TEAS 7 - Science (Genitourinary System) Flashcards
1
Q
What do we call the outer portion of the kidney?
A
the cortex
2
Q
The ___ is the fibrous channel inside the kidney that transports urine.
A
calyx
3
Q
The ___ is the microscopic structure in the kidney that produces urine.
A
nephron
3
Q
What is the inner portion of the kidney called?
A
the medulla
4
Q
What membrane surrounds the abdominal cavity?
A
peritoneum
5
Q
The retroperitoneal is ___ the peritoneum. This is where the ___ are located.
A
behind
kidneys
6
Q
The genitourinary system consists of the ___, ureters, ___ ___ , and urethra.
A
kidneys
urinary bladder
7
Q
The genitourinary system can be thought of as a kind of ___ system for the blood.
A
purification
8
Q
The kidneys are paired organs located behind the peritoneal membrane called the ___.
A
retroperitoneal
9
Q
The kidneys are ___-shaped, about the size of an adult ___, and are located laterally
A
bean-shaped
fist
10
Q
A layer of adipose tissue called ___ fat surrounds each kidney.
A
perirenal
11
Q
The outer layer of the kidney consists of a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the renal ___.
A
capsule
12
Q
What enters and exits the kidney’s hilum?
A
renal artery
renal vein
ureters
12
Q
Each kidney has an indentation called a ___ where the renal artery, vein, and ureters enter and exit the kidney.
A
hilum
13
Q
The inside of the kidney is divided into an outer cortical region called the ___ and an inner region called the ___.
A
cortex
medulla
14
Q
The medulla contains conical structures called renal ___. Areas of the cortex called renal ___ extend between the pyramids.
A
renal pyramids
renal columns
15
Q
The distal tip of the pyramid ends at the renal ___ which connect with fibrous channels called minor ___.
A
renal papilla
minor calyces
16
Q
The minor calyces combine to form larger ___ ___ that combine to form the renal pelvis that extends to the ureter
A
major calyces
17
Q
The major calyces combine to form the ___ ___ that extends to the ureter.
A
renal pelvis
18
Q
A ___ ___ supplies each kidney with blood. The renal artery branches off of the abdominal ___ and extends into the hilum of the kidney. The branches eventually supply blood to the ___.
A
renal artery
aorta
nephron
19
Q
What are the structures inside the kidneys that produce urine?
A
nephrons
19
Q
The nephron is called the ___ unit of the kidney.
A
functional unit
19
Q
Are nephrons visible structures in the kidney?
A
no, they are microscopic
- there are over 1 million nephrons in a single kidney
20
Q
Some nephrons lie near the medulla and are called ___ nephrons. These nephrons extend deep into the medulla.
A
juxtamedullary nephrons
21
Other nephrons reside in the cortex and only minimally extend into the medulla. These are known as ___ nephrons.
cortical nephrons
22
The nephron consists of a renal ___ and a renal ___.
tubule
corpuscle
23
The renal corpuscle is a ___ structure that consists of a capillary network called the ___ surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the glomerular capsule (___ capsule).
spherical
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
24
The capillary network (glomerulus) is fed by an ___ arteriole. Blood exiting the nephron flows through the ___ arteriole.
afferent
efferent
25
Where does filtration occur?
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
26
What is the glomerulus?
a capillary network
*site of filtration
27
What is the glomerular capsule?
fibrous capsule that surrounds glomerulus (capillary network)
*site of filtration
28
The filtrate from the glomerular capsule flows through the first part of the renal tubule known as the ___ ___ ___.
proximal convoluted tubule
29
The exchange of ___, electrolytes, and ___ substances occurs in the tubules.
water
organic
30
The fluid then moves through the nephron loop (___ ___ ___). The nephron loop has a ___ and ___ limb, each with different tissue characteristics.
Loop of Henle
descending, ascending
31
Surrounding the nephron loop are capillaries known as ___ ___.
vasa recta
32
After flowing through the nephron loop, the fluid flows through the ___ ___ ___. Fluid (urine) then drains from the distal convoluted tubule into the ___ ___.
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
33
Urine from many nephrons drains into ___ collecting duct. A single collecting duct merges with other collecting ducts at the renal papilla.
one
34
The collecting duct merges with other collecting ducts at the ___ ___.
renal papilla
35
Urine flows from the renal papilla to the minor calyces which combine to form major calyces. The major calyces combine to form the ___ ___.
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
36
From the renal pelvis, urine flows into the___ then to the urinary bladder, ___, and out of the body.
ureter
urethra
37
What form of transport moves substances against concentration gradients using ATP?
active transport
38
The small capillaries in the nephron that filter the blood are called the ___.
glomerulus
39
The glomerular capsule is also known as ___ ___. It is a fibrous capsule that surrounds the glomerulus and catches the filtrate.
Bowman's capsule
40
The ___ and ___ ___ ___ are microscopic fibrous tubelike structures in the nephron where substances are exchanged.
proximal and distal convoluted tubules
41
___ is the movement of substances from urine to blood.
Reabsorption
42
___ is the movement of substances from blood to urine.
Secretion
43
3 processes of urine formation that occur in the nephron:
- filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
43
The ___ ___ is the protein channel in cell membrane that transports specific substances.
transport protein
44
___ is the first process of urine formation whereby blood entering the nephron is filtered before substances are ___ further down the nephron by reabsorption and secretion.
