TEAS 7 - Science (Integumentary System) Flashcards
The ___ protects the body from the outside as the outermost layer, keeping our skin hydrated, producing new skin cells, and determining our skin color.
epidermis
The ___ is the middle layer of skin and contains collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings; it supports and protects the skin and deeper layers, assists in thermoregulation, and aids in sensation.
dermis
The ___ is the innermost layer of skin, storing energy, connecting the dermis layer of your skin to your muscles and bones, insulating your body, and protecting your body from harm.
hypodermis (subcutaneous)
___ ___ are protrusions of dermal connective tissue into the epidermal layer that regulate hair growth.
Dermal papillae
What is the name of the cells that produce and distribute melanin (a skin pigment)?
melanocytes
The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium arranged in layers or strata. What are the layers?
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
The stratum ___ is the first line of defense against the environment.
Stratum corneum
The stratum ___ is a thin somewhat translucent layer of cells lying superficial to the stratum granulosum and under the stratum corneum, found especially in thickened parts of the epidermis (as of the palms or the soles of the feet).
Stratum lucidum
The stratum ___ accumulates dense basophilic keratohyalin granules that contain lipids helping to form a waterproof barrier that prevents fluid loss from the body.
Stratum granulosum
The stratum ___ is the layer that mostly consists of keratinocytes held together by sticky proteins called desmosomes, helping make your skin flexible and strong.
Stratum spinosum
The stratum ___ is the deepest of the five layers of the epidermis, contains the only layer where the proliferation of skin cells can occur, and attaches the epidermis to the dermis
Stratum basale
The skin is the body’s largest ___ in the body.
organ
The skin is crucial for the regulation of ___ and the protection of the body.
temperature
The skin contains 2 layers and a subcutaneous layer. The superficial layer is called the ___. Deep to the epidermis is the ___. The deepest layer is the ___ layer.
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous
The most ___ layer of skin is called the epidermis. The epidermis consists of stratified epithelium tissue arranged in layers called ___.
superficial
strata
Deep to the epidermis is the dermis. The dermis consists of loose ___ tissue and a number of other structures.
connective
The deepest layer is the subcutaneous layer which consists of loose connective tissue and ___ tissue along with ___ ___ and nerves.
adipose
blood vessels
The epidermis is anchored to the dermis by means of a ___ ___.
basement membrane
The epidermis does ___ contain any blood vessels.
not
The cells of the stratum basale are nourished by the blood vessels in the ___. These cells can divide and move toward the surface pushing the ___ cells off of the superficial layers.
dermis
old
Does the epidermis contain any blood vessels?
no
The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer of the ___. It consists of cells that have been hardened with ___. Keratin is secreted by cells located in the deep layers of the epidermis called ___.
epidermis
keratin
keratinocytes
The stratum spinosum contains cells called ___ cells. These cells have small radiating processes that ___ with other cells. Keratin is synthesized in this layer.
prickle
connect
The stratum lucidum is an additional layer that is found only in the ___ of the hands and ___ of the feet. It provides an added thickness to these layers.
palms
soles
The stratum granulosum contains cells that have lost their ___. These cells remain active and secrete keratin. The cells contain ___ in their cytoplasm that harbor keratin.
nuclei
granules
In what layer of the epidermis is keratin synthesized?
What kinds of cells are abundant in this layer?
stratum spinosum
keratinocytes
The stratum basale or basal cell layer contains epidermal ___ cells. This is the ___ layer of the epidermis. It consists of one layer of cells that divide and begin their migration to the superficial layers. This is the layer where basal cell cancer develops.
stem cells
deepest
Psoriasis is an abnormality of ___.
keratinocytes
___ is an abnormality of keratinocytes. Keratinocytes abnormally divide ___ and migrate from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum. Many ___ cells reach the stratum corneum producing flaky, silvery scales (mostly on knees, elbows, and scalp).
Psoriasis
rapidly
immature
The ___ is the cell that produces the pigment melanin that gives skin its color.
melanocyte
What do melanocytes produce?
melanin (skin pigment)
Melanocytes are located in the ___ portion of the epidermis and superficial dermis.
deepest
The color of the skin results from the ___ of the melanocytes, not the number.
activity
Melanocytes respond to ultraviolet radiation (UVB radiation) by producing ___ melanin pigment which turns the skin a ___ color. The hair and middle layer of the eye also contain melanocytes.
more
darker
Which organ helps to synthesize vitamin D?
the skin
The skin also helps to synthesize ___. Vitamin D (aka cholecalciferol) is synthesized when a precursor molecule absorbs ultraviolet radiation (sunlight). This molecule then travels to the ___ and ___ where it is converted to the active form of vitamin D.
vitamin D
liver, kidney
Vitamin D functions to help the body absorb ___. It also works to help in calcium transport in the intestines.
calcium
Mneumonic: Come, Let’s Go Sun Bathe
5 layers of the epidermis:
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
The dermis is the ___ layer of the integument. The dermis consists of loose ___ tissue and houses a number of accessory structures of the skin.
middle
connective
The human body has approximately 2.5 million ___ on its surface. Hair is ___ found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet as well as on the lips, parts of the external genitalia and sides of the feet and fingers.
