TEAS 7 - Science (Macromolecules) Flashcards
How many macromolecules are there?
4
What are the 4 macromolecules?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
A ___ is a large and complex molecule composed of smaller subunits called monomers. Macromolecules are typically found in biological systems and are vital for various biological processes and functions.
macromolecule
A macromolecule is a large and complex molecule composed of smaller subunits called ___.
monomers
A monomer is a small and relatively simple molecule that can chemically bind with other monomers to form a larger, more complex molecule known as a ___.
polymer
A ___ is a small and relatively simple molecule that can chemically bind with other monomers to form a larger, more complex molecule known as a polymer.
monomer
What are the building blocks of polymers?
monomers
A ___ is a large molecule made up of repeating subunits called monomers, connected through chemical bonds.
polymer
A polymer is a large molecule made up of repeating subunits called ___, connected through chemical bonds.
monomers
___ refers to the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer while simultaneously releasing a water molecule as a byproduct.
Dehydration
What do dehydration reactions release as a byproduct?
water molecules
___ is the process of breaking down polymers into their constituent monomers by the addition of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
What is added to hydrolysis reactions when polymers are broken down into monomers?
water molecules
___ are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates serve as a primary source of energy for living organisms. They are classified into three main types: ___ (simple sugars), ___ (two sugar units linked together), and ___ (long chains of sugar units).
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
___ are a diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.
Lipids
Lipids play essential roles in ___ storage, insulation, cushioning, and as structural components of cell ___, and include molecules such as fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
energy
membranes
___ are large molecules composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Proteins
What are specialized proteins that act as catalysts in biological reactions, facilitating and speeding up these reactions without being consumed or permanently altered in the process?
enzymes
___ ___ are macromolecules crucial for storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information in living organisms.
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide subunits and come in two primary forms: ___ (deoxyribonucleic acid) and ___ (ribonucleic acid).
DNA
RNA
There are two key processes involved in the formation and breakdown of polymers: ___ ___ (also known as condensation) and ___.
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis is the process by which ___ are joined together to form a ___, and a ___ molecule is produced as a byproduct.
monomers
polymer
water
During dehydration synthesis, a ___ group (-OH) from one monomer combines with a ___ atom (-H) from another monomer, creating a covalent bond. This bond formation releases a ___ molecule. This reaction undergoes repeated cycles, building a polymer chain and releasing a water molecule with each bond formation.
hydroxyl
hydrogen
water
Hydrolysis is the ___ process of dehydration synthesis.
reverse (or opposite)
___ involves breaking down polymers into their individual monomers by adding a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is the ___ of polymers into monomers.
breakdown
In hydrolysis, a water molecule is split into a ___ group (-OH) and a ___ atom (-H). The hydroxyl group attaches to one monomer, while the hydrogen atom attaches to the adjacent monomer, ___ the covalent bond between them, and ___ the monomers.
hydroxyl
hydrogen
breaking
separating
Carbohydrates, often called “___” or “___”, are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
sugars
starches
What serves as a primary source of energy for all living organisms?
Carbohydrates
___ join together to form carbohydrates and have the formula CnH2nOn. Typically, these monomers have 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. These basic units when combined are called ___.
Monomers
monosaccharides
Glucose (C6H12O6) and fructose are examples of what?
monosaccharides
When two monosaccharides join together through dehydration synthesis, they form a ___ (e.g., sucrose).
disaccharide
An ___ is a type of carbohydrate composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units, typically between 3 and 10 sugar molecules.
oligosaccharide
What is larger than a monosaccharide but smaller than a polysaccharide?
