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TEAS 7 Test Prep > TEAS 7 - Science (Macromolecules) > Flashcards

TEAS 7 - Science (Macromolecules) Flashcards

1
Q

How many macromolecules are there?

A

4

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2
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

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3
Q

A ___ is a large and complex molecule composed of smaller subunits called monomers. Macromolecules are typically found in biological systems and are vital for various biological processes and functions.

A

macromolecule

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4
Q

A macromolecule is a large and complex molecule composed of smaller subunits called ___.

A

monomers

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5
Q

A monomer is a small and relatively simple molecule that can chemically bind with other monomers to form a larger, more complex molecule known as a ___.

A

polymer

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6
Q

A ___ is a small and relatively simple molecule that can chemically bind with other monomers to form a larger, more complex molecule known as a polymer.

A

monomer

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7
Q

What are the building blocks of polymers?

A

monomers

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8
Q

A ___ is a large molecule made up of repeating subunits called monomers, connected through chemical bonds.

A

polymer

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9
Q

A polymer is a large molecule made up of repeating subunits called ___, connected through chemical bonds.

A

monomers

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10
Q

___ refers to the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer while simultaneously releasing a water molecule as a byproduct.

A

Dehydration

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11
Q

What do dehydration reactions release as a byproduct?

A

water molecules

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12
Q

___ is the process of breaking down polymers into their constituent monomers by the addition of a water molecule.

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

What is added to hydrolysis reactions when polymers are broken down into monomers?

A

water molecules

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14
Q

___ are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

Carbohydrates serve as a primary source of energy for living organisms. They are classified into three main types: ___ (simple sugars), ___ (two sugar units linked together), and ___ (long chains of sugar units).

A

monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides

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16
Q

___ are a diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents.

A

Lipids

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17
Q

Lipids play essential roles in ___ storage, insulation, cushioning, and as structural components of cell ___, and include molecules such as fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.

A

energy

membranes

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18
Q

___ are large molecules composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

A

Proteins

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19
Q

What are specialized proteins that act as catalysts in biological reactions, facilitating and speeding up these reactions without being consumed or permanently altered in the process?

A

enzymes

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20
Q

___ ___ are macromolecules crucial for storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information in living organisms.

A

Nucleic Acid

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21
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide subunits and come in two primary forms: ___ (deoxyribonucleic acid) and ___ (ribonucleic acid).

A

DNA

RNA

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22
Q

There are two key processes involved in the formation and breakdown of polymers: ___ ___ (also known as condensation) and ___.

A

dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

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23
Q

Dehydration synthesis is the process by which ___ are joined together to form a ___, and a ___ molecule is produced as a byproduct.

A

monomers

polymer

water

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24
Q

During dehydration synthesis, a ___ group (-OH) from one monomer combines with a ___ atom (-H) from another monomer, creating a covalent bond. This bond formation releases a ___ molecule. This reaction undergoes repeated cycles, building a polymer chain and releasing a water molecule with each bond formation.

A

hydroxyl

hydrogen

water

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25
Q

Hydrolysis is the ___ process of dehydration synthesis.

A

reverse (or opposite)

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26
Q

___ involves breaking down polymers into their individual monomers by adding a water molecule.

A

Hydrolysis

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27
Q

Hydrolysis is the ___ of polymers into monomers.

A

breakdown

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28
Q

In hydrolysis, a water molecule is split into a ___ group (-OH) and a ___ atom (-H). The hydroxyl group attaches to one monomer, while the hydrogen atom attaches to the adjacent monomer, ___ the covalent bond between them, and ___ the monomers.

A

hydroxyl

hydrogen

breaking

separating

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29
Q

Carbohydrates, often called “___” or “___”, are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

A

sugars

starches

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30
Q

What serves as a primary source of energy for all living organisms?

A

Carbohydrates

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31
Q

___ join together to form carbohydrates and have the formula CnH2nOn. Typically, these monomers have 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. These basic units when combined are called ___.

A

Monomers

monosaccharides

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32
Q

Glucose (C6H12O6) and fructose are examples of what?

A

monosaccharides

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33
Q

When two monosaccharides join together through dehydration synthesis, they form a ___ (e.g., sucrose).

A

disaccharide

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34
Q

An ___ is a type of carbohydrate composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units, typically between 3 and 10 sugar molecules.

A

oligosaccharide

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35
Q

What is larger than a monosaccharide but smaller than a polysaccharide?

A

Oligosaccharides

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36
Q

Many monosaccharides linked together create ___.

A

polysaccharides

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37
Q

What are starch and cellulose examples of?

