TEAS 7 - Science (Parts of the Cell) Flashcards
What are the 3 main parts of every cell?
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
The cell ___ is the outer layer of the cell.
cell membrane
The cell membrane is the ___ layer of the cell. It is made up of a thin, flexible layer of ___ and ___ that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell, acting like a gatekeeper.
outer
lipids
proteins
The ___ is a gel-like substance that fills the inside of the cell. It is made up of water, salts, and various types of molecules, including proteins, enzymes, and nutrients. This is also where all the cell’s main organelles are found and where many of the cell’s metabolic reactions take place.
cytoplasm
What are specialized structures inside the cytoplasm that perform essential functions in the cell?
organelles
The ___ are the organelles responsible for producing energy in the cell. They are often called the “powerhouses” of the cell.
mitochondria
The ___ ___ is a network of membranes that helps to transport proteins and other molecules throughout the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The ___ ___ is another membrane-bound organelle that helps to process and package proteins for transport within and outside the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
___ are small organelles that contain enzymes to break down waste and other cellular debris.
Lysosomes
The nucleus also contains the ___, which is responsible for making ribosomes, the cell’s protein-making factories.
nucleolus
The ___ is a network of protein fibers that help to give the cell its shape and provide support.
cytoskeleton
The ___ is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material of the cell.
nucleus
What acts as the control center of a cell, regulating all the cell’s activities by directing the synthesis of proteins and other important molecules?
the nucleus
The nucleus contains the cell’s ___, which is organized into chromosomes.
DNA
Chromosomes are made up of ___, which are the basic units of heredity.
genes
Genes contain instructions for making ___, which are the building blocks of the cell and carry out many important functions.
proteins
How are DNA, genes, chromosomes, and proteins related?
Genes are segments of DNA –>
DNA is organized into chromosomes –> Genes (which are segments of DNA and are part of chromosomes) contain instructions for making proteins –>
proteins are building blocks of cells
In addition to containing DNA, the nucleus also contains a dense structure called the ___.
nucleolus
What is the nucleolus responsible for?
for assembling RNA and proteins into ribosomes
A cell’s DNA is organized into ___.
chromosomes
Instructions for making proteins are located in the ___.
genes
What is the jelly-like substance that fills the inside of eukaryotic cells?
cytoplasm
One of the main functions of the ___ is to provide a medium for cellular activities. It acts as a space where many of the cell’s chemical reactions occur. It contains important molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and ions, that are needed for the cell’s metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
cytoplasm
Additionally, the cytoplasm plays a role in intracellular ___. It provides a medium for molecules and organelles to move within the cell.
intracellular transport
___ is a type of organelle also known as the “powerhouse of the cell” because it creates the energy (ATP) used by the cell to carry out its functions.
Mitochondria
When an organelle can replicate and express its own DNA, we call it ___-___.
semi-autonomous
___ is a process that occurs in the mitochondria of cells where the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane creates a gradient that is used to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Chemiosmosis
Mitochondria have a double layer of membrane, where the outer layer is smooth and made of lipids, while the inner layer is folded into little finger-like structures called ___.
cristae
What is the purpose of cristae in mitochondria?
they give the inner membrane a lot of surface area for energy production
Special enzymes in the inner membrane use this surface area to make a molecule called ___, which is like a battery for our cells.
ATP
The space between the two layers of the membrane is called the ___ ___, while the space inside the inner membrane is called the ___.
intermembrane space
matrix
Where does chemiosmosis take place?
intermembrane space
Chemiosmosis is the process where the energy made during ___ ___ is used to move hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria, creating a proton ___.
cellular respiration
proton gradient
What does ATP synthase make?
ATP
This proton gradient is used by another special enzyme called ___ ___ to make ATP.
ATP synthase
Mitochondria have their own ___ and it is ___ from the cell’s nuclear DNA.
DNA
separate
This genetic material is found in the form of a small circular DNA molecule, called the ___ ___ (mtDNA).
mitochondrial DNA
What shape is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?
small, circular DNA
Since the mitochondria has its own DNA, this means that mitochondria can replicate and express their own genes, making them ___-___.
semi-autonomous
What does it mean when we say that mitochondria are semi-autonomous?
mitochondria have their own DNA, so they can replicate and express their own genes
Mitochondria also all have their own ribosomes and can make their own ___.
proteins
The proteins synthesized by the ___ are mostly involved in the production of energy.
mitochondria
What is cell death called?
apoptosis
Mitochondria play a key role in cell death, also known as ___. Apoptosis is a ___ process that occurs in cells in response to certain signals, such as DNA damage or viral infection.
apoptosis
programmed
When a cell receives these signals, the mitochondria release a group of proteins called ___ ___, which triggers a cascade of events that lead to the death of the cell.
cytochrome c
When would mitochondria release a group of proteins called cytochrome c?
cytochrome c triggers a cascade of events that lead to the death of the cell
Mitochondria are also responsible for ___ synthesis, specifically for energy production.
protein synthesis
What is the function of the mitochondria’s inner membrane?
