TEAS 7 - Science (Integumentary System)

Question 1

The ___ protects the body from the outside as the outermost layer, keeping our skin hydrated, producing new skin cells, and determining our skin color.

Answer 1

epidermis

Question 2

The ___ is the middle layer of skin and contains collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings; it supports and protects the skin and deeper layers, assists in thermoregulation, and aids in sensation.

Answer 2

dermis

Question 3

The ___ is the innermost layer of skin, storing energy, connecting the dermis layer of your skin to your muscles and bones, insulating your body, and protecting your body from harm.

Answer 3

hypodermis (subcutaneous)

Question 4

___ ___ are protrusions of dermal connective tissue into the epidermal layer that regulate hair growth.

Answer 4

Dermal papillae

Question 5

What is the name of the cells that produce and distribute melanin (a skin pigment)?

Answer 5

melanocytes

Question 6

The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium arranged in layers or strata. What are the layers?

Answer 6

• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum basale

Question 7

The stratum ___ is the first line of defense against the environment.

Answer 7

Stratum corneum

Question 8

The stratum ___ is a thin somewhat translucent layer of cells lying superficial to the stratum granulosum and under the stratum corneum, found especially in thickened parts of the epidermis (as of the palms or the soles of the feet).

Answer 8

Stratum lucidum

Question 9

The stratum ___ accumulates dense basophilic keratohyalin granules that contain lipids helping to form a waterproof barrier that prevents fluid loss from the body.

Answer 9

Stratum granulosum

Question 10

The stratum ___ is the layer that mostly consists of keratinocytes held together by sticky proteins called desmosomes, helping make your skin flexible and strong.

Answer 10

Stratum spinosum

Question 11

The stratum ___ is the deepest of the five layers of the epidermis, contains the only layer where the proliferation of skin cells can occur, and attaches the epidermis to the dermis

Answer 11

Stratum basale

Question 12

The skin is the body’s largest ___ in the body.

Answer 12

organ

Question 13

The skin is crucial for the regulation of ___ and the protection of the body.

Answer 13

temperature

Question 14

The skin contains 2 layers and a subcutaneous layer. The superficial layer is called the ___. Deep to the epidermis is the ___. The deepest layer is the ___ layer.

Answer 14

epidermis

dermis

subcutaneous

Question 15

The most ___ layer of skin is called the epidermis. The epidermis consists of stratified epithelium tissue arranged in layers called ___.

Answer 15

superficial

strata

Question 16

Deep to the epidermis is the dermis. The dermis consists of loose ___ tissue and a number of other structures.

Answer 16

connective

Question 17

The deepest layer is the subcutaneous layer which consists of loose connective tissue and ___ tissue along with ___ ___ and nerves.

Answer 17

adipose

blood vessels

Question 18

The epidermis is anchored to the dermis by means of a ___ ___.

Answer 18

basement membrane

Question 19

The epidermis does ___ contain any blood vessels.

Answer 19

not

Question 19

The cells of the stratum basale are nourished by the blood vessels in the ___. These cells can divide and move toward the surface pushing the ___ cells off of the superficial layers.

Answer 19

dermis

old

Question 20

Does the epidermis contain any blood vessels?

Answer 20

no

Question 21

The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer of the ___. It consists of cells that have been hardened with ___. Keratin is secreted by cells located in the deep layers of the epidermis called ___.

Answer 21

epidermis

keratin

keratinocytes

Question 22

The stratum spinosum contains cells called ___ cells. These cells have small radiating processes that ___ with other cells. Keratin is synthesized in this layer.

Answer 22

prickle

connect

Question 22

The stratum lucidum is an additional layer that is found only in the ___ of the hands and ___ of the feet. It provides an added thickness to these layers.

Answer 22

palms

soles

Question 23

The stratum granulosum contains cells that have lost their ___. These cells remain active and secrete keratin. The cells contain ___ in their cytoplasm that harbor keratin.

Answer 23

nuclei granules

Question 24

In what layer of the epidermis is keratin synthesized? What kinds of cells are abundant in this layer?

Answer 24

stratum spinosum keratinocytes

Question 25

The stratum basale or basal cell layer contains epidermal ___ cells. This is the ___ layer of the epidermis. It consists of one layer of cells that divide and begin their migration to the superficial layers. This is the layer where basal cell cancer develops.

