TEAS 7 - Science (General Anatomy) Flashcards
the ____ plane is the plane running down the middle of the body and dividing the body into right and left sections
sagittal
_____ is the study of the function of the body
Physiology
What is the hollow area of the body containing organs?
Body Cavity
The regional term describes a specific ____ of the body.
part
The positional term describes a specific ___ of a body structure.
location
The head, neck, and trunk make up the ____ portion of the body
axial
The arms and legs make up the ____ portion of the body.
appendicular
The body also contains hollow sections called ____ that contain organs.
cavities
There is a large ____ cavity in the front and a small ___ cavity in the back.
ventral, dorsal
The ventral cavity is divided into ___ and ___; the diaphragm separates it.
thoracic (chest area)
abdominopelvic (stomach)
The dorsal cavity consists of the ____ cavity and ____ canal.
cranial (head - brain)
spinal (runs down back - spinal cord)
What is the reference position in anatomy called?
Anatomical position
Anatomical position is when the body is facing ____ with the palms of the hands facing ____.
forward, forward
We use anatomical position when we describe the ____ of anatomical structures.
locations
Oral
teeth, tongue
Nasal
sinuses
Orbital
eyes and associated muscles, nerves
middle ear
middle ear bones
anatomical term for forehead
frontal
anatomical term for head
cephalic
anatomical term for skull
cranial
anatomical term for face
facial
anatomical term for eye
ocular or orbital
anatomical term for nose
nasal
anatomical term for ear
otic
anatomical term for cheek
buccal
anatomical term for neck
cervical
anatomical term for chin
mental
anatomical term for chest
thoracic or thorax
anatomical term for breast
mammary
anatomical term for abdomen
abdominal
anatomical term for navel
umbilical
anatomical term for pelvis
pelvic
anatomical term for armpit
axillary
anatomical term for arm
brachial
anatomical term for front of elbow
antecubital
anatomical term for forearm
antebrachial
anatomical term for palm
palmar
anatomical name for hand
manual
anatomical term for fingers
digits or phalanges
anatomical term for thumb
pollex
anatomical term for groin
inguinal
anatomical term for pubis
pubic
anatomical term for thigh
femoral
anatomical term for kneecap
patellar
anatomical term for leg
crural
anatomical name for ankle
tarsal
anatomical name for toes
digits or phalanges
anatomical name for great toe
hallux
anatomical name for foot
pedal
anatomical term for shoulder
acromial
anatomical term for back
dorsal
anatomical term for back of elbow
olecranal
anatomical term for loin (lower back)
lumbar
anatomical term for butt
gluteal
anatomical term for back of knee
popliteal
anatomical term for calf
sural
anatomical term for heel of foot
calcaneal
anatomical term for sole of foot
plantar
anatomical term for wrist
carpal
anatomical term for middle chest
sternum
anatomical term for lateral chest
pectorus
Positional terms usually go in ____. For example, superior and inferior go together. Superior means ____ and inferior means ____.
pairs
above
below
anterior means towards the ____
front
posterior means towards the ____
back
medial means toward the ____ of the body
midline
lateral means ___ from the midline of the body
away
proximal means towards the ____ of the body
trunk
distal means ___ from the trunk of the body
away
Proximal and distal are usually used when describing structures in the _____.
extremities
superficial means towards the _____
surface
deep means ___ the surface
under
ipsilateral means on the ____ side
same
contralateral means on the ____ side
opposite
the head (cephalon) is ____ to the chest (thorax)
superior
the thorax is ____ to the cephalon
inferior
the sternum is ____ to the heart
anterior
the heart is ___ to the sternum
posterior
the ears are ____ to the nose
lateral
the nose is ___ to the ears
medial
the elbow is ____ to the wrist
proximal
the wrist is ___ to the elbow
distal
the skin is ____ to the stomach
superficial
the stomach is ____ to the skin
deep
the right shoulder and right elbow are ____
ipsilateral
the right shoulder and left elbow are ____
contralateral
the ____ plane is the plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections
coronal
the ___ plane is the plane dividing the body into superior and inferior sections
transverse
the ___ plane is the superior transverse plane used in the 9 abdominal region system
transpyloric
the ___ plane is the inferior transverse plane used in the 9 abdominal region system
transtubercular
What is the term that means above the stomach?
epigastric
___ is the term used in the 9 abdominal regions to identify structures superior and lateral to the stomach
hypochondriac
___ is the term meaning the region of the low back and also used in the 9 abdominal region system for describing the location of structures lateral to the umbilicus
lumbar
What is the naval area that indicates the center of the abdomen?
umbilicus
____ is the term meaning the lower lateral abdominal regions
iliac
___ is the term sometimes used in the 9 abdominal regions indicating the lower lateral abdomen
inguinal
What term means below the stomach?
hypogastric
The body is organized according to levels of ___
complexity
How is the body organized in levels of complexity? (lowest to highest)
atom, molecule (or organelle), cell, organ, organ system, organism (human body)
A plane is a __-dimensional object that can divide the body into ___ sections.
2, 2
Anatomical planes are used in ____, such as MRI scans.
imaging
___ ___ are used to describe the locations of pain, injuries, and abnormalities in the abdominal area.
abdominal divisions
How many ways can we divide the abdomen?
2 ways
- 4 quadrants
- 9 abdominal regions
For the ___ quadrant method, a sagittal and transverse plane intersect at the umbilicus. The quadrants are the right and left ___ quadrants and the right and left ____ quadrants.