Filtration
exchanged
44
The glomerulus and glomerular capsule act together as a ___.
filter
45
The glomerulus and glomerular capsule filter blood by removing ___ and small substances small enough to fit through the filtration ___ in the glomerular capsule.
water
slits
45
During filtration, larger substances such as blood cells and plasma proteins ___ in the blood.
remain
46
The amount of blood that passes through the kidneys is between 12% and 30% of total ___ ___. It normally averages about 20% which works out to a rate of blood flow of about ___ liters per minute.
cardiac output
1.1 L
46
The kidneys produce about 123 ml of filtrate per minute. This is called the ___ ___ ___.
glomerular filtration rate
47
In one day the kidneys produce (123 mL x 60 min x 24 hr) 177 L per day. We usually round this up to about ___ L per day.
180 L
48
Do we urinate 180 L per day? What happens to the rest of the filtrate?
No
so much of that filtrate is reabsorbed via tubular reabsorption
49
We usually produce about 1L to 2L of urine per day. That means that only about ___ of the filtrate actually becomes urine. The rest is ___.
reabsorbed
50
The glomerular filter consists of an input (___ ___), an output (___ ___), and a filtration ___.
afferent arteriole
glomerular capsule
membrane
51
The filtration membrane is very ___ and allows ___ substances through. These include water, ___ , and electrolytes. Larger substances such as plasma proteins and cells do not pass through the membrane.
permeable
small
glucose
not
52
Substances small enough to pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus include:
water
glucose
electrolytes
53
Substances too large to pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus include:
plasma proteins
cells
54
In order to move substances through the filter there must be a ___ gradient.
pressure
55
Substances must move from an area of ___ pressure to ___ pressure.
higher
lower
56
The pressure gradient is called filtration pressure or ___ ___ pressure.
net filtration
57
Net filtration pressure is ___ proportional to the glomerular filtration rate.
directly
57
Net filtration pressure is the combination of a series of pressures that exist in the ___ and ___ ___.
glomerulus, glomerular capsule
58
If for some reason net filtration pressure increases or decreases, so does the ___ filtration rate, and so does the amount of filtrate produced.
glomerular
*Net filtration pressure is directly proportional to the glomerular filtration rate.
59
Tubular ___ and ___ occur in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
reabsorption
secretion
60
Where do tubular reabsorption and secretion occur?
proximal and distal convoluted tubules
61
Tubular ___ involves moving filtered substances back into the blood.
reabsorption
62
The tubules are surrounded by capillaries called ___ ___.
peritubular capillaries
63
Some substances move passively (powered only by concentration gradients) while other move via special active transport proteins using ATP
64
The cells of the kidney tubules contain special proteins powered by ATP called ___ ___.
transport proteins
65
Some substances move ___ (powered only by concentration gradients) while others move via special ___ transport proteins using ATP.
passively
active
66
The walls of the tubules are somewhat ___ and allow the movement of some substances by way of ___ gradients. The ___ calcium, magnesium, potassium, and some sodium move this way.
permeable
concentration
electrolytes
67
There is a large sodium gradient in the kidney tubules. Sodium concentration is ___ in the tubules and ___ in the surrounding interstitium and blood which helps to move sodium from the ___ to the blood.
high
lower
tubules
68
What do we call the movement of substances from the blood to the kidney tubules?
tubular secretion
68
Tubular secretion involves the movement of substances from the blood and interstitium to the ___ ___.
kidney tubules
69
What do we call the movement of substances from kidney tubules to the blood?
tubular reabsorption
70
Unlike tubular reabsorption which moves substances to maintain fluid and electrolyte ___, tubular secretion works to ___ toxic substances or byproducts of metabolism.
balance
eliminate
71
What is the purpose of tubular reabsorption?
to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
72
What is the purpose of tubular secretion?
to eliminate toxic substances or byproducts of metabolism
73
Can tubular secretion involve both active and passive transport?
yes
74
Examples of secreted substances include ___.
sodium, hydrogen, urea, potassium, ammonia, creatine, and drugs
75
urinary excretion formula
Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion
76
___ is the transport protein located in the descending limb that transports water.
Aquaporin
77
What is the thick segment of the nephron loop?
ascending limb
78
What is the thin segment of the nephron loop?
descending limb
79
When a solution is the same concentration as the body fluid, it is called ___.
isotonic
80
When a solution is more concentrated than body fluid, it is called ___.
hypertonic
80
When a solution is less concentrated than body fluid, it is called ___.
hypotonic
81
What does NKCC stand for?
sodium, potassium, chloride co-transporter protein
it actively transports these substances out of the ascending limb
82
The nephron loop (loop of Henle) is located ___ the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in the nephron.
between
83
The nephron loop's primary function is to help with urine formation by creating a ___ environment in the medulla, which aids in concentrating urine and producing a ___ solution that enters the distal convoluted tubule.
