TEAS 7 - Science (Nervous System)

Question 1

What do we call the folds on the surface of the cerebrum?

Answer 1

gyri

Question 2

What do we call the grooves between the folds of the cerebrum?

Answer 2

sulci

Question 2

What do we call the deep grooves between the folds of the cerebrum?

Answer 2

fissures

Question 3

The ___ is the area between the cerebrum and brainstem.

Answer 3

diencephalon

Question 4

The ___ is the portion of the brain in the posterior inferior region that processes information for coordination and movement.

Answer 4

cerebellum

Question 5

The ___ is the position of joints.

Answer 5

proprioception

Question 6

What is the specialized area in the brain that helps with the understanding of speech?

Answer 6

Wernicke’s Area

Question 7

What is the specialized area in the brain that has to do with producing meaningful speech?

Answer 7

Broca’s Area

Question 8

A ___ is a whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs.

Answer 8

nerve

Question 9

The ___ ___ carries genetic information, maintains the neuron’s structure, and provides energy to drive activities.

Answer 9

cell body

Question 10

___ are fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body, receiving and processing signals from the axons of other neurons.

Answer 10

Dendrites

Question 11

The ___ ___ ___ is the processing center of the body consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 11

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 12

___ are chemical substances that are released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, cause the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

Answer 12

neurotransmitters

Question 13

What are the long threadlike parts of nerve cells along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells?

Answer 13

axon

Question 14

___ ___ are found at the terminal ends of axons and are typically the sites where synapses with other neurons are found; neurotransmitters are stored there to communicate with other neurons via these synapses.

Answer 14

Axon terminals

Question 15

___ ___ are the nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain.

Answer 15

Sensory nerves (afferent nerves)

Question 16

Sensory nerves are considered to be (afferent/efferent) nerves.

Answer 16

afferent

Question 17

___ ___ transmit impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.

Answer 17

Motor nerves

Question 18

Motor nerves are considered to be (afferent/efferent) nerves.

Answer 18

efferent

Question 19

The ___ ___ ___ is a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.

Answer 19

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 20

What are the 3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 20

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

Question 21

The autonomic nervous system is a(n) (voluntary/involuntary) system.

Answer 21

involuntary

Question 22

A ___ is the junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a tiny gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

Answer 22

synapse

Question 23

What are the organs of the central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 23

brain and spinal cord

Question 24

What are the organs of the peripheral nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 24

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system

Question 25

The major parts of the brain include the outer ___ and the inner ___.

Answer 25

cerebrum

diencephalon

Question 26

How does the brain connect to the spinal cord?

Answer 26

the brainstem

Question 27

The cerebrum is ___ portion of the nervous system.

Answer 27

largest

Question 28

The cerebrum consists of two ___ (right and left) connected by a white matter bridge called the ___ ___.

Answer 28

hemispheres

corpus callosum

Question 29

On the surface of the cerebrum are folds called ___ and grooves called ___. Deep grooves are known as ___.

Answer 29

gyri

sulci

fissures

Question 30

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

Answer 30

the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

Question 31

The ___ lobe processes information involving motor movements, concentration, planning, and problem solving as well as the sense of smell and emotions.

Answer 31

frontal lobe

Question 32

If a patient comes to the clinic and they are experiencing issues with motor movement, concentration, and planning, what lobe is most likely affected?

Answer 32

frontal lobe

Question 33

The ___ lobes process sensory information with the exception of hearing, smell, and vision.

Answer 33

parietal lobes

Question 34

The ___ lobes process information related to hearing, smell, and memory as well as abstract thought and making judgments.

Answer 34

temporal

Question 35

The ___ lobe processes visual information.

Answer 35

occipital

Question 35

The occipital lobe processes ___ information.

Answer 35

visual

Question 36

Along the superior aspect of the cerebrum lies the ___ fissure that divides the parietal lobes.

Answer 36

longitudinal fissure

Question 37

The ___ fissure (Sylvian fissure) is located on the lateral aspect and separates the temporal from parietal lobes.

Answer 37

lateral fissure

Question 38

One sulcus called the ___ sulcus is located midway on the lateral aspect of the cerebrum and separates the frontal from the parietal lobes.