hairs
not
The dermis connects to the epidermis by means of wavy structures called ___ ___.
dermal papillae
Hair is ___ alive and develops from old ___ cells pushed outward by new cells. The cells contain keratin for hardness and melanin for color.
not
dead
Hair can be very sensitive. This is due to a tiny plexus of ___ that surrounds each hair follicle. Hair is so sensitive that you can feel the movement of even a ___ hair.
nerves
single
A band of ___ muscle connects to each hair follicle. This structure, called an ___ ___ muscle, is capable of moving each follicle causing it to stand up in times of sympathetic nervous system activity such as emotional stress.
smooth
arrector pili muscle
Hair begins to grow at the base of the hair follicle in a structure called the ___ ___.
hair bulb
The hair bulb is surrounded by a ___ ___ that contains blood vessels and nerves. The cells of the hair bulb divide and push the cells toward the surface along the hair root and shaft.
hair papilla
Normal adults lose about ___ hairs per day. A loss of over 100 hairs per day will cause a net loss of hair. This can happen especially in ___ due to changing levels of sex hormones (male pattern baldness).
50
males
What are the two types of hair?
vellus hairs - most of body
terminal hairs - head, armpits, and genitals
Vellus hairs are the ___ hairs located on much of your body’s surface. Terminal hairs are ___, more pigmented and are found on your head as well as genitals and axillary region.
fine
thicker
A small sebaceous gland surrounds each ___ ___. The sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance known as ___. Sebum makes the hair more ___ and hydrated.
hair follicle
sebum
flexible
Sweat glands are located in the ___.
dermis
2 types of sweat glands:
apocrine
eccrine
Apocrine sweat glands secrete their substances into the ___ ___. The secretions of apocrine glands can develop ___.
hair follicles
odor
Eccrine sweat glands secrete their substances directly onto the surface of the ___.
skin
Apocrine glands begin to secrete substances at ___ and are located in the ___ and ___ regions.
puberty
axilla
genital
What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?
to regulate body temperature
*the sweat can evaporate and carry away heat
Eccrine sweat glands are ___ tubular glands that secrete a substance that mostly consists of ___ with a trace of some electrolytes and a peptide.
coiled
water
The nails exist at the ___ portions of the fingers and toes.
distal
The nail ___ is the visible portion of the nail that sits over the nail bed. The nail begins to grow at the nail ___ which is close to the bone
nail body
nail root
A portion of the superficial epidermis (stratum ___) extends over the proximal portion of the nail forming the eponychium (or ___).
corneum
cuticle
What gives nails their pink color?
blood vessels deep to the nail
When the body gets too ___ the skin opens up ___ pores so that the sweat can carry the heat away by evaporation.
hot
sweat
Heat always moves along a gradient from ___ to ___ temperatures.
warmer
cooler
Heat can radiate from the body to the surrounding areas at ___ temperatures. In ___, heat moves via molecules from the warmer body to cooler objects.
lower
conduction
An example of conduction would be to lean against a cooler concrete wall. The heat flows from your body ___ the wall.
from
into
In ___, heat moves via air molecules circulating around the body. In evaporation, ___ on the surface of the body carries heat away.
convection
fluid
Body temperature is primarily regulated by an area in the ___ known as the hypothalamus.
brain
The ___ sets the body’s temperature and controls it by opening and closing sweat glands and contracting muscles.
hypothalamus
Let’s say it is a hot summer day and you are working hard to mow the lawn. As your body’s temperature rises the hypothalamus senses this and sends a message to your sweat glands to do what?
to open
sweat evaporates off of your skin and you begin to cool down
Now let’s say that you’ve finished mowing the lawn and you go inside of your air-conditioned home. Your body’s temperature will begin to drop. The hypothalamus senses this and sends a message to your sweat glands to do what?
to close
By shivering, the muscles in your body will generate ___ to help maintain your core temperature.
heat
If your body’s temperature continues to drop the hypothalamus may send a message to your muscles to contract or ___.
shiver
In more severe cases of cold, your blood vessels will ___ in your extremities in an attempt to conserve heat at the core of your body for survival.
constrict
If your core body temperature continues to drop you may develop a condition called ___. Conversely, if your core body temperature increases too much, you can develop ___.
hypothermia
hyperthermia
Which protein makes up the hair and nails?
keratin
The main purpose of sweat production is to facilitate the ___ of the body. If sweat glands are absent or their function is inhibited, the body will lose its ability to ___ (control its temperature).
cooling
thermoregulate
First-degree burns affect only the ___.
epidermis
Second-degree burns affect the ___ and ___ of the dermis.
epidermis
part
Third-degree burns affect the ___ and the ___ dermis.
epidermis
entire
___ glands produce waxy lubricant secretion that protects the ears.
Ceruminous
Fourth-degree burns affect the ___, the ___ dermis, as well as the underlying ___, muscles, and tendons.
epidermis
entire
bones
What process reduces heat loss and warms the body via integumental thermoregulation?
vasoconstriction
The integumentary system functions in immunity as part of the ___ immune system.
innate
Which layer of epidermis is absent in all parts of the body except in the palms and soles?
Stratum lucidum