Increase surface area for energy production
What is the process called that occurs in the mitochondria and generates ATP using a proton gradient?
Chemiosmosis
What feature of mitochondria makes them semi-autonomous?
Each mitochondrion has its own genome and ribosomes
What is the organelle found in eukaryotic cells that plays a key role in the modification, sorting, and transport of proteins and lipids?
Golgi Apparatus
___ is a flat structure located within the Golgi apparatus and in the endoplasmic reticulum that assists with the packaging of proteins.
Cisternae
___ are the large, complex macromolecules that are responsible for the structure, function, and regulation of our cells and tissues.
Proteins
___ are large, complex macromolecules that are responsible for the structure, function, and regulation of our cells and tissues.
Proteins
___ are the macromolecules that play many important roles such as providing energy to cells, protecting our organs, and helping to produce hormones.
Lipids
What is the number of Golgi “bodies” in a cell dependent on?
the function of that particular cell
What is the organelle is responsible for the modification, sorting, and transport of proteins and lipids within a cell?
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi bodies are responsible for the ___ made to proteins. Once proteins are delivered to the Golgi Apparatus, they may be modified (or changed).
changes (or modifications)
The Golgi is composed of a series of flattened, stacked ___, which are membrane-bound structures.
cisternae
The cisternae are organized into three regions: the ___-Golgi, ___-Golgi, and __-Golgi.
cis-Golgi
medial-Golgi
trans-Golgi
What other organelle is the cis-Golgi closest to?
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
The cis-Golgi is the region closest to the ___ ___ (ER) and is responsible for receiving newly synthesized ___ and lipids from the ER.
endoplasmic reticulum
proteins
The ___-___ is the region between the cis-Golgi and trans-Golgi and is responsible for further modification of the proteins and lipids.
medial-Golgi
Which side of the cisternae faces away from the ER?
trans-Golgi
Which side of the cisternae is closest to the ER?
cis-Golgi
the ___ face, the side of the cisternae facing the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) which receives newly incoming proteins and lipids from the ER.
cis
The ___ face, the side of the cisternae facing away from the ER, sorts and directs the proteins and lipids to their final destinations.
trans
The ___ ___ (ER) is a network of interconnected sacs and tubules within the cytoplasm of an eukaryotic cell.
endoplasmic reticulum
The proteins are made by the ___ on the RER, and then undergo modifications and folding within the RER before being transported to their final destination.
ribosomes
Why is the RER called “rough?”
because it is studded with ribosomes
The SER plays a variety of roles, including ___ concentration and synthesis, ___ hormone synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of drugs and poisons.
lipid
steroid
A ___ is a type of cellular organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It is a spherical, membrane-bound structure that contains a variety of hydrolases, which are enzymes that break down and digest cellular waste and damaged materials.
Lysosome
Cellular ___ refers to the maintenance of a stable and ___ internal environment within a cell. This internal environment includes factors such as the concentration of ions and nutrients, pH, and the presence of waste products.
homeostasis
balanced
A ___ is a double-membrane structure formed during the process of autophagy, which is a cellular degradation and recycling process.
Phagosome
Autophagy is a process of cellular degradation and ___.
recycling
___ is also known as programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a process by which cells naturally ___-___ in a controlled and regulated manner.
self-destruct
What are considered the recycling centers of our cells?
lysosomes
Lysosomes are like the ___ centers of our cells. They play a very important role in keeping our cells healthy and functioning properly.
recycling
Think of our cells as tiny cities. Just like how cities need to get rid of their ___, our cells need to get rid of old and damaged materials too. That’s where ___ come in!
waste
lysosomes
Lysosomes contain special enzymes, called ___, that break down and recycle old or damaged materials in our cells, just like how recycling centers break down and reuse waste.
hydrolases
Hydrolases are enzymes that require a certain pH in order to function effectively. What is it?
pH of 5
Do lysosomes require a basic or acidic environment to survive?
acidid (pH of 5)
Lysosomes have an ___ environment with a pH of around ___.
acidic
5.0
The (low/high) pH of the lysosome provides the optimal environment for these enzymes to work and digest the contents within the lysosome, including cellular waste, damaged organelles, and bacteria.
low
