TEAS 7 - Science (Endocrine System) Flashcards
An ___ gland is the gland that secretes hormones carried by the blood.
endocrine
An ___ gland is a gland that secretes hormones into ducts.
exocrine
The endocrine system is a series of ___ that secrete hormones that cause changes in the body to keep the body’s systems in ___ (homeostasis).
glands
balance
The endocrine system can be thought of as a series of glands that secrete hormones that travel in the ___ to target tissues.
blood
The endocrine glands include the
- Pituitary
- Pineal
- Thyroid
- Parathyroids
- Thymus
- Pancreas
- Adrenals
- Ovaries/testes
Hormones are largely of the macromolecule ___.
proteins
classifications of hormones
- amines
- peptides
- steroids
- proteins
- prostaglandins
Amines are derived from ___ ___ and are synthesized in the adrenal medulla.
amino acids
Peptides are ___ ___ amino acids found in the posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus.
short-chained
___ are derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble.
steroids
Proteins are very ___ ___ of amino acids found in the parathyroid glands and anterior pituitary gland.
long chains
Prostaglandins have a ___ effect and only affect nearby cells.
local
Hormones are very powerful in that they can invoke major changes in the body in very ___ amounts.
small
Hormones travel via 3 major routes: Hormones can travel through the ___, to ___ cells, or even to other locations ___ the same cell.
bloodstream
nearby
within
Steroid hormones are transported in the blood. They connect with a special transport protein known as a ___ ___. Once reaching the target cell, the hormone disassociates from the carrier protein.
carrier protein
Remember that lipid-soluble substances can ___ through a cell membrane. Since steroid hormones are considered lipids, they can diffuse through the cell membrane and ___ the cell.
diffuse
enter
Non-steroidal hormones enter the cell differently than ___. Non-steroidal hormones are ___ lipid soluble since they cannot diffuse directly into the cell and must enter via a different process. Non-steroid hormones enter the cell by using what are known as ___ ___.
steroids
not
second messengers
Once inside the cell, steroid hormones combine with specialized receptors located within the ___ of the cell. Once the hormone combines with the receptor, the receptor-hormone complex moves into the ___ of the cell, where it causes changes in DNA transcription that in turn cause ___ in the metabolism of the cell characteristic of the hormone.
cytoplasm
nucleus
changes
Receptors for non-steroidal hormones are in the ___ ___ of the target cells. When the hormone connects to the receptor on the outside of the cell membrane, another protein is activated which in turn activates ___ ___ that cause cellular changes
cell walls
other proteins
Many hormones are regulated by (negative/positive) feedback.
negative
Many hormones are regulated by ___ feedback. For example, if the level of a hormone increases, the response is to ___ the hormone so it falls back to within the normal range.
negative
decrease
The ___ is a structure of the brain located anterior and inferior to the thalamus with both neural and endocrine functions, producing and secreting many hormones.
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is a ___ ___ endocrine gland at the ___ of your brain, behind the bridge of your ___, and directly below your hypothalamus, it is one of eight interrelated major endocrine glands
pea-sized
base
nose
The ___ ___ (GH) is also called somatotropin regulates the growth of the human body, protein synthesis, and cellular replication.
growth hormone
The ___ ___ ___ (TSH) regulates the activity of the thyroid gland.
thyroid-stimulating hormone
The ___ ___ (ACTH), also called corticotropin, stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol.
adrenocorticotropic hormone
The ___ are the hormones that regulate the function of the gonads.
gonadotropins
What are the gonads?
testes in males
ovaries in females
___ ___ ___ (FSH)- glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells, or gametes, including ova in women and sperm in men.
Follicle-stimulating hormone
The ___ ___ (LH) triggers ovulation in women, as well as the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries. LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the male testes.
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin (PRL) promotes ___ (milk production) in women.
lactation
Oxytocin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes ___ contraction of the uterus during ___ and stimulates the ejection of ___ into the ducts of the breasts.
increased
labor
milk
The ___ ___ (ADH) is a chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced. A ___ ADH level causes the body to produce ___ urine.
Antidiuretic Hormone
high
less
What can be thought of as a connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is located ___ of the brain in the sphenoid bone in an area known as the ___ ___.
outside
sella turcica
What structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
infundibulum
The pituitary is divided into ___ and ___ sections.
anterior
posterior
There is a ___ network between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus that transports ___ that controls the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland.
vascular
hormones
There is always a 2 step process for the release of ___ pituitary hormones.