Oligosaccharides
Many monosaccharides linked together create ___.
polysaccharides
What are starch and cellulose examples of?
polysaccharides
Animals, including humans, store glucose (___) in the form of long glycogen (___) chains.
monosaccharide
polysaccharide
What form of carbohydrates do humans store in the body? What form is it stored in?
glucose
glycogen
Glycogen is formed through a process called glycogenesis (a ___ ___ reaction).
dehydration synthesis reaction
In animals, glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle tissue. Any time glucose is needed for cellular energy production, glycogen is hydrolyzed into glucose, a ___ reaction.
hydrolysis
Where is glycogen stored?
liver and muscle tissue
Glucose —> Glycogen is known as ___.
Glycogen —> Glucose is known as ___.
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
How are carbohydrates stored in plants?
as starch
Carbohydrates exist in various shapes and sizes. Carbohydrates can exist in ___ or ___ forms.
linear
branched
In linear carbohydrates, the monosaccharide units are arranged in a ___ chain. A common linear monosaccharide is ___, which forms the structural component of plant cell walls.
straight
cellulose
Branching occurs when additional monosaccharide units are attached to the main chain, creating ___ ___. This branching can be regular or irregular. For instance, glycogen and amylopectin are highly branched carbohydrates found in animals and plants, respectively.
side branches
All ___ are hydrophobic, meaning they do not dissolve in water.
lipids
All lipids are ___, meaning they do not dissolve in water. Lipids serve as long-term energy storage, ___, and protection for organs.
hydrophobic
insulation
What are lipids made of?
fatty acids and glycerol
Lipids can be ___ (containing only single bonds between carbon atoms) or ___ (containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms).
saturated
unsaturated
Fatty acids are long chains of ___ atoms with hydrogen atoms attached.
carbon
Which type of fats contain single bonds?
saturated fats
Which type of fats contain one or more double bonds?
unsaturated
Which type of fat is solid in its natural state?
saturated fats
*(S)aturated fats have (S)ingle bonds and are (S)olid in their natural state
Which type of fat is liquid in its natural state?
unsaturated fats
*(U)nsaturated fats have double bonds (=) or (ll) and are liquid in their natural state.
What are 4 types of lipids?
- triglycerides (fats and oils)
- phospholipids
- steroids
- waxes
Triglycerides consist of three ___ ___ molecules bonded to a ___ molecule.
fatty acid
glycerol
Triglycerides serve as a form of ___ storage in the body. They provide insulation and cushioning for organs, and they also serve as a source of fatty acids for energy production.
energy
fatty acids
Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes and form a double layer called the ___ ___, with the ___ heads facing outward towards the water environment and the ___ tails facing inward, creating a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings.
phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic heads
hydrophobic tails
What are the major components of cell membranes?
phospholipids
What part of the phospholipid faces outward toward the environment? Is it the head or the tail? Is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
the head; the head is hydrophilic
What part of the phospholipid faces inward? Is it the head or the tail? Is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
the tail; the tail is hydrophobic
Steroids have a characteristic structure consisting of four fused carbon ___.
rings
What is a well-known example of a steroid?
cholesterol
Cholesterol is a type of ___ and is a crucial component of ___ membranes and is also used to synthesize molecules like hormones (ex. estrogen and testosterone).
steroid
cell membranes
___ are made up of long-chain fatty acids bonded to a long-chain alcohol. They have solid structures that are water-repellent.
Waxes
Waxes serve as protective ___ on the surface of plants, animals, and certain objects. They prevent ___ loss, provide insulation, and offer protection against the environment.
coatings
water
___ are made up of long amino acid monomer chains.
Proteins
___ ___ are made of a centrally located carbon, an amine group, a carboxylic acid, and a side group (known as the “R” group)
Amino acids
Each amino acid has different properties due to its ___ group. These varying side groups give each protein its various properties and structures.
side (or “R”)
How many amino acids are there?
20
The link between amino acids is a covalent bond called a “___ bond”.
peptide bond
___ proteins are typically soluble in water (___) and perform functions such as enzyme catalysis, transport, and signaling. An example is ___, a globular protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Globular proteins
hydrophilic
hemoglobin
___ proteins have long, fiber-like shapes. They are often involved in providing ___ support and strength. An example is ___, which is found in connective tissues like skin and tendons, and is a fibrous protein that helps maintain the structural integrity of these tissues.