Answer 38

central sulcus

Question 38

Deep in the lateral fissure is the ___ which is often referred to as a fifth lobe of the cerebrum.

Answer 38

insula

Question 39

The ___ lies between the brainstem and cerebrum.

Answer 39

diencephalon

Question 39

What are the important structures of the diencephalon?

Answer 39

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 39

The ___ is the largest part of the diencephalon.

Answer 39

thalamus

Question 40

The thalamus carries all ___ information to the cerebral cortex except for the sense of ___. It is sometimes referred to as a relay station for sensory information.

Answer 40

sensory

smell

Question 40

Sensory information that the thalamus carries includes ___, visual, and ___ information.

Answer 40

auditory

motor

Question 40

The thalamus is also intimately involved in ___ due to its connections to the limbic system.

Answer 40

emotions

Question 41

The hypothalamus lies ___ and anterior to the thalamus.

Answer 41

inferior

Question 42

The ___ lies inferior and anterior to the thalamus.

Answer 42

hypothalamus

Question 42

A stalk-like projection called the ___ projects anterior and inferior and connects to the pituitary gland.

Answer 42

infundibulum

Question 42

The infundibulum is a stalk-like projection of the hypothalamus that connects to the ___ ___.

Answer 42

pituitary gland

Question 42

The hypothalamus is intimately connected with the ___ ___ and helps to regulate hormones.

Answer 42

endocrine system

Question 42

The ___ also regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger and sexual drive and is involved in processing emotions, mood, and sleep along with the reticular activating system.

Answer 42

hypothalamus

Question 42

Posterior to the diencephalon is the ___ gland which is a small endocrine gland that secretes the hormone melatonin.

Answer 42

pineal gland

Question 42

Posterior to the ___ is the pineal gland which is a small ___ gland that secretes the hormone melatonin.

Answer 42

diencephalon

endocrine

Question 42

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 42

melatonin

Question 43

What does melatonin do?

Answer 43

helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles

Question 44

Fill in the blanks:

Cerebrum –> ___ –> ___ –> Spinal Cord

Answer 44

Diencephalon

Brainstem

Question 45

What does the brainstem consist of?

Answer 45

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 45

The ___ ___ is the most inferior portion of the brainstem and contains a number of centers for controlling heart rate, respiration, swallowing, vomiting and blood vessel diameter.

Answer 45

medulla oblongata

Question 46

What is the most inferior part of the brainstem?

Answer 46

medulla oblongata

Question 46

Spinal pathways called tracts continue through the ___ connecting the spinal cord with the brain.

Answer 46

medulla

Question 47

The ___ is the middle section of the brainstem. The pons contain spinal cord tracts as well as nuclei that help to control respiration and sleep.

Answer 47

pons

Question 48

What is the middle section of the brainstem?

Answer 48

pons

Question 49

The ___ is the most superior portion of the brainstem and helps to process motor and hearing information.

Answer 49

midbrain

Question 50

What is the superior part of the brainstem called?

Answer 50

midbrain

Question 51

What is located throughout the brainstem and is primarily concerned with regulating sleep-wake cycles?

Answer 51

the reticular formation

Question 51

The limbic system consists of portions of both the ___ and diencephalon

Answer 51

cerebrum

Question 51

The limbic system is involved in the ___ as well as reproduction and ___.

Answer 51

emotions

memory

Question 51

The ___ ___ is involved in the emotions as well as reproduction and memory.

Answer 51

limbic system

Question 52

The spinal cord begins at the ___ ___ of the occipital bone and extends to the second ___ vertebra.

Answer 52

foramen magnum

lumbar

Question 52

The spinal cord ends in a cone-like structure called the ___ ___.

Answer 52

conus medullaris

Question 52

Where does the spinal cord begin?

Answer 52

foramen magnum

Question 52

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 52

second lumbar vertebra

Question 52

A structure known as the ___ ___ (horse’s tail) extends from the inferior end of the spinal cord.

Answer 52

cauda equina

Question 52

The cauda equina (horse’s tail) consists of nerves that extend downward to exit the foramen of the ___ and ___ vertebrae.