4
upper
lower
What organs are in the right upper quadrant?
live, gallbladder, right kidney
What organs are in the right lower quadrant?
appendix, right ovary (female), right ureter
What organs are in the left upper quadrant?
stomach, spleen, left kidney
What organs are in the left lower quadrant?
left ovary (female), left ureter
The 9 abdominal regions have ___ parasagittal planes (sometimes called lateral lines) and __ transverse planes, meaning ___ planes in total are needed to divide the regions. The superior transverse plane is called the ___ plane and the inferior transverse plane is called the ____ plane.
2, 2, 4
transpyloric
transtubercular
What is the center of the 9 abdominal regions called?
umbilicus
What are the 3 superior regions of the 9 abdominal regions called?
epigastric and right and left hypochondriac
What are the 3 middle regions of the 9 abdominal regions called?
umbilical and right and left lumbar
What are the 3 lower regions of the 9 abdominal regions called?
hypogastric and right and left iliac or inguinal
What do we call the ability of a system to maintain a steady state?
homeostasis
The system in which the stimulus and response are the same is called ___ feedback.
positive feedback
The system in which the stimulus and response are opposite is called ___ feedback.
negative feedback
Homeostasis refers to a system’s ability to ___ a range of values, such as substances in your blood. An example is how your body maintains a certain level of glucose (sugar) in your blood by either lowering or raising it.
maintain
Homeostasis relies on systems that are called ___ mechanisms that help regulate substances.
feedback
Negative feedback is where the response is ___ to the stimulus.
opposite
Positive feedback is where the response is the ___ as the stimulus.
same
For example, let’s say we set a thermostat at 70 degrees. It’s summer and hot outside, and the room temperature begins to rise. Once it gets above 70 degrees, the thermostat senses it and turns on the air conditioner. The result is the room cools down below 70 degrees. What is the stimulus? What is the response? Are the stimulus and response the same or opposite? What kind of feedback is this?
stimulus = room getting warmer
response = turn on air conditioner to cool room down
opposite
negative feedback
Let’s say we still have our thermostat set at 70 degrees, but this time it is winter and we open the window. The temperature in the room begins to lower until it gets to lower than 70 degrees. They system now responds by turning on the furnace. The room gets warmer until the temperature gets above 70 degrees. What is the stimulus? What is the response? Are the stimulus and response the same or opposite? What kind of feedback is this?
stimulus = room getting colder
response = turn on the furnace to warm the room up
opposite
negative feedback
Let’s say that we wired up the thermostat the wrong way. Now, when the temperature in the room rises above 70 degrees instead of turning on the air conditioner, the furnace turns on and raises the room temperature. What is the stimulus? What is the response? Are the stimulus and response the same or opposite? What kind of feedback is this?
stimulus = room getting warmer
response = furnace turns on to make room even warmer
same
positive feedback
List of body systems
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- nervous
- endocrine
- lymphatic
- immune
- blood
- cardiovascular
- digestive
- respiratory
- urinary
- reproductive
The ___ system consists of the hair, skin, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
integumentary
The function of the integumentary system is to ___ the body, secrete waste products, produce vitamin D, and regulate body ___. It also supports sensory receptors that send information to the ___ system.
protect
temperature
nervous
The ___ system consists of the bones, ligaments, and cartilage. It protects, supports, and produces ___ blood cells and store chemical salts.
skeletal
red blood cells
The ___ system produces movement and helps maintain posture. It also produces heat.
muscular
The ___ system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and receptors. it receives ___ information, detects changes, and in response stimulates muscles and glands.
nervous
sensory
The ___ system is a series of glands that secrete hormones. This system contains many feedback systems to help maintain ____.
endocrine
homeostasis
The ___ system includes the lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. The function of this system is to return fluid to ___ as well as transport some absorbed food molecules and defend against infection.
lymphatic
blood
The ___ system consists of cells and antibodies that help the body fight off pathogens. Some organs associated with this system are the thymus and spleen.
immune
The ___ is a fluid system that contains cells and plasma. These structures work together to ___ oxygen and carbon dioxide along with water, electrolytes, hormones, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and wastes.
blood
transports
The ___ system includes the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins. The function of this system is to transport ____.
cardiovascular
blood
The ___ system consists of the nasal cavity, lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. This system supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.
respiratory
The ___ system includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and intestines.
digestive
The function of the digestive system is to receive, break-down, and absorb ___. It also eliminates waste.
food
The ___ system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
urinary
The function of the urinary system to ___ wastes, maintain water and electrolyte balance and store and transport urine.
remove
The ___ system passes genetic information down to future generations as well as produce hormones that help the body to mature.
reproductive
Name the body system:
- returns fluid to the blood
- defends against pathogens
Lymphatic system
Name the body system:
- removes carbon dioxide from the body
- delivers oxygen to the blood
Respiratory system
Name the body system:
- processes food for use by the body
- removes wastes from undigested food
Digestive system
Name the body system:
- controls water balance in the body
- removes wastes from blood and excretes them
Urinary system
Name the body system:
- produces sex hormones and gametes
- delivers gametes to female
Male Reproductive system
Name the body system:
- produces sex hormones and gametes
- supports embryo/fetus until birth
- produces milk for infant
Female Reproductive system
Name the body system:
- encloses internal body structures
- site of many sensory receptors
Integumentary system
Name the body system:
- supports the body
- enables movement (with muscular system)
Skeletal system
Name the body system:
- enables movement (with skeletal system)
- helps maintain body temperature
Muscular system
Name the body system:
- detects and processes sensory information
- activates bodily responses
Nervous system
Name the body system:
- secretes hormones
- regulates bodily processes
Endocrine system
Name the body system:
- delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
- equalizes temperature in the body
Cardiovascular system
What tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulse?
nerve tissue
What tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the the body?
connective tissue
What tissue functions as lining and covering of body surfaces and cavities?
epithelial tissue
What tissue functions in facilitating voluntary and involuntary movements?
muscle tissue
What is the largest organ of the human body?
skin