Fibrous proteins
structural
collagen
___ lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, making the reaction faster and more efficient.
Enzymes
What do enzymes do in biochemical reactions?
they lower the activation rate
Enzymes are ___ consumed or altered during the reaction; they can be used repeatedly, making them essential for various biological processes.
not
___ ___ are composed of smaller units called nucleotides.
Nucleic acids
What is the smaller unit of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
Each ___ consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
nucleotide
Nucleic acids are ___ made of nucleotides that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
polymers
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
DNA
RNA
Nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting ___ information.
genetic
___ is a double-stranded helix that stores genetic information and carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism,
DNA
What is RNA involved in?
protein synthesis
DNA contains nucleotides made up of a deoxyribose sugar, one of four nitrogenous bases (___, ___, ___, ___), and a phosphate group.
adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine
Genes are made up of ___
DNA
Genes are located on ___.
chromosomes
___ consists of a single strand of nucleotides. The structure of RNA is similar to DNA, except it contains a ribose sugar molecule.
RNA
What are the 3 types of RNA?
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Additionally, RNA has the same nitrogenous bases as DNA, except it contains ___ instead of thymine.
uracil
Which type of RNA carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the protein-making machinery in the cell?
mRNA
Which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis?
tRNA
Which type of RNA is a crucial component of ribosomes, the cellular machinery where proteins are assembled?
rRNA
___ functions as a messenger, translator, and builder in the cell, helping in the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for various cellular processes.
RNA
What is a polymer?
a large molecule made up of monomers
What is dehydration synthesis?
the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer
*water is a byproduct
What is the byproduct of dehydration synthesis?
water
What is hydrolysis?
the process of breaking down polymers into monomers
How does hydrolysis differ from dehydration synthesis?
Hydrolysis reactions utilize water to break chemical bonds, while dehydration reactions create water as a byproduct when bonds are formed.
Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?
RNA carries genetic instructions from DNA to the protein-making machinery in the cell.
What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Bringing amino acids to the ribosomes.
Which type of protein is involved in carrying oxygen in red blood cells?
Globular proteins
(hemoglobin is a type of globular protein)
What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
Lowering the activation energy required for a reaction
Which type of lipid serves as a concentrated form of energy storage in the body?
Triglycerides
What is the major function of phospholipids in cells?
Formation of cell membranes
Which lipid has a structure consisting of four fused carbon rings?
Steroids
Which type of lipid serves as a protective coating and prevents water loss?
Waxes
Which type of carbohydrate serves as an energy reserve in plants?
polysaccharides
(cellulose, often found in plants, is a polysaccharide)
What is the main function of glycogen in animals?
Energy storage
Which carbohydrate forms the structural component of plant cell walls?
monosaccharides
What is the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms ratio in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
Which macromolecule carries genetic information?
nucleotides
What is the primary source of energy in cells?
carbohydrates
A nucleotide is a monomer of __________.
nucleic acids
What kind of bonds are peptide bonds? What is the only macromolecule they are present in?
covalent bonds
proteins
What is the monomer of cellulose?
monosaccharides
A folded polypeptide chain held together by ionic, disulfide, and hydrogen bonds to create a three-dimensional structure is the __________.
Tertiary structure
The ___ structure of a protein refers to its amino acid sequence in the polypeptide chain.
primary
The ___ structure of a protein involves the initial folding of the polypeptide chain into structures like alpha helices and beta sheets.
secondary
The ___ structure occurs in proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain (subunits). It refers to the arrangement and interaction of these multiple subunits to form a functional protein complex.
quaternary
The ___ structure of a protein refers to the complete three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain.
tertiary
Nucleotides are joined to each other through the __________ .
Phosphodiester bond
*formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar
