TEAS 7 - Science (Endocrine System)

Question 1

An ___ gland is the gland that secretes hormones carried by the blood.

Answer 1

endocrine

Question 2

An ___ gland is a gland that secretes hormones into ducts.

Answer 2

exocrine

Question 3

The endocrine system is a series of ___ that secrete hormones that cause changes in the body to keep the body’s systems in ___ (homeostasis).

Answer 3

glands

balance

Question 4

The endocrine system can be thought of as a series of glands that secrete hormones that travel in the ___ to target tissues.

Answer 4

blood

Question 5

The endocrine glands include the

Answer 5

• Pituitary
• Pineal
• Thyroid
• Parathyroids
• Thymus
• Pancreas
• Adrenals
• Ovaries/testes

Question 5

Hormones are largely of the macromolecule ___.

Answer 5

proteins

Question 5

classifications of hormones

Answer 5

• amines
• peptides
• steroids
• proteins
• prostaglandins

Question 5

Amines are derived from ___ ___ and are synthesized in the adrenal medulla.

Answer 5

amino acids

Question 6

Peptides are ___ ___ amino acids found in the posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

Answer 6

short-chained

Question 7

___ are derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble.

Answer 7

steroids

Question 8

Proteins are very ___ ___ of amino acids found in the parathyroid glands and anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 8

long chains

Question 9

Prostaglandins have a ___ effect and only affect nearby cells.

Answer 9

local

Question 10

Hormones are very powerful in that they can invoke major changes in the body in very ___ amounts.

Answer 10

small

Question 11

Hormones travel via 3 major routes: Hormones can travel through the ___, to ___ cells, or even to other locations ___ the same cell.

Answer 11

bloodstream

nearby

within

Question 12

Steroid hormones are transported in the blood. They connect with a special transport protein known as a ___ ___. Once reaching the target cell, the hormone disassociates from the carrier protein.

Answer 12

carrier protein

Question 13

Remember that lipid-soluble substances can ___ through a cell membrane. Since steroid hormones are considered lipids, they can diffuse through the cell membrane and ___ the cell.

Answer 13

diffuse

enter

Question 13

Non-steroidal hormones enter the cell differently than ___. Non-steroidal hormones are ___ lipid soluble since they cannot diffuse directly into the cell and must enter via a different process. Non-steroid hormones enter the cell by using what are known as ___ ___.

Answer 13

steroids

not

second messengers

Question 14

Once inside the cell, steroid hormones combine with specialized receptors located within the ___ of the cell. Once the hormone combines with the receptor, the receptor-hormone complex moves into the ___ of the cell, where it causes changes in DNA transcription that in turn cause ___ in the metabolism of the cell characteristic of the hormone.

Answer 14

cytoplasm

nucleus

changes

Question 15

Receptors for non-steroidal hormones are in the ___ ___ of the target cells. When the hormone connects to the receptor on the outside of the cell membrane, another protein is activated which in turn activates ___ ___ that cause cellular changes

Answer 15

cell walls

other proteins

Question 16

Many hormones are regulated by (negative/positive) feedback.

Answer 16

negative

Question 17

Many hormones are regulated by ___ feedback. For example, if the level of a hormone increases, the response is to ___ the hormone so it falls back to within the normal range.

Answer 17

negative

decrease

Question 18

The ___ is a structure of the brain located anterior and inferior to the thalamus with both neural and endocrine functions, producing and secreting many hormones.

Answer 18

hypothalamus

Question 19

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is a ___ ___ endocrine gland at the ___ of your brain, behind the bridge of your ___, and directly below your hypothalamus, it is one of eight interrelated major endocrine glands

Answer 19

pea-sized

base

nose

Question 20

The ___ ___ (GH) is also called somatotropin regulates the growth of the human body, protein synthesis, and cellular replication.

Answer 20

growth hormone

Question 21

The ___ ___ ___ (TSH) regulates the activity of the thyroid gland.

Answer 21

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 22

The ___ ___ (ACTH), also called corticotropin, stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol.

Answer 22

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 23

The ___ are the hormones that regulate the function of the gonads.

