TEAS 7 - Science (Endocrine System) Flashcards
An ___ gland is the gland that secretes hormones carried by the blood.
endocrine
An ___ gland is a gland that secretes hormones into ducts.
exocrine
The endocrine system is a series of ___ that secrete hormones that cause changes in the body to keep the body’s systems in ___ (homeostasis).
glands
balance
The endocrine system can be thought of as a series of glands that secrete hormones that travel in the ___ to target tissues.
blood
The endocrine glands include the
- Pituitary
- Pineal
- Thyroid
- Parathyroids
- Thymus
- Pancreas
- Adrenals
- Ovaries/testes
Hormones are largely of the macromolecule ___.
proteins
classifications of hormones
- amines
- peptides
- steroids
- proteins
- prostaglandins
Amines are derived from ___ ___ and are synthesized in the adrenal medulla.
amino acids
Peptides are ___ ___ amino acids found in the posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus.
short-chained
___ are derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble.
steroids
Proteins are very ___ ___ of amino acids found in the parathyroid glands and anterior pituitary gland.
long chains
Prostaglandins have a ___ effect and only affect nearby cells.
local
Hormones are very powerful in that they can invoke major changes in the body in very ___ amounts.
small
Hormones travel via 3 major routes: Hormones can travel through the ___, to ___ cells, or even to other locations ___ the same cell.
bloodstream
nearby
within
Steroid hormones are transported in the blood. They connect with a special transport protein known as a ___ ___. Once reaching the target cell, the hormone disassociates from the carrier protein.
carrier protein
Remember that lipid-soluble substances can ___ through a cell membrane. Since steroid hormones are considered lipids, they can diffuse through the cell membrane and ___ the cell.
diffuse
enter
Non-steroidal hormones enter the cell differently than ___. Non-steroidal hormones are ___ lipid soluble since they cannot diffuse directly into the cell and must enter via a different process. Non-steroid hormones enter the cell by using what are known as ___ ___.
steroids
not
second messengers
Once inside the cell, steroid hormones combine with specialized receptors located within the ___ of the cell. Once the hormone combines with the receptor, the receptor-hormone complex moves into the ___ of the cell, where it causes changes in DNA transcription that in turn cause ___ in the metabolism of the cell characteristic of the hormone.
cytoplasm
nucleus
changes
Receptors for non-steroidal hormones are in the ___ ___ of the target cells. When the hormone connects to the receptor on the outside of the cell membrane, another protein is activated which in turn activates ___ ___ that cause cellular changes
cell walls
other proteins
Many hormones are regulated by (negative/positive) feedback.
negative
Many hormones are regulated by ___ feedback. For example, if the level of a hormone increases, the response is to ___ the hormone so it falls back to within the normal range.
negative
decrease
The ___ is a structure of the brain located anterior and inferior to the thalamus with both neural and endocrine functions, producing and secreting many hormones.
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is a ___ ___ endocrine gland at the ___ of your brain, behind the bridge of your ___, and directly below your hypothalamus, it is one of eight interrelated major endocrine glands
pea-sized
base
nose
The ___ ___ (GH) is also called somatotropin regulates the growth of the human body, protein synthesis, and cellular replication.
growth hormone
The ___ ___ ___ (TSH) regulates the activity of the thyroid gland.
thyroid-stimulating hormone
The ___ ___ (ACTH), also called corticotropin, stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol.
adrenocorticotropic hormone
The ___ are the hormones that regulate the function of the gonads.
gonadotropins
What are the gonads?
testes in males
ovaries in females
___ ___ ___ (FSH)- glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells, or gametes, including ova in women and sperm in men.
Follicle-stimulating hormone
The ___ ___ (LH) triggers ovulation in women, as well as the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries. LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the male testes.
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin (PRL) promotes ___ (milk production) in women.
lactation
Oxytocin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes ___ contraction of the uterus during ___ and stimulates the ejection of ___ into the ducts of the breasts.
increased
labor
milk
The ___ ___ (ADH) is a chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced. A ___ ADH level causes the body to produce ___ urine.
Antidiuretic Hormone
high
less
What can be thought of as a connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is located ___ of the brain in the sphenoid bone in an area known as the ___ ___.
outside
sella turcica
What structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
infundibulum
The pituitary is divided into ___ and ___ sections.
anterior
posterior
There is a ___ network between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus that transports ___ that controls the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland.
vascular
hormones
There is always a 2 step process for the release of ___ pituitary hormones.
Step 1 is when the ___ releases a hormone that travels to the anterior pituitary by way of the vascular network.
Step 2 is when the anterior pituitary releases its ___.
anterior
hypothalamus
hormone
The growth hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to 2 releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus:
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
somatostatin
The ___ ___ ___ ___ promotes the release of the growth hormone.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
___ inhibits the release of growth hormone.
Somatostatin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to the ___ ___ ___ secreted by the hypothalamus.
corticotropin-releasing hormone
ACTH helps to identify its function by its name: Adreno means adrenal ___. Cortico means the adrenal ___ and tropic means to promote the ___ of substances.
adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
secretion
The adrenal cortex responds to ACTH by releasing ___ and ___.
cortisol
aldosterone
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that helps to regulate blood ___.
glucose
