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TEAS 7 Test Prep > TEAS 7 - Science (Integumentary System) > Flashcards

TEAS 7 - Science (Integumentary System) Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ protects the body from the outside as the outermost layer, keeping our skin hydrated, producing new skin cells, and determining our skin color.

A

epidermis

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2
Q

The ___ is the middle layer of skin and contains collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings; it supports and protects the skin and deeper layers, assists in thermoregulation, and aids in sensation.

A

dermis

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3
Q

The ___ is the innermost layer of skin, storing energy, connecting the dermis layer of your skin to your muscles and bones, insulating your body, and protecting your body from harm.

A

hypodermis (subcutaneous)

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4
Q

___ ___ are protrusions of dermal connective tissue into the epidermal layer that regulate hair growth.

A

Dermal papillae

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5
Q

What is the name of the cells that produce and distribute melanin (a skin pigment)?

A

melanocytes

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6
Q

The epidermis consists of stratified squamous epithelium arranged in layers or strata. What are the layers?

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale
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7
Q

The stratum ___ is the first line of defense against the environment.

A

Stratum corneum

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8
Q

The stratum ___ is a thin somewhat translucent layer of cells lying superficial to the stratum granulosum and under the stratum corneum, found especially in thickened parts of the epidermis (as of the palms or the soles of the feet).

A

Stratum lucidum

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9
Q

The stratum ___ accumulates dense basophilic keratohyalin granules that contain lipids helping to form a waterproof barrier that prevents fluid loss from the body.

A

Stratum granulosum

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10
Q

The stratum ___ is the layer that mostly consists of keratinocytes held together by sticky proteins called desmosomes, helping make your skin flexible and strong.

A

Stratum spinosum

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11
Q

The stratum ___ is the deepest of the five layers of the epidermis, contains the only layer where the proliferation of skin cells can occur, and attaches the epidermis to the dermis

A

Stratum basale

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12
Q

The skin is the body’s largest ___ in the body.

A

organ

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13
Q

The skin is crucial for the regulation of ___ and the protection of the body.

A

temperature

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14
Q

The skin contains 2 layers and a subcutaneous layer. The superficial layer is called the ___. Deep to the epidermis is the ___. The deepest layer is the ___ layer.

A

epidermis

dermis

subcutaneous

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15
Q

The most ___ layer of skin is called the epidermis. The epidermis consists of stratified epithelium tissue arranged in layers called ___.

A

superficial

strata

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16
Q

Deep to the epidermis is the dermis. The dermis consists of loose ___ tissue and a number of other structures.

A

connective

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17
Q

The deepest layer is the subcutaneous layer which consists of loose connective tissue and ___ tissue along with ___ ___ and nerves.

A

adipose

blood vessels

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18
Q

The epidermis is anchored to the dermis by means of a ___ ___.

A

basement membrane

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19
Q

The epidermis does ___ contain any blood vessels.

A

not

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19
Q

The cells of the stratum basale are nourished by the blood vessels in the ___. These cells can divide and move toward the surface pushing the ___ cells off of the superficial layers.

A

dermis

old

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20
Q

Does the epidermis contain any blood vessels?

A

no

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21
Q

The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer of the ___. It consists of cells that have been hardened with ___. Keratin is secreted by cells located in the deep layers of the epidermis called ___.

A

epidermis

keratin

keratinocytes

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22
Q

The stratum spinosum contains cells called ___ cells. These cells have small radiating processes that ___ with other cells. Keratin is synthesized in this layer.

A

prickle

connect

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22
Q

The stratum lucidum is an additional layer that is found only in the ___ of the hands and ___ of the feet. It provides an added thickness to these layers.

A

palms

soles

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23
Q

The stratum granulosum contains cells that have lost their ___. These cells remain active and secrete keratin. The cells contain ___ in their cytoplasm that harbor keratin.

A

nuclei

granules

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24
Q

In what layer of the epidermis is keratin synthesized?

What kinds of cells are abundant in this layer?