Answer 23

gonadotropins

Question 24

What are the gonads?

Answer 24

testes in males ovaries in females

Question 25

___ ___ ___ (FSH)- glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells, or gametes, including ova in women and sperm in men.

Answer 25

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 26

The ___ ___ (LH) triggers ovulation in women, as well as the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries. LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the male testes.

Answer 26

Luteinizing hormone

Question 27

Prolactin (PRL) promotes ___ (milk production) in women.

Answer 27

lactation

Question 28

Oxytocin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes ___ contraction of the uterus during ___ and stimulates the ejection of ___ into the ducts of the breasts.

Answer 28

increased labor milk

Question 29

The ___ ___ (ADH) is a chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced. A ___ ADH level causes the body to produce ___ urine.

Answer 29

Antidiuretic Hormone high less

Question 30

What can be thought of as a connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Answer 30

pituitary gland

Question 31

The pituitary gland is located ___ of the brain in the sphenoid bone in an area known as the ___ ___.

Answer 31

outside sella turcica

Question 32

What structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Answer 32

infundibulum

Question 33

The pituitary is divided into ___ and ___ sections.

Answer 33

anterior posterior

Question 34

There is a ___ network between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus that transports ___ that controls the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 34

vascular hormones

Question 35

There is always a 2 step process for the release of ___ pituitary hormones. Step 1 is when the ___ releases a hormone that travels to the anterior pituitary by way of the vascular network. Step 2 is when the anterior pituitary releases its ___.

Answer 35

anterior hypothalamus hormone

Question 36

The growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to 2 releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus:

Answer 36

Growth hormone-releasing hormone somatostatin

Question 37

The ___ ___ ___ ___ promotes the release of the growth hormone.

Answer 37

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Question 38

___ inhibits the release of growth hormone.

Answer 38

Somatostatin

Question 39

Adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to the ___ ___ ___ secreted by the hypothalamus.

Answer 39

corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 40

ACTH helps to identify its function by its name: Adreno means adrenal ___. Cortico means the adrenal ___ and tropic means to promote the ___ of substances.

Answer 40

adrenal gland adrenal cortex secretion

Question 41

The adrenal cortex responds to ACTH by releasing ___ and ___.

Answer 41

cortisol aldosterone

Question 42

Cortisol is a steroid hormone that helps to regulate blood ___.

Answer 42

glucose

Question 43

For example, when glucose levels are low ___, can promote the conversion of non-carbohydrates like lipids and proteins to ___ by way of a process called gluconeogenesis.

Answer 43

cortisol glucose

Question 44

Aldosterone works to increase the reabsorption of ___ by the kidneys. This helps with blood pressure regulation since retaining sodium also causes increased___ retention.

Answer 44

sodium water

Question 45

Thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to ___ ___ ___ secreted by the hypothalamus.

Answer 45

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Question 46

TSH is picked up by the ___ gland and promotes the release of ___ or triiodothyronine and ___ or tetraiodothyronine.

Answer 46

thyroid gland T3 T4

Question 47

T3 and T4 work to moderate cell ___ which is how cells make ATP from carbs, fats and proteins.

Answer 47

metabolism

Question 48

For example, a ___ level of T3/4 in the blood causes a ___ metabolism where the body burns a lot of calories.

Answer 48

high high

Question 49

___ levels of T3/4 have the opposite effect, causing a ___ metabolism, or the storing of calories.

Answer 49

Low low

Question 50

Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are both secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to ___ ___ ___ secreted by the hypothalamus.

Answer 50

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 51

FSH and LH have ___ effects on females and males. In females, FSH promotes the development of ___ follicles, and LH triggers ovulation. In males, FSH supports ___ development, and LH stimulates the release of testosterone.

Answer 51

different ovarian sperm

Question 52

Prolactin is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to ___ ___ ___ secreted by the hypothalamus.

Answer 52

prolactin-releasing hormone

Question 53

___ ___ ___ (PIH) from the hypothalamus inhibits secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary.

Answer 53

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

Question 54

Prolactin also has ___ functions in females and males. Prolactin promotes the development of ___ glands and milk production in females. In males, prolactin may play a role in ___ development.