Answer 52

lumbar

sacral

Question 53

The spinal cord consists of a core of ___ matter surrounded by white matter.

Answer 53

gray

Question 54

The white matter is divided into sections called ___ (or columns). There are posterior, ___, and anterior columns.

Answer 54

funiculi

lateral

Question 55

The gray matter is divided into ___, so there are ___, lateral and anterior horns.

Answer 55

horns

posterior

Question 56

Both sides of the spinal cord are connected by the posterior and anterior gray ___. There is a central ___ carrying cerebral spinal fluid in the center.

Answer 56

commissures

canal

Question 57

There is a large groove in the front of the spinal cord called the ___ ___ fissure and a shallow groove in the back called the ___ ___ sulcus.

Answer 57

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus

Question 58

Both the brain and spinal cord are covered by the ___.

Answer 58

meninges

Question 59

What are the 3 layers in the meninges?

Answer 59

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

Question 60

There are 3 layers in the meninges, these include the ___ dura mater, the ___ arachnoid mater, and the ___ pia mater.

Answer 60

outer

middle

inner

Question 61

There is a space between the arachnoid and pia mater called the ___ ___ which carries cerebral spinal fluid.

Answer 61

subarachnoid space

Question 62

Where is the cerebral spinal fluid found?

Answer 62

a space between the arachnoid and pia mater called the subarachnoid space

Question 63

What is the subarachnoid space?

Answer 63

the space between the arachnoid and pia mater

Question 64

The space between the dura mater and the vertebrae is called the ___ space.

Answer 64

epidural

Question 65

The epidural space is the space between the ___ ___ and the ___.

Answer 65

dura mater

vertebra

Question 66

Where is the epidural injection inserted into?

Answer 66

the epidural space

Question 67

Cerebral spinal fluid is produced by structures in the brain called ___ ___.

Answer 67

choroid plexi

Question 68

Where are choroid plexi located?

Answer 68

in hollow structures in the brain called ventricles

Question 69

___ ___ fluid is produced by structures in the brain called choroid plexi which are located in hollow structures in the brain called ___

Answer 69

Cerebral spinal fluid

ventricles

Question 70

There are 2 lateral ventricles, a 3rd and 4th ventricle which connect to the ___ ___ of the spinal cord.

Answer 70

central canal

Question 71

The CSF is absorbed by structures called ___ ___ or villi located in the arachnoid mater.

Answer 71

arachnoid granulations

Question 72

Where is CSF absorbed?

Answer 72

arachnoid mater

Question 73

An abnormal buildup of CSF is called ___.

Answer 73

hydrocephalus

Question 73

Hydrocephalus can be treated by ___ or a device called a shunt that drains the excess ___ into the chest or abdomen.

Answer 73

surgery

fluid

Question 74

The peripheral nervous system includes the ___.

Answer 74

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
autonomic nervous system

Question 75

The peripheral nervous system is divided into two systems. What are they?

Answer 75

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

Question 76

The somatic nervous system controls ___ information such as with skeletal muscles.

Answer 76

voluntary

Question 77

The autonomic nervous system controls ___ information such as with organs.

Answer 77

involuntary

Question 78

There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves, and each nerve has a unique name and a different function.

Answer 78

12

Question 79

Some nerves carry ___ information, some carry motor information and some carry ___ sensory and motor information.

Answer 79

sensory

both

Question 80

___ ___, the olfactory nerve carries the sense of smell.

Answer 80

Cranial nerve I

Question 81

___ ___, the optic nerve carries the sense of vision.

Answer 81

Cranial nerve II

Question 82

___ ___ ___, the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves work together to move the eyes.

Answer 82

Cranial nerves III, IV, VI

Question 83

___ ___, the trigeminal nerve carries sensation from the face and motor information to the chewing muscles or muscles of mastication which include the temporalis and masseter muscles.

Answer 83

Cranial nerve V

Question 84

___ ___, the facial nerve carries sensory information for taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and motor information to the muscles of facial expression.

