyme helps DNA unwind?

Answer 73

Helicase

Question 74

What is formed at the end of transcription?

Answer 74

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 75

Which enzyme helps to initiate transcription?

Answer 75

RNA polymerase

Question 75

What is the process of using messenger RNA to create proteins?

Answer 75

translation

Question 75

What enzyme reads the DNA sequence and synthesizes a complementary strand of mRNA?

Answer 75

RNA polymerase enzyme

Question 76

Where is transfer RNA primarily located?

Answer 76

cytoplasm

Question 77

What serves as the template for making proteins during translation in cells?

Answer 77

Messenger RNA (mRNA)