A

polysaccharides

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38
Q

Animals, including humans, store glucose (___) in the form of long glycogen (___) chains.

A

monosaccharide

polysaccharide

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39
Q

What form of carbohydrates do humans store in the body? What form is it stored in?

A

glucose

glycogen

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40
Q

Glycogen is formed through a process called glycogenesis (a ___ ___ reaction).

A

dehydration synthesis reaction

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41
Q

In animals, glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle tissue. Any time glucose is needed for cellular energy production, glycogen is hydrolyzed into glucose, a ___ reaction.

A

hydrolysis

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42
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

liver and muscle tissue

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43
Q

Glucose —> Glycogen is known as ___.

Glycogen —> Glucose is known as ___.

A

Glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis

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44
Q

How are carbohydrates stored in plants?

A

as starch

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45
Q

Carbohydrates exist in various shapes and sizes. Carbohydrates can exist in ___ or ___ forms.

A

linear

branched

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45
Q

In linear carbohydrates, the monosaccharide units are arranged in a ___ chain. A common linear monosaccharide is ___, which forms the structural component of plant cell walls.

A

straight

cellulose

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45
Q

Branching occurs when additional monosaccharide units are attached to the main chain, creating ___ ___. This branching can be regular or irregular. For instance, glycogen and amylopectin are highly branched carbohydrates found in animals and plants, respectively.

A

side branches

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46
Q

All ___ are hydrophobic, meaning they do not dissolve in water.

A

lipids

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47
Q

All lipids are ___, meaning they do not dissolve in water. Lipids serve as long-term energy storage, ___, and protection for organs.

A

hydrophobic

insulation

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47
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

48
Q

Lipids can be ___ (containing only single bonds between carbon atoms) or ___ (containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms).

A

saturated

unsaturated

48
Q

Fatty acids are long chains of ___ atoms with hydrogen atoms attached.

A

carbon

49
Q

Which type of fats contain single bonds?

A

saturated fats

50
Q

Which type of fats contain one or more double bonds?

A

unsaturated

51
Q

Which type of fat is solid in its natural state?

A

saturated fats

*(S)aturated fats have (S)ingle bonds and are (S)olid in their natural state

52
Q

Which type of fat is liquid in its natural state?

A

unsaturated fats

*(U)nsaturated fats have double bonds (=) or (ll) and are liquid in their natural state.

53
Q

What are 4 types of lipids?

A
  • triglycerides (fats and oils)
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
  • waxes
54
Q

Triglycerides consist of three ___ ___ molecules bonded to a ___ molecule.

A

fatty acid

glycerol

55
Q

Triglycerides serve as a form of ___ storage in the body. They provide insulation and cushioning for organs, and they also serve as a source of fatty acids for energy production.

A

energy

fatty acids

56
Q

Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes and form a double layer called the ___ ___, with the ___ heads facing outward towards the water environment and the ___ tails facing inward, creating a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings.

A

phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic heads

hydrophobic tails

56
Q

What are the major components of cell membranes?

A

phospholipids

57
Q

What part of the phospholipid faces outward toward the environment? Is it the head or the tail? Is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

the head; the head is hydrophilic

58
Q

What part of the phospholipid faces inward? Is it the head or the tail? Is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

the tail; the tail is hydrophobic

59
Q

Steroids have a characteristic structure consisting of four fused carbon ___.

A

rings

59
Q

What is a well-known example of a steroid?

A

cholesterol

60
Q

Cholesterol is a type of ___ and is a crucial component of ___ membranes and is also used to synthesize molecules like hormones (ex. estrogen and testosterone).

A

steroid

cell membranes

61
Q

___ are made up of long-chain fatty acids bonded to a long-chain alcohol. They have solid structures that are water-repellent.

A

Waxes

61
Q

Waxes serve as protective ___ on the surface of plants, animals, and certain objects. They prevent ___ loss, provide insulation, and offer protection against the environment.

A

coatings

water

62
Q

___ are made up of long amino acid monomer chains.

A

Proteins

63
Q

___ ___ are made of a centrally located carbon, an amine group, a carboxylic acid, and a side group (known as the “R” group)

A

Amino acids

64
Q

Each amino acid has different properties due to its ___ group. These varying side groups give each protein its various properties and structures.

A

side (or “R”)

64
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

65
Q

The link between amino acids is a covalent bond called a “___ bond”.

A

peptide bond

65
Q

___ proteins are typically soluble in water (___) and perform functions such as enzyme catalysis, transport, and signaling. An example is ___, a globular protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells.