Answer 84

Cranial nerve VII

Question 85

___ ___, the auditory or vestibulocochlear nerve carries information for hearing, balance, and equilibrium.

Answer 85

Cranial nerve VIII

Question 86

___ ___, the glossopharyngeal nerve carries sensory information for taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and motor information to the swallowing muscles.

Answer 86

Cranial nerve IX

Question 87

___ ___, the vagus nerve carries sensory and motor information to and from the organs.

Answer 87

Cranial nerve X

Question 88

___ ___, the spinal accessory nerve carries motor information to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Answer 88

Cranial nerve XI

Question 89

___ ___, the hypoglossal nerve carries motor information to the tongue

Answer 89

Cranial nerve XII

Question 90

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and these are named after where they originate in the ___ ___.

Answer 90

spinal cord

Question 91

The spinal nerves include ___ cervical, ___ thoracic, ___ lumbar, ___ sacral, and ___ coccygeal.

Answer 91

8, 12, 5, 5, 1

Question 92

Spinal nerves are formed by ___ and ___ nerve roots. The nerves branch to the body with some nerves traveling to the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 92

dorsal

ventral

Question 93

Spinal nerves carry both ___ and ___ information.

Answer 93

sensory

motor

Question 94

The body can be divided into sections called ____ that represents a specific area of the body innervated by a spinal nerve.

Answer 94

dermatomes

Question 95

Dermatomes are important in helping to localize peripheral nervous system ___.

Answer 95

injuries

Question 96

What are important in helping to localize peripheral nervous system injuries?

Answer 96

dermatomes

Question 97

The ___ ___ ___ (ANS) can control respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, digestive and reproductive functions.

Answer 97

autonomic nervous system

Question 97

The autonomic nervous system can be thought of as an “automatic” system because it works to maintain ___ in the body even when it is in an ___ state.

Answer 97

homeostasis

unconscious

Question 98

The ANS does this by sending ___ impulses to viscera, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Answer 98

motor

Question 99

Since it sends motor impulses to viscera, the ANS is also known as a ___ ___ system.

Answer 99

visceral motor system

Question 100

The ANS is divided into two subdivisions. What are they?

Answer 100

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 101

The sympathetic is often referred to as the
“___ or ___” system.

Answer 101

“fight or flight”

Question 102

The sympathetic is often referred to as the
“fight or flight” system. It is located in the ___ and ___ spines and sends fibers to the organs.

Answer 102

thoracic and lumbar

Question 102

The parasympathetic division begins in the ___ and ___ ___ spines and sends fibers to the same organs as the sympathetic.

Answer 102

cervical and lower lumbar

Question 103

The ___ nervous system works to increase heart rate, dilate air passages, ___ the activity of sweat glands, ___ glucose levels in the blood, ___ the pupils, and decrease digestive activity. It can increase the amount of blood moving to the cardiac and skeletal systems while decreasing blood flow to the skin. It also decreases urinary activity.

Answer 103

sympathetic nervous system

increase

increase

dilate

Question 103

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions typically have the ___ effect on organs and thus work to maintain balance. For example, the ___ ___ can increase heart rate while the ___ ___ decreases it.

Answer 103

opposite

sympathetic system

parasympathetic system

Question 104

The parasympathetic division is sometimes called the rest and digest division and has the ___ effects on the sympathetic nervous system such as pupil constriction, ___ heart rate, and breathing, and ___ digestion.

Answer 104

opposite

decreasing

increasing

Question 104

The parasympathetic division is sometimes called the “rest and digest” division of the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 104

“rest and digest”

Question 105

It is important to realize that since nerves contain numerous fibers some of these fibers can carry ___ information while others carry ___ information.

Answer 105

sensory

motor

Question 105

Nerves are bundles of fascicles, which are further composed of individual nerve fibers (___).

Answer 105

axons

Question 106

One nerve can carry both sensory and motor information. This type of nerve is known as a ___ nerve.

Answer 106

mixed

Question 106

The outer layer of a nerve consists of the ___.

Answer 106

epineurium

Question 107

The epineurium consists of dense connective tissue that ___ and ___ the nerve.

Answer 107

surrounds and protects

Question 108

Inside the nerve the fibers are bundled in fascicles with each fascicle surrounded by a sheath called a ___.

Answer 108

perineurium

Question 109

Inside the fascicles are bundles of neurons each surrounded by a thin layer of loose connective tissue called the ___.

Answer 109

endoneurium

Question 110

Spinal nerves can combine to form structures called ___. There are four major plexi in the human body.

Answer 110

plexi

Question 111

The ___ nerve (C3-4-5) emerges from the cervical and brachial plexi and runs through the thorax to innervate the diaphragm.

Answer 111

phrenic nerve

Question 111

The ___ plexus (C1-C4) innervates the posterior head and skin of the neck.

Answer 111

cervical plexus

Question 112

The lumbar plexus consists of spinal nerves L1-L4. The sacral plexus consists of the ventral rami from spinal nerves L4-S4. Sometimes both plexi are referred to as the ___ plexus.

Answer 112

lumbosacral

Question 113

What are 2 types of cells in the nervous system?

Answer 113

neurons and neuroglia

Question 113

The major nerves exiting the lumbosacral plexus include the ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 113

obturator

femoral

sciatic

Question 114

___ are the cells that transmit and store information in the nervous system.

Answer 114

Neurons

Question 115

___ are support cells.

Answer 115

Neuroglia

Question 116

The parts of a neuron include the ___.

Answer 116

dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, and axon terminal

Question 117

Neurons can connect and ___ with other neurons.

Answer 117

communicate

Question 118

The connection between neurons is called a ____ and the space between neurons is called the ___ ___.

Answer 118

synapse

synaptic cleft

Question 119

Neurons communicate with each other by sending chemical packets called ___ across the synaptic cleft.

Answer 119

neurotransmitters

Question 119

So, the ___ neuron sends a neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft to the ___-___ neuron.

Answer 119

presynaptic neuron

post-synaptic neuron

Question 120

What are 2 essential messages that neurons send?

Answer 120

excitatory messages

inhibitory messages

Question 121

The ___ message stimulates the post-synaptic neuron; the other is an ___ message that keeps the post-synaptic neuron from sending additional messages.

Answer 121

excitatory

inhibitory

Question 122

What kind of message does the excitatory message send to the post-synaptic neuron?

Answer 122

stimulation of the post-synaptic neuron

Question 123

What kind of message does the inhibitory message send to the post-synaptic neuron?

Answer 123

inhibits the post-synaptic neuron from sending additional messages

Question 124

Neurons, like many other cells in the body, do not exist at equilibrium with their ___.

Answer 124

surroundings

Question 125

There is a net ___ charge on the inside of the neuron with respect to the outside.

Answer 125

negative

Question 126

The negative charge inside neurons exists mostly because of differences in membrane ___ to different electrolytes.

Answer 126

permeability.

Question 127

The cell membranes of neurons are slightly permeable to ___ and ___. Although they are permeable to both sodium and potassium, they are slightly more permeable to ___.

Answer 127

sodium

potassium

potassium

Question 128

The negatively charged ions inside the neuron ___ leave the cell. So if potassium (which is ___ charged) is allowed to move out of the cell, then the inside of the cell becomes more ___ (due to the presence of the negative ions) than the outside of the cell.

Answer 128

cannot

positively

negative

Question 128

There are also a number of negatively charged ions ___ of the neuron’s cell membrane. These include phosphates, sulfates, ___, RNA, and ___.

Answer 128

inside

ATP

proteins

Question 129

As this ionic gradient increases, some ___ ions are attracted back into the cell. Eventually, the cell reaches a ___ state by which potassium diffuses out of the cell at the ___ rate that it moves into the cell via the ionic gradient.

Answer 129

positive

steady

same

Question 130

There is much more sodium ___ of the cell than inside. The neuron’s cell membrane is ___ very permeable to sodium so just a little sodium moves into the cell via its concentration gradient

Answer 130

outside

not

Question 131

We also have the ___-___ ___working to maintain both sodium and potassium gradients by moving ___ out of the cell and ___ into the cell.

Answer 131

sodium-potassium pump

sodium

potassium

Question 132

Remember that the sodium-potassium pump requires energy in the form of ___.

Answer 132

ATP

Question 133

The nervous system requires a lot of ___-___ pumps in order to function. In fact, about ___ of the energy used by the nervous system is used by the sodium-potassium pumps.

Answer 133

sodium-potassium pumps

70%

Question 134

How do neurons communicate with each other?

Answer 134

by sending chemical messages from one neuron to another

Question 134

So, if we put all the effects together, we end up with a net negative charge on the ___ of the cell with respect to the ___.

Answer 134

inside

outside

Question 135

Neurons communicate by sending chemical messages from one neuron to another. These chemicals are called ___.

Answer 135

neurotransmitters

Question 136

The neurotransmitters move from one neuron to another across an area known as the ___ ___.

Answer 136

synaptic cleft

Question 137

What do we call the neuron sending the message?

Answer 137

pre-synaptic neuron

Question 138

What do we call the neuron receiving the message?

Answer 138

post-synaptic neuron

Question 139

Once the neurotransmitter travels across the synaptic cleft, where does it attach to on the post-synaptic neuron?

Answer 139

a receptor

Question 140

What are the two possible messages carried by neurotransmitters?

Answer 140

excitatory message

inhibitory message

Question 141

The excitatory message ___ the post-synaptic neuron to send another message. This essentially moves the information ___.

Answer 141

triggers

forward

Question 142

The function of the inhibitory message is to ___ the post-synaptic neuron (___ the information back).

Answer 142

inhibit

hold

Question 143

In order to trigger the post-synaptic neuron the neurotransmitter will cause what to open on the post-synaptic neuron?

Answer 143

the opening of sodium gates

Question 144

To trigger the ___-___ neuron, the neurotransmitter will cause the opening of sodium gates on the post-synaptic neuron. In other words, the ___-___ neuron is said to be excitatory.

When the sodium gates open, ___ rushes into the neuron. This changes the potential by making it ___ negative due to the positive sodium ions rushing into the cell. We say the cell is ____.

Answer 144

post-synaptic

pre-synaptic

sodium

less

depolarizing

Question 145

In an excitatory response, the cell is ___ to begin with. Once the sodium gates ___ causing the cell to become less negative there is ___ polarization. So the cell is ___ with the opening of sodium gates.

Answer 145

polarized

open

less

depolarizing

Question 146

If a stimulus is great enough to cause a neuron to depolarize to ___, then we say that it has reached the threshold.

Once the neuron reaches the ___ it will continue to depolarize to about ___.

The rapid change in potential from -55 mV to +30 mV is called an ___ ___.

Answer 146

-55 mV

threshold

+30 mV

action potential

Question 147

If the stimulus is ___ enough to cause enough of a change in the potential to reach a certain level, the neuron will react by opening ___ sodium gates and depolarizing at a rapid ___.

Answer 147

strong

more

rate

Question 148

Where do action potentials generate?

Answer 148

axon hillock of neurons

Question 149

When a stimulus causes ___ to the threshold, the voltage-gated sodium channels open causing ___ voltage-gated channels to open resulting in a large influx of ___ into the cell.

Answer 149

depolarization

more

sodium

Question 149

There are a large number of ___ gates that react to changes in membrane potential. These sodium gates are called ___-___ sodium channels because they open in response to a change in membrane potential.

Answer 149

sodium gates

voltage-gated

Question 150

The action of sodium channels causing more sodium channels to open is a ___ feedback system.

Answer 150

positive feedback system

Question 151

Voltage-gated potassium channels also open at the ___ time as the sodium channels.

Answer 151

same

Question 152

After the ___ depolarization is reached at about +30mV to +40mV, the sodium gates ___ and the potassium gates remain ___ allowing potassium to diffuse out of the cell.

This causes the membrane potential to become more ___. This occurs until the ___ membrane potential is reached.

Answer 152

maximum

close

open

negative

resting

Question 153

The potassium channels work more ___ than the sodium channels. The result is that some potassium diffuses out of the cell but much ___ sodium diffuses in.

Answer 153

slowly

more

Question 154

Neurotransmitters are like tiny packets of ___ that are sent from one neuron to another.