Step 1 is when the ___ releases a hormone that travels to the anterior pituitary by way of the vascular network.
Step 2 is when the anterior pituitary releases its ___.
anterior
hypothalamus
hormone
The growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to 2 releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus:
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
somatostatin
The ___ ___ ___ ___ promotes the release of the growth hormone.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
___ inhibits the release of growth hormone.
Somatostatin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to the ___ ___ ___ secreted by the hypothalamus.
corticotropin-releasing hormone
ACTH helps to identify its function by its name: Adreno means adrenal ___. Cortico means the adrenal ___ and tropic means to promote the ___ of substances.
adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
secretion
The adrenal cortex responds to ACTH by releasing ___ and ___.
cortisol
aldosterone
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that helps to regulate blood ___.
glucose
For example, when glucose levels are low ___, can promote the conversion of non-carbohydrates like lipids and proteins to ___ by way of a process called gluconeogenesis.
cortisol
glucose
Aldosterone works to increase the reabsorption of ___ by the kidneys. This helps with blood pressure regulation since retaining sodium also causes increased___ retention.
sodium
water
Thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to ___ ___ ___ secreted by the hypothalamus.
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
TSH is picked up by the ___ gland and promotes the release of ___ or triiodothyronine and ___ or tetraiodothyronine.
thyroid gland
T3
T4
T3 and T4 work to moderate cell ___ which is how cells make ATP from carbs, fats and proteins.
metabolism
For example, a ___ level of T3/4 in the blood causes a ___ metabolism where the body burns a lot of calories.
high
high
___ levels of T3/4 have the opposite effect, causing a ___ metabolism, or the storing of calories.
Low
low
Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are both secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to ___ ___ ___ secreted by the hypothalamus.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
FSH and LH have ___ effects on females and males. In females, FSH promotes the development of ___ follicles, and LH triggers ovulation. In males, FSH supports ___ development, and LH stimulates the release of testosterone.
different
ovarian
sperm
Prolactin is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to ___ ___ ___ secreted by the hypothalamus.
prolactin-releasing hormone
___ ___ ___ (PIH) from the hypothalamus inhibits secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary.
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
Prolactin also has ___ functions in females and males. Prolactin promotes the development of ___ glands and milk production in females. In males, prolactin may play a role in ___ development.
different
mammary
sperm
The ___ ___ hormones are important because they play roles in fluid volume and childbirth.
posterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary has a ___ structural relationship to the hypothalamus. There are long cells in the hypothalamus called neurosecretory cells that extend into the ___ ___ and release hormones there.
different
posterior pituitary
The hormones made in the ___ are then released in the posterior pituitary through long cells called ___ cells.
hypothalamus
neurosecretory
ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to changes in blood solute ___. The hypothalamus monitors blood solute concentration and when the concentration ___, it releases ADH from the posterior pituitary.
concentration
increases
Is ADH an antiduretic or a diuretic?
antidiuretic
ADH tells you about its function by way of its name. ADH is an antidiuretic which means that it works to ___ fluid volume versus a diuretic which works to ___ fluid.
conserve
release
A diuretic will ___ fluid volume in the blood.
reduce
An antidiuretic will ___ fluid volume in the blood.
increase
ADH has an effect on the kidneys to ___ the conservation of water. So, when ADH is secreted, the kidneys do ___ release water, they hold on to it.
promote
not
The other posterior pituitary hormone is ___. Oxytocin plays a role in ___ and delivery by stimulating uterine contractions. It also works to promote the release of ___ by the mammary glands.
oxytocin
labor
milk
In males, oxytocin may play a role in smooth muscle contraction such as during ___.
ejaculation
___ ___ are four small glands of the endocrine system that monitor and regulate the calcium in our bodies; located in the back of the neck behind the thyroid.
Parathyroid glands
The ___ ___ is a lymphoid organ situated in the neck that produces T cells for the immune system.
thymus gland
The ___ ___ is located in the center of the brain. The main function is to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin.
pineal gland
The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that helps to regulate blood calcium is called ___.
calcitonin
The hormones secreted by the pancreas that help to regulate blood glucose are called ___ and ___.
glucagon
insulin
The ___ ___ is the hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that helps to regulate blood calcium.
parathyroid hormone
The ___ ___ is a small gland located inside of the brain that secretes melatonin.
pineal gland
What is the hormone that helps to regulate sleep-wake cycles?
Melatonin
Calcium is regulated by the ___ along with 2 hormones: ___ and ___ hormone.
kidneys
calcitonin
parathyroid
What is released by the thyroid gland in response to an increase in blood calcium?
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is secreted by the extrafollicular cells (C-cells) to ___ blood calcium levels.
decrease
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by ___ osteoclastic activity and ___ osteoblastic activity.
decreasing
increasing
Osteoclasts work to ___ calcium and other minerals from bone into the bloodstream. Osteoblasts work to build up bone by ___ these minerals into bone.
release
storing
Calcitonin also affects calcium reabsorption in the kidneys by ___ it thereby causing increased calcium excretion in the urine.
inhibiting
It is said that calcitonin works to “___ ___” the calcium levels in the blood.
“tone down”
Calcitonin is released in response to (increases/decreases) in blood calcium levels.
increases
The parathyroid glands are ___ small masses of glandular tissue located on the ___ surface of the thyroid gland.
four
posterior
The parathyroid glands secrete one hormone aptly called ___ ___ (PTH).
parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) works to ___ blood calcium levels and decreases blood phosphate levels.
increase
decrease
PTH decreases blood calcium levels by ___ osteoclastic activity to release calcium and other bone minerals into the bloodstream and ___ osteoblastic activity.
stimulating
inhibiting
PTH also stimulates the production of ___ which in turn facilitates the absorption of calcium in the intestine.
vitamin D
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is produced by converting ___ stored in the skin to vitamin D. This is done with the help of ultraviolet radiation from the ___.
provitamin D
sun
Vitamin D helps to increase the absorption of ___ into the blood.
calcium
Blood glucose is regulated by these 3 hormones:
insulin
glucagon
cortisol
The pancreas is located at the ___ of the small intestine. It is connected to the duodenum by ducts.
duodenum
The internal structure of the pancreas consists of groupings of cells. The groupings of cells are called ___ ___ ___ and consist of 3 distinct types of cells: alpha, beta, and delta cells. Each cell ___ produces a different secretion.
Islets of Langerhans
type
Alpha cells secrete ___, beta cells secrete ___, and delta cells secrete ___.
glucagons
insulin
somatostatin
Glucagon (alpha cells) works to ___ the level of glucose in the blood.
increase
Glucagon (alpha cells) works to ___ the level of glucose in the blood by stimulating the liver to convert the storage form of glucose (___) into glucose via a process known as ___.
increase
glycogen
glycogenolysis
Glucagon also increases glucose in the blood by stimulating the process of ___, which converts ___ substances into glucose in the liver and breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
gluconeogenesis
non-carbohydrates
Glucagon is secreted when glucose levels are ___ in the blood.
diminished
Secretion of glucagon is inhibited by ___ glucose blood levels.
high
Insulin (beta cells) works to ___ the levels of glucose in the blood. It does this by reversing the processes stimulated by ___.
decrease
glucagon
Insulin facilitates the ___ of glucose in the liver by stimulating the production of ___ from glucose.
storage
glycogen
Insulin also ___ the process of gluconeogenesis, stimulates protein synthesis, and increases the storage of lipids in adipose tissue.
inhibits
___ also facilitates the movement of glucose into body tissues by stimulating the facilitative diffusion of glucose carriers in cell membranes.
Insulin
Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are ___ and inhibited when blood glucose levels are ___.
high
low
Somatostatin (secreted by the delta cells) inhibits both ___ and ___ secretion. Thus it also works to control glucose levels in the blood.
glucagon
insulin
Cortisol is secreted by the ___ ___ and has an effect on glucose metabolism, thus it is called a ___.
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoid
Cortisol secretion ___ glucose levels in the blood. It does this by stimulating the liver to convert non-carbohydrates into glucose. This process is called ___.
increases
gluconeogenesis
Cortisol is released in response to the release of ___ by the anterior pituitary gland.
ACTH
The pineal gland secretes ___.
melatonin
The ___ ___ is a small pinecone-shaped gland located between the cerebral hemispheres attached to the posterior portion of the ___.
pineal gland
thalamus
Melatonin is involved in the regulation of ___ ___ cycles known as circadian rhythms.
sleep-wake
Melatonin secretion increases with a ___ in light.
decrease
Melatonin secretion ___ with an increase in light.
decreases
Responses stimulated by the endocrine system take a ___ time to initiate and last for a ___ period of time.
longer
longer