A

Globular proteins

hydrophilic

hemoglobin

65
Q

___ proteins have long, fiber-like shapes. They are often involved in providing ___ support and strength. An example is ___, which is found in connective tissues like skin and tendons, and is a fibrous protein that helps maintain the structural integrity of these tissues.

A

Fibrous proteins

structural

collagen

65
Q

___ lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, making the reaction faster and more efficient.

A

Enzymes

66
Q

What do enzymes do in biochemical reactions?

A

they lower the activation rate

67
Q

Enzymes are ___ consumed or altered during the reaction; they can be used repeatedly, making them essential for various biological processes.

A

not

68
Q

___ ___ are composed of smaller units called nucleotides.

A

Nucleic acids

69
Q

What is the smaller unit of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

70
Q

Each ___ consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

A

nucleotide

71
Q

Nucleic acids are ___ made of nucleotides that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

A

polymers

72
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA

RNA

73
Q

Nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting ___ information.

A

genetic

74
Q

___ is a double-stranded helix that stores genetic information and carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism,

A

DNA

75
Q

What is RNA involved in?

A

protein synthesis

76
Q

DNA contains nucleotides made up of a deoxyribose sugar, one of four nitrogenous bases (___, ___, ___, ___), and a phosphate group.

A

adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

77
Q

Genes are made up of ___

A

DNA

78
Q

Genes are located on ___.

A

chromosomes

79
Q

___ consists of a single strand of nucleotides. The structure of RNA is similar to DNA, except it contains a ribose sugar molecule.

A

RNA

80
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

transfer RNA (tRNA)

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

80
Q

Additionally, RNA has the same nitrogenous bases as DNA, except it contains ___ instead of thymine.

A

uracil

81
Q

Which type of RNA carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the protein-making machinery in the cell?

A

mRNA

81
Q

Which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis?

A

tRNA

82
Q

Which type of RNA is a crucial component of ribosomes, the cellular machinery where proteins are assembled?

A

rRNA

82
Q

___ functions as a messenger, translator, and builder in the cell, helping in the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for various cellular processes.

A

RNA

83
Q

What is a polymer?

A

a large molecule made up of monomers

84
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer

*water is a byproduct

85
Q

What is the byproduct of dehydration synthesis?

A

water

86
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

the process of breaking down polymers into monomers

87
Q

How does hydrolysis differ from dehydration synthesis?

A

Hydrolysis reactions utilize water to break chemical bonds, while dehydration reactions create water as a byproduct when bonds are formed.

88
Q

Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA carries genetic instructions from DNA to the protein-making machinery in the cell.

89
Q

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Bringing amino acids to the ribosomes.

90
Q

Which type of protein is involved in carrying oxygen in red blood cells?

A

Globular proteins

(hemoglobin is a type of globular protein)

91
Q

What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

A

Lowering the activation energy required for a reaction

92
Q

Which type of lipid serves as a concentrated form of energy storage in the body?

A

Triglycerides

93
Q

What is the major function of phospholipids in cells?

A

Formation of cell membranes

94
Q

Which lipid has a structure consisting of four fused carbon rings?

A

Steroids

95
Q

Which type of lipid serves as a protective coating and prevents water loss?

A

Waxes

96
Q

Which type of carbohydrate serves as an energy reserve in plants?

A

polysaccharides

(cellulose, often found in plants, is a polysaccharide)

97
Q

What is the main function of glycogen in animals?

A

Energy storage

98
Q

Which carbohydrate forms the structural component of plant cell walls?

A

monosaccharides

99
Q

What is the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms ratio in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

100
Q

Which macromolecule carries genetic information?

A

nucleotides

101
Q

What is the primary source of energy in cells?

A

carbohydrates

102
Q

A nucleotide is a monomer of __________.

A

nucleic acids

103
Q

What kind of bonds are peptide bonds? What is the only macromolecule they are present in?

A

covalent bonds

proteins

103
Q

What is the monomer of cellulose?

A

monosaccharides

103
Q

A folded polypeptide chain held together by ionic, disulfide, and hydrogen bonds to create a three-dimensional structure is the __________.

A

Tertiary structure

103
Q

The ___ structure of a protein refers to its amino acid sequence in the polypeptide chain.

A

primary

104
Q

The ___ structure of a protein involves the initial folding of the polypeptide chain into structures like alpha helices and beta sheets.

A

secondary

105
Q

The ___ structure occurs in proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain (subunits). It refers to the arrangement and interaction of these multiple subunits to form a functional protein complex.

A

quaternary

106
Q

The ___ structure of a protein refers to the complete three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain.

A

tertiary

107
Q

Nucleotides are joined to each other through the __________ .

A

Phosphodiester bond

*formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar

TEAS 7 Test Prep (27 decks)

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