Answer 154

messages

Question 154

The first neuron is called the ___-___ neuron and the second is the ___-___ neuron.

Answer 154

pre-synaptic

post-synaptic

Question 155

The neurotransmitter moves across the ___ ___ from the pre to the post synaptic neuron.

Answer 155

synaptic cleft

Question 156

There are ___ neurotransmitters that promote the opening of ___ channels on the post-synaptic neuron and ___ neurotransmitters that promote the opening of ___ channels.

Answer 156

excitatory

sodium

inhibitory

potassium

Question 157

Excitatory neurotransmitters include ___ and ___ (adrenaline and noradrenaline).

Answer 157

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 157

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by ___ neurons, so they cause the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the body.

Answer 157

sympathetic neurons

Question 157

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered adrenergic-like ___ so they connect to ___ receptors on other neurons.

Answer 157

adrenaline

adrenergic

Question 158

Dopamine is generally considered ___, but it can be inhibitory depending on the neurons.

Answer 158

excitatory

Question 159

Dopamine plays a role in ___ and motivation.

Answer 159

pleasure

Question 160

Drugs like methamphetamine attach to dopamine receptors to ___ the effects of dopamine. Cocaine blocks the proteins involved in recycling dopamine so the result is ___ dopamine in the synaptic cleft.

Answer 160

stimulate

more

Question 161

Which excitatory neurotransmitter is secreted by parasympathetic neurons and motor neurons attaching to muscles to stimulate muscle contraction?

Answer 161

acetylcholine

Question 162

An inhibitory neurotransmitter is ___ ___ ___ ___ (GABA) which plays a role in anxiety and promotes a calming effect. GABA also helps to ___ blood pressure and plays a role in pain and sleep.

Answer 162

Gamma amino butyric acid

decrease

Question 163

Acetylcholine is considered cholinergic, so it will connect to ___ receptors on neurons.

Answer 163

cholinergic

Question 164

Another inhibitory neurotransmitter is ___, which plays a role in memory, learning and depression.

Answer 164

Serotonin

Question 165

One important type of breakdown of neurotransmitters is called ___.

Answer 165

reuptake

Question 166

Serotonin is secreted by the pre-synaptic neuron then moves to the post-synaptic neuron to attach to receptors. The serotonin in the synaptic cleft will re-enter the pre-synaptic neuron through a transport protein. Once inside, it is broken down by monoamine oxidase.

What is this an example of?

Answer 166

reuptake
(an important type of breakdown of neurotransmitters)

Question 167

Drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (or ___) block the transport protein causing ___ serotonin to remain in the cleft.

Answer 167

SSRIs

more

Question 168

___ are involuntary responses to stimuli that occur unconsciously.

Answer 168

Reflexes

Question 168

Reflexes are ___ responses to stimuli that occur unconsciously.

Answer 168

involuntary

Question 169

The ___ ___ ___ consists of a muscle, nerve pathway and the spinal cord.

The muscle contains a ___ receptor that senses changes in ___ of the muscle. This receptor is called a muscle spindle. The muscle spindle contains motor neurons called ___ ___ ___. These neurons begin in the spinal cord and extend to the muscle spindle.

Answer 169

deep tendon reflex

sensory

stretch

gamma motor neurons

Question 169

What does the deep tendon reflex consist of?

Answer 169

muscle, nerve pathway, and the spinal cord

Question 170

When the tendon of the muscle (of the deep tendon reflex) is tapped by a reflex ___ the muscle spindle senses the change in the ___ of the muscle and sends a message via a ___ neuron (usually in a spinal nerve) to the spinal cord.

There it synapses with a ___ neuron (again in a spinal nerve) that sends a message to the muscle to contract.

Answer 170

reflex hammer

length

sensory

motor

Question 171

Spinal reflexes are also influenced by ___ nervous system neurons. These neurons have an ___ effect on reflexes.

Answer 171

central nervous system

inhibitory

Question 172

___ nervous system neurons extend from the spinal cord to the muscle.

Answer 172

Peripheral nervous system

Question 173

One reason for eliciting reflexes is to ___ an upper motor neuron versus lower motor neuron problem. If the nervous system is intact then the reflex will look ___.