Answer 54

different mammary sperm

Question 55

The ___ ___ hormones are important because they play roles in fluid volume and childbirth.

Answer 55

posterior pituitary

Question 56

The posterior pituitary has a ___ structural relationship to the hypothalamus. There are long cells in the hypothalamus called neurosecretory cells that extend into the ___ ___ and release hormones there.

Answer 56

different posterior pituitary

Question 57

The hormones made in the ___ are then released in the posterior pituitary through long cells called ___ cells.

Answer 57

hypothalamus neurosecretory

Question 58

ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to changes in blood solute ___. The hypothalamus monitors blood solute concentration and when the concentration ___, it releases ADH from the posterior pituitary.

Answer 58

concentration increases

Question 59

Is ADH an antiduretic or a diuretic?

Answer 59

antidiuretic

Question 60

ADH tells you about its function by way of its name. ADH is an antidiuretic which means that it works to ___ fluid volume versus a diuretic which works to ___ fluid.

Answer 60

conserve release

Question 61

A diuretic will ___ fluid volume in the blood.

Answer 61

reduce

Question 62

An antidiuretic will ___ fluid volume in the blood.

Answer 62

increase

Question 63

ADH has an effect on the kidneys to ___ the conservation of water. So, when ADH is secreted, the kidneys do ___ release water, they hold on to it.

Answer 63

promote not

Question 64

The other posterior pituitary hormone is ___. Oxytocin plays a role in ___ and delivery by stimulating uterine contractions. It also works to promote the release of ___ by the mammary glands.

Answer 64

oxytocin labor milk

Question 65

In males, oxytocin may play a role in smooth muscle contraction such as during ___.

Answer 65

ejaculation

Question 66

___ ___ are four small glands of the endocrine system that monitor and regulate the calcium in our bodies; located in the back of the neck behind the thyroid.

Answer 66

Parathyroid glands

Question 67

The ___ ___ is a lymphoid organ situated in the neck that produces T cells for the immune system.

Answer 67

thymus gland

Question 68

The ___ ___ is located in the center of the brain. The main function is to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin.

Answer 68

pineal gland

Question 69

The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that helps to regulate blood calcium is called ___.

Answer 69

calcitonin

Question 70

The hormones secreted by the pancreas that help to regulate blood glucose are called ___ and ___.

Answer 70

glucagon insulin

Question 71

The ___ ___ is the hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that helps to regulate blood calcium.

Answer 71

parathyroid hormone

Question 72

The ___ ___ is a small gland located inside of the brain that secretes melatonin.

Answer 72

pineal gland

Question 73

What is the hormone that helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles?

Answer 73

Melatonin

Question 74

Calcium is regulated by the ___ along with 2 hormones: ___ and ___ hormone.

Answer 74

kidneys calcitonin parathyroid

Question 75

What is released by the thyroid gland in response to an increase in blood calcium?

Answer 75

Calcitonin

Question 76

Calcitonin is secreted by the extrafollicular cells (C-cells) to ___ blood calcium levels.

Answer 76

decrease

Question 77

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by ___ osteoclastic activity and ___ osteoblastic activity.

Answer 77

decreasing increasing

Question 78

Osteoclasts work to ___ calcium and other minerals from bone into the bloodstream. Osteoblasts work to build up bone by ___ these minerals into bone.

Answer 78

release storing

Question 79

Calcitonin also affects calcium reabsorption in the kidneys by ___ it thereby causing increased calcium excretion in the urine.

Answer 79

inhibiting

Question 80

It is said that calcitonin works to “___ ___” the calcium levels in the blood.

Answer 80

"tone down"

Question 81

Calcitonin is released in response to (increases/decreases) in blood calcium levels.

Answer 81

increases

Question 82

The parathyroid glands are ___ small masses of glandular tissue located on the ___ surface of the thyroid gland.

Answer 82

four posterior

Question 83

The parathyroid glands secrete one hormone aptly called ___ ___ (PTH).

Answer 83

parathyroid hormone

Question 84

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) works to ___ blood calcium levels and decreases blood phosphate levels.

Answer 84

increase decrease

Question 85

PTH decreases blood calcium levels by ___ osteoclastic activity to release calcium and other bone minerals into the bloodstream and ___ osteoblastic activity.

Answer 85

stimulating inhibiting

Question 86

PTH also stimulates the production of ___ which in turn facilitates the absorption of calcium in the intestine.

Answer 86

vitamin D

Question 87

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is produced by converting ___ stored in the skin to vitamin D. This is done with the help of ultraviolet radiation from the ___.

Answer 87

provitamin D sun

Question 88

Vitamin D helps to increase the absorption of ___ into the blood.

Answer 88

calcium

Question 89

Blood glucose is regulated by these 3 hormones:

Answer 89

insulin glucagon cortisol

Question 90

The pancreas is located at the ___ of the small intestine. It is connected to the duodenum by ducts.

Answer 90

duodenum

Question 91

The internal structure of the pancreas consists of groupings of cells. The groupings of cells are called ___ ___ ___ and consist of 3 distinct types of cells: alpha, beta, and delta cells. Each cell ___ produces a different secretion.

Answer 91

Islets of Langerhans type

Question 92

Alpha cells secrete ___, beta cells secrete ___, and delta cells secrete ___.

Answer 92

glucagons insulin somatostatin

Question 93

Glucagon (alpha cells) works to ___ the level of glucose in the blood.

Answer 93

increase

Question 94

Glucagon (alpha cells) works to ___ the level of glucose in the blood by stimulating the liver to convert the storage form of glucose (___) into glucose via a process known as ___.

Answer 94

increase glycogen glycogenolysis

Question 95

Glucagon also increases glucose in the blood by stimulating the process of ___, which converts ___ substances into glucose in the liver and breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Answer 95

gluconeogenesis non-carbohydrates

Question 96

Glucagon is secreted when glucose levels are ___ in the blood.

Answer 96

diminished

Question 97

Secretion of glucagon is inhibited by ___ glucose blood levels.

Answer 97

high

Question 98

Insulin (beta cells) works to ___ the levels of glucose in the blood. It does this by reversing the processes stimulated by ___.

Answer 98

decrease glucagon

Question 99

Insulin facilitates the ___ of glucose in the liver by stimulating the production of ___ from glucose.

Answer 99

storage glycogen

Question 100

Insulin also ___ the process of gluconeogenesis, stimulates protein synthesis, and increases the storage of lipids in adipose tissue.

Answer 100

inhibits

Question 101

___ also facilitates the movement of glucose into body tissues by stimulating the facilitative diffusion of glucose carriers in cell membranes.

Answer 101

Insulin

Question 102

Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are ___ and inhibited when blood glucose levels are ___.

Answer 102

high low

Question 103

Somatostatin (secreted by the delta cells) inhibits both ___ and ___ secretion. Thus it also works to control glucose levels in the blood.

Answer 103

glucagon insulin

Question 104

Cortisol is secreted by the ___ ___ and has an effect on glucose metabolism, thus it is called a ___.

Answer 104

adrenal cortex glucocorticoid

Question 105

Cortisol secretion ___ glucose levels in the blood. It does this by stimulating the liver to convert non-carbohydrates into glucose. This process is called ___.

Answer 105

increases gluconeogenesis

Question 105

Cortisol is released in response to the release of ___ by the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 105

ACTH

Question 106

The pineal gland secretes ___.

Answer 106

melatonin

Question 106

The ___ ___ is a small pinecone-shaped gland located between the cerebral hemispheres attached to the posterior portion of the ___.

Answer 106

pineal gland thalamus

Question 107

Melatonin is involved in the regulation of ___ ___ cycles known as circadian rhythms.

Answer 107

sleep-wake

Question 108

Melatonin secretion increases with a ___ in light.

Answer 108

decrease

Question 109

Melatonin secretion ___ with an increase in light.

Answer 109

decreases

Question 110

Responses stimulated by the endocrine system take a ___ time to initiate and last for a ___ period of time.

Answer 110

longer longer