A

stratum spinosum

keratinocytes

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25
Q

The stratum basale or basal cell layer contains epidermal ___ cells. This is the ___ layer of the epidermis. It consists of one layer of cells that divide and begin their migration to the superficial layers. This is the layer where basal cell cancer develops.

A

stem cells

deepest

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25
Q

Psoriasis is an abnormality of ___.

A

keratinocytes

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25
Q

___ is an abnormality of keratinocytes. Keratinocytes abnormally divide ___ and migrate from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum. Many ___ cells reach the stratum corneum producing flaky, silvery scales (mostly on knees, elbows, and scalp).

A

Psoriasis

rapidly

immature

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26
Q

The ___ is the cell that produces the pigment melanin that gives skin its color.

A

melanocyte

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27
Q

What do melanocytes produce?

A

melanin (skin pigment)

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28
Q

Melanocytes are located in the ___ portion of the epidermis and superficial dermis.

A

deepest

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28
Q

The color of the skin results from the ___ of the melanocytes, not the number.

A

activity

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29
Q

Melanocytes respond to ultraviolet radiation (UVB radiation) by producing ___ melanin pigment which turns the skin a ___ color. The hair and middle layer of the eye also contain melanocytes.

A

more

darker

30
Q

Which organ helps to synthesize vitamin D?

A

the skin

31
Q

The skin also helps to synthesize ___. Vitamin D (aka cholecalciferol) is synthesized when a precursor molecule absorbs ultraviolet radiation (sunlight). This molecule then travels to the ___ and ___ where it is converted to the active form of vitamin D.

A

vitamin D

liver, kidney

32
Q

Vitamin D functions to help the body absorb ___. It also works to help in calcium transport in the intestines.

A

calcium

33
Q

Mneumonic: Come, Let’s Go Sun Bathe

A

5 layers of the epidermis:

  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale
34
Q

The dermis is the ___ layer of the integument. The dermis consists of loose ___ tissue and houses a number of accessory structures of the skin.

A

middle

connective

35
Q

The human body has approximately 2.5 million ___ on its surface. Hair is ___ found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet as well as on the lips, parts of the external genitalia and sides of the feet and fingers.

A

hairs

not

35
Q

The dermis connects to the epidermis by means of wavy structures called ___ ___.

A

dermal papillae

36
Q

Hair is ___ alive and develops from old ___ cells pushed outward by new cells. The cells contain keratin for hardness and melanin for color.

A

not

dead

37
Q

Hair can be very sensitive. This is due to a tiny plexus of ___ that surrounds each hair follicle. Hair is so sensitive that you can feel the movement of even a ___ hair.

A

nerves

single

38
Q

A band of ___ muscle connects to each hair follicle. This structure, called an ___ ___ muscle, is capable of moving each follicle causing it to stand up in times of sympathetic nervous system activity such as emotional stress.

A

smooth

arrector pili muscle

39
Q

Hair begins to grow at the base of the hair follicle in a structure called the ___ ___.

A

hair bulb

40
Q

The hair bulb is surrounded by a ___ ___ that contains blood vessels and nerves. The cells of the hair bulb divide and push the cells toward the surface along the hair root and shaft.

A

hair papilla

41
Q

Normal adults lose about ___ hairs per day. A loss of over 100 hairs per day will cause a net loss of hair. This can happen especially in ___ due to changing levels of sex hormones (male pattern baldness).

A

50

males

41
Q

What are the two types of hair?

A

vellus hairs - most of body

terminal hairs - head, armpits, and genitals

41
Q

Vellus hairs are the ___ hairs located on much of your body’s surface. Terminal hairs are ___, more pigmented and are found on your head as well as genitals and axillary region.

A

fine

thicker

42
Q

A small sebaceous gland surrounds each ___ ___. The sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance known as ___. Sebum makes the hair more ___ and hydrated.

A

hair follicle

sebum

flexible

42
Q

Sweat glands are located in the ___.

A

dermis

43
Q

2 types of sweat glands:

A

apocrine

eccrine

44
Q

Apocrine sweat glands secrete their substances into the ___ ___. The secretions of apocrine glands can develop ___.