Answer 173

differentiate

normal

Question 174

If the nervous system is ___ then the reflex will look normal. This means the brain is providing an ___ effect on the reflex. In other words, the brain is inhibiting the reflex so it appears normal.

Answer 174

intact

inhibitory

Question 175

The reflex will look ___ with damage to upper motor neurons. This occurs in ___ victims.

Answer 175

exaggerated

stroke

Question 176

When does a reflex look exaggerated?

Answer 176

when there is damage to the upper motor neurons

Question 177

When does a reflex look diminished or absent?

Answer 177

when there is damage to the lower motor neurons

Question 178

___ or ___ reflexes will result from problems with lower motor neurons.

Answer 178

Diminished

absent

Question 179

The ___ ___ is a good example of an exaggerated reflex produced by the removal of inhibition by the central nervous system.

Answer 179

Babinski reflex

Question 180

The Babinske reflex is present in ___ because myelination is not fully completed and the infant brain is not fully developed, so the normal inhibition is missing.

Answer 180

newborns

Question 181

Is the Babinski reflex is normal in newborns?

Answer 181

Yes

Question 182

Is the Babinski reflex is normal in adults?

Answer 182

No

*indicates central nervous system damage

Question 183

The presence of a positive Babinski reflex in adults indicates central nervous system ___. We say the Babinski reflex is a ___ reflex since it indicates damage to the central nervous system.

Answer 183

damage

pathological

Question 184

Normal reflexes are (exaggerated/inhibited).

Answer 184

inhibited

Question 185

___ is a lipid substance created by special cells called Schwann cells.

Answer 185

Myelin

Question 186

What cells create myelin?

Answer 186

Schwann cells

Question 187

Myelin wraps around the ___. Myelin is what makes white matter ___. Gray matter axons do ___ have myelin.

Answer 187

axon

white

not

Question 187

What do Schwann cells make?

Answer 187

myelin

Question 188

Do gray matter axons have myelin?

Answer 188

no, they do not

Question 189

Do white matter axons have myelin?

Answer 189

yes

myelin is what makes white matter white

Question 190

There are gaps in the myelin sheath called ___ ___ ___.

Answer 190

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 191

The Nodes of Ranvier (___) are important because they contain a large number of voltage gated ___ channels.

Answer 191

gaps

sodium

Question 192

Where are action potentials generated?

Answer 192

axon hillock

Question 193

Remember the action potential is generated at the ___ ___.

This action potential moves down the axon and reaches a ___ ___ ___.

At the node, a large number of ___ channels open allowing sodium to rush into the axon and the axon ___.

Answer 193

axon hillock

node of Ranvier

sodium

depolarizes

Question 194

If you were to observe this phenomenon of an action potential moving from the axon hillock to a node of Ranvier and then to another node of Ranvier, it would look like the action potential ___ from node to node.

We call this ___ conduction.

Answer 194

jumps

saltatory

Question 195

Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons is much ___ than in unmyelinated axons, such as in gray matter.

Answer 195

faster

Question 196

In what kind of axon does the saltatory conduction work faster? Myelinated axons or unmyelinated axons?

Answer 196

Myelinated axons

Question 197

In what kind of matter does the saltatory conduction work faster? Gray matter or White matter?

Answer 197

White matter

*white matter has myelinated axons

Question 198

Regarding saltatory conduction, White matter is ___ than gray matter.

Answer 198

faster

Question 199

Some disease and disorders actually cause neurons to lose their myelin sheaths. When myelin is lost, neurons ___ transmit as much information.

Answer 199

cannot

Question 200

The loss of myelin can cause ___ of sensation, motor function and reflexes.

Answer 200

loss

loss

Question 201

What happens if a patient’s neurons are losing their myeline sheaths?

Answer 201

the neurons will not be able to transmit much information without myelin

the loss of myelin can cause loss of sensation, motor function and reflexes.

Question 202

Myelin in myelinated axons help saltatory conductions to occur (faster/slower).

Answer 202

faster

Question 203

The lack of myelin in unmyelinated axons cause saltatory conductions to occur (faster/slower).

Answer 203

slower