Answer 25

stem cells deepest

Question 25

Psoriasis is an abnormality of ___.

Answer 25

keratinocytes

Question 25

___ is an abnormality of keratinocytes. Keratinocytes abnormally divide ___ and migrate from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum. Many ___ cells reach the stratum corneum producing flaky, silvery scales (mostly on knees, elbows, and scalp).

Answer 25

Psoriasis rapidly immature

Question 26

The ___ is the cell that produces the pigment melanin that gives skin its color.

Answer 26

melanocyte

Question 27

What do melanocytes produce?

Answer 27

melanin (skin pigment)

Question 28

Melanocytes are located in the ___ portion of the epidermis and superficial dermis.

Answer 28

deepest

Question 28

The color of the skin results from the ___ of the melanocytes, not the number.

Answer 28

activity

Question 29

Melanocytes respond to ultraviolet radiation (UVB radiation) by producing ___ melanin pigment which turns the skin a ___ color. The hair and middle layer of the eye also contain melanocytes.

Answer 29

more darker

Question 30

Which organ helps to synthesize vitamin D?

Answer 30

the skin

Question 31

The skin also helps to synthesize ___. Vitamin D (aka cholecalciferol) is synthesized when a precursor molecule absorbs ultraviolet radiation (sunlight). This molecule then travels to the ___ and ___ where it is converted to the active form of vitamin D.

Answer 31

vitamin D liver, kidney

Question 32

Vitamin D functions to help the body absorb ___. It also works to help in calcium transport in the intestines.

Answer 32

calcium

Question 33

Mneumonic: Come, Let's Go Sun Bathe

Answer 33

5 layers of the epidermis: - Stratum corneum - Stratum lucidum - Stratum granulosum - Stratum spinosum - Stratum basale

Question 34

The dermis is the ___ layer of the integument. The dermis consists of loose ___ tissue and houses a number of accessory structures of the skin.

Answer 34

middle connective

Question 35

The human body has approximately 2.5 million ___ on its surface. Hair is ___ found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet as well as on the lips, parts of the external genitalia and sides of the feet and fingers.

Answer 35

hairs not

Question 35

The dermis connects to the epidermis by means of wavy structures called ___ ___.

Answer 35

dermal papillae

Question 36

Hair is ___ alive and develops from old ___ cells pushed outward by new cells. The cells contain keratin for hardness and melanin for color.

Answer 36

not dead

Question 37

Hair can be very sensitive. This is due to a tiny plexus of ___ that surrounds each hair follicle. Hair is so sensitive that you can feel the movement of even a ___ hair.

Answer 37

nerves single

Question 38

A band of ___ muscle connects to each hair follicle. This structure, called an ___ ___ muscle, is capable of moving each follicle causing it to stand up in times of sympathetic nervous system activity such as emotional stress.

Answer 38

smooth arrector pili muscle

Question 39

Hair begins to grow at the base of the hair follicle in a structure called the ___ ___.

Answer 39

hair bulb

Question 40

The hair bulb is surrounded by a ___ ___ that contains blood vessels and nerves. The cells of the hair bulb divide and push the cells toward the surface along the hair root and shaft.

Answer 40

hair papilla

Question 41

Normal adults lose about ___ hairs per day. A loss of over 100 hairs per day will cause a net loss of hair. This can happen especially in ___ due to changing levels of sex hormones (male pattern baldness).

Answer 41

50 males

Question 41

What are the two types of hair?

Answer 41

vellus hairs - most of body terminal hairs - head, armpits, and genitals

Question 41

Vellus hairs are the ___ hairs located on much of your body’s surface. Terminal hairs are ___, more pigmented and are found on your head as well as genitals and axillary region.

Answer 41

fine thicker

Question 42

A small sebaceous gland surrounds each ___ ___. The sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance known as ___. Sebum makes the hair more ___ and hydrated.

Answer 42

hair follicle sebum flexible

Question 42

Sweat glands are located in the ___.

Answer 42

dermis

Question 43

2 types of sweat glands:

Answer 43

apocrine eccrine

Question 44

Apocrine sweat glands secrete their substances into the ___ ___. The secretions of apocrine glands can develop ___.

Answer 44

hair follicles odor

Question 44

Eccrine sweat glands secrete their substances directly onto the surface of the ___.

Answer 44

skin

Question 44

Apocrine glands begin to secrete substances at ___ and are located in the ___ and ___ regions.

Answer 44

puberty axilla genital

Question 45

What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?

Answer 45

to regulate body temperature *the sweat can evaporate and carry away heat

Question 46

Eccrine sweat glands are ___ tubular glands that secrete a substance that mostly consists of ___ with a trace of some electrolytes and a peptide.

Answer 46

coiled water

Question 47

The nails exist at the ___ portions of the fingers and toes.

Answer 47

distal

Question 48

The nail ___ is the visible portion of the nail that sits over the nail bed. The nail begins to grow at the nail ___ which is close to the bone

Answer 48

nail body nail root

Question 49

A portion of the superficial epidermis (stratum ___) extends over the proximal portion of the nail forming the eponychium (or ___).

Answer 49

corneum cuticle

Question 50

What gives nails their pink color?

Answer 50

blood vessels deep to the nail

Question 51

When the body gets too ___ the skin opens up ___ pores so that the sweat can carry the heat away by evaporation.

Answer 51

hot sweat

Question 51

Heat always moves along a gradient from ___ to ___ temperatures.

Answer 51

warmer cooler

Question 52

Heat can radiate from the body to the surrounding areas at ___ temperatures. In ___, heat moves via molecules from the warmer body to cooler objects.

Answer 52

lower conduction

Question 53

An example of conduction would be to lean against a cooler concrete wall. The heat flows from your body ___ the wall.

Answer 53

from into

Question 54

In ___, heat moves via air molecules circulating around the body. In evaporation, ___ on the surface of the body carries heat away.

Answer 54

convection fluid

Question 55

Body temperature is primarily regulated by an area in the ___ known as the hypothalamus.

Answer 55

brain

Question 56

The ___ sets the body’s temperature and controls it by opening and closing sweat glands and contracting muscles.

Answer 56

hypothalamus

Question 57

Let’s say it is a hot summer day and you are working hard to mow the lawn. As your body’s temperature rises the hypothalamus senses this and sends a message to your sweat glands to do what?

Answer 57

to open sweat evaporates off of your skin and you begin to cool down

Question 58

Now let’s say that you’ve finished mowing the lawn and you go inside of your air-conditioned home. Your body’s temperature will begin to drop. The hypothalamus senses this and sends a message to your sweat glands to do what?

Answer 58

to close

Question 59

By shivering, the muscles in your body will generate ___ to help maintain your core temperature.

Answer 59

heat

Question 59

If your body’s temperature continues to drop the hypothalamus may send a message to your muscles to contract or ___.

Answer 59

shiver

Question 60

In more severe cases of cold, your blood vessels will ___ in your extremities in an attempt to conserve heat at the core of your body for survival.

Answer 60

constrict

Question 61

If your core body temperature continues to drop you may develop a condition called ___. Conversely, if your core body temperature increases too much, you can develop ___.

Answer 61

hypothermia hyperthermia

Question 61

Which protein makes up the hair and nails?

Answer 61

keratin

Question 62

The main purpose of sweat production is to facilitate the ___ of the body. If sweat glands are absent or their function is inhibited, the body will lose its ability to ___ (control its temperature).

Answer 62

cooling thermoregulate

Question 63

First-degree burns affect only the ___.

Answer 63

epidermis

Question 64

Second-degree burns affect the ___ and ___ of the dermis.

Answer 64

epidermis part

Question 65

Third-degree burns affect the ___ and the ___ dermis.

Answer 65

epidermis entire

Question 65

___ glands produce waxy lubricant secretion that protects the ears.

Answer 65

Ceruminous

Question 66

Fourth-degree burns affect the ___, the ___ dermis, as well as the underlying ___, muscles, and tendons.

Answer 66

epidermis entire bones

Question 66

What process reduces heat loss and warms the body via integumental thermoregulation?

Answer 66

vasoconstriction

Question 67

The integumentary system functions in immunity as part of the ___ immune system.

Answer 67

innate

Question 68

Which layer of epidermis is absent in all parts of the body except in the palms and soles?

Answer 68

Stratum lucidum