A

hair follicles

odor

44
Q

Eccrine sweat glands secrete their substances directly onto the surface of the ___.

A

skin

44
Q

Apocrine glands begin to secrete substances at ___ and are located in the ___ and ___ regions.

A

puberty

axilla

genital

45
Q

What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?

A

to regulate body temperature

*the sweat can evaporate and carry away heat

46
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are ___ tubular glands that secrete a substance that mostly consists of ___ with a trace of some electrolytes and a peptide.

A

coiled

water

47
Q

The nails exist at the ___ portions of the fingers and toes.

A

distal

48
Q

The nail ___ is the visible portion of the nail that sits over the nail bed. The nail begins to grow at the nail ___ which is close to the bone

A

nail body

nail root

49
Q

A portion of the superficial epidermis (stratum ___) extends over the proximal portion of the nail forming the eponychium (or ___).

A

corneum

cuticle

50
Q

What gives nails their pink color?

A

blood vessels deep to the nail

51
Q

When the body gets too ___ the skin opens up ___ pores so that the sweat can carry the heat away by evaporation.

A

hot

sweat

51
Q

Heat always moves along a gradient from ___ to ___ temperatures.

A

warmer

cooler

52
Q

Heat can radiate from the body to the surrounding areas at ___ temperatures. In ___, heat moves via molecules from the warmer body to cooler objects.

A

lower

conduction

53
Q

An example of conduction would be to lean against a cooler concrete wall. The heat flows from your body ___ the wall.

A

from

into

54
Q

In ___, heat moves via air molecules circulating around the body. In evaporation, ___ on the surface of the body carries heat away.

A

convection

fluid

55
Q

Body temperature is primarily regulated by an area in the ___ known as the hypothalamus.

A

brain

56
Q

The ___ sets the body’s temperature and controls it by opening and closing sweat glands and contracting muscles.

A

hypothalamus

57
Q

Let’s say it is a hot summer day and you are working hard to mow the lawn. As your body’s temperature rises the hypothalamus senses this and sends a message to your sweat glands to do what?

A

to open

sweat evaporates off of your skin and you begin to cool down

58
Q

Now let’s say that you’ve finished mowing the lawn and you go inside of your air-conditioned home. Your body’s temperature will begin to drop. The hypothalamus senses this and sends a message to your sweat glands to do what?

A

to close

59
Q

By shivering, the muscles in your body will generate ___ to help maintain your core temperature.

A

heat

59
Q

If your body’s temperature continues to drop the hypothalamus may send a message to your muscles to contract or ___.

A

shiver

60
Q

In more severe cases of cold, your blood vessels will ___ in your extremities in an attempt to conserve heat at the core of your body for survival.

A

constrict

61
Q

If your core body temperature continues to drop you may develop a condition called ___. Conversely, if your core body temperature increases too much, you can develop ___.

A

hypothermia

hyperthermia

61
Q

Which protein makes up the hair and nails?

A

keratin

62
Q

The main purpose of sweat production is to facilitate the ___ of the body. If sweat glands are absent or their function is inhibited, the body will lose its ability to ___ (control its temperature).

A

cooling

thermoregulate

63
Q

First-degree burns affect only the ___.

A

epidermis

64
Q

Second-degree burns affect the ___ and ___ of the dermis.

A

epidermis

part

65
Q

Third-degree burns affect the ___ and the ___ dermis.

A

epidermis

entire

65
Q

___ glands produce waxy lubricant secretion that protects the ears.

A

Ceruminous

66
Q

Fourth-degree burns affect the ___, the ___ dermis, as well as the underlying ___, muscles, and tendons.

A

epidermis

entire

bones

66
Q

What process reduces heat loss and warms the body via integumental thermoregulation?

A

vasoconstriction

67
Q

The integumentary system functions in immunity as part of the ___ immune system.

A

innate

68
Q

Which layer of epidermis is absent in all parts of the body except in the palms and soles?

A

Stratum lucidum

TEAS 7 Test Prep (12 decks)

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