hypertonic
hypotonic
84
The nephron loop consists of two segments including a ___ and ___ segment each with different characteristics.
descending
ascending
85
The descending limb contains a ___ layer of epithelium that is more permeable to ___ than the thick portion of the ascending limb.
thin
water
86
An isotonic fluid (about 300 mOsm) enters the ___ limb. As it progresses down the limb, water moves ___ of the loop and into the interstitial space by way of transport proteins called ___. This causes the concentration to dramatically ___. The fluid concentration can increase to as high as 1200 mOsm (very ___).
descending
out
aquaporins
increase
hypertonic
87
The thick segment of the ascending limb ___ the passage of water by diffusion.
inhibits
88
The thick segment of the ascending limb contains a series of ___ ___ proteins that selectively move sodium, chloride, and potassium ___ of the ascending limb and into the interstitium by way of these active transport proteins (___ proteins).
active transport proteins
out
NKCC
89
As fluid moves up the ascending limb the concentration ___. A 100 mOsm hypotonic solution exits the ascending limb and enters the ___ ___ tubule.
decreases
distal convoluted tubule
90
The countercurrent consists of the “current” of ___ moving in one direction and the “current” of ___ moving in the opposite direction
water
electrolytes
91
The nephron loop assists in urine formation by transporting water and electrolytes in ___ directions (___ mechanism).
opposite
countercurrent
92
The nephron loop is important in the use of diuretic medications which are used to ___ fluid volume in the body.
reduce
*diuretics make one pee more to reduce fluid volume in body
93
What is the inactive form of Vitamin D called?
calcifediol
94
What is the active form of Vitamin D called?
calcitriol
95
___ is the hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to decreased oxygen levels that promote the formation of red blood cells.
erythropoietin
96
What do we call the wavelike contraction that only occurs in smooth muscle?
peristalsis
96
The ___ ___ is the group of cells in the nephron located between the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole that help regulate blood pressure and urine formation.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
97
___ is the hormone produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the nephron that activates the renin-angiotensin-aldersterone system.
Renin
97
What is the term for urination?
micturition
98
What kind of multilayered epithelial tissue can be found on the inner layer of the urinary bladder?
transitional epithelium
99
The triangular structure in the bladder is called the ___.
trigone
100
What structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?
ureters
101
Fluid volume, blood volume, and blood ___ are all closely related.
pressure
102
If the kidneys conserve or hold onto fluid, then body fluid increases. Blood volume also ___ because blood plasma is made up mostly of ___. Blood pressure will also ___.
increases
water
increase
103
If the kidneys secrete too much fluid, and the body's fluid volume decreases, then the blood volume and blood pressure will also ___.
decrease
104
What part of the kidney secretes renin?
the juxtaglomerular apparatus
104
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete? Why does it secrete this hormone?
renin
in response to low blood pressure
105
The juxtaglomerular apparatus contains cells that monitor ___ ___. The cells secrete ___ when blood pressure drops.
blood pressure
renin
106
Renin activates a series of reactions called the ___ ___ ___ system.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
107
What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do? How does it do this?
increases blood pressure
by retaining sodium
*since water moves by osmosis, retaining sodium also produces water retention which results in an increase in blood pressure
108
The ureters have a smooth muscle layer that is capable of producing ___. The ___ nervous system increases these contractions and the ___ nervous system inhibits them.
peristalsis
parasympathetic
sympathetic
109
The urinary bladder is a ___ organ that resides in the pelvic cavity. The ___ connect at the posterolateral surface. The ___ carries the urine from the bladder out of the body.
hollow
ureters
urethra
110
The area on the inside of the bladder between the two ureter connections and the urethra is called the ___.
trigone
111
The urinary bladder and ureters are internally lined with ___ epithelium. This is a special kind of epithelium that allows for the cells to slide past each other during ___ of the bladder.
transitional
distension
112
Male bladders contain an area of smooth muscle and elastic tissue called the ___ ___ ___. This area is ___ present in females. The function of this structure is to keep ___ from entering the urinary bladder during intercourse.
internal urinary sphincter
not
semen
112
The bladder also has a thick smooth muscle layer called the ___ ___. Contraction of this muscle increases the internal ___ of the bladder and causes urine to be expelled
detrusor muscle
pressure
113
Both males and females have an ___ ___ ___ located in the urethra that controls the flow of urine.
external urinary sphincter
114
3 parts of the male urethra
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- penile urethra
115
The kidneys help to maintain fluid balance by adjusting the amount of urine produced by the ___.
nephrons
115
The ___ urethra consists of three parts. The ___ urethra exits the bladder and extends to the inferior prostate gland. It then becomes the ___ urethra until it enters the penis where it becomes the ___ urethra.
male
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penile urethra
116
Much of the fluid balance has to do with the reabsorption of ___.
sodium
117
For example, if sodium is reabsorbed (moved from the tubules to the blood), then ___ follows by osmosis. This ___ blood volume and can work to ___ blood pressure.
water
increases
increase
118
___ ___ ___ are a type of cell of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. They are located on the nephron loop side. These cells help to regulate the amount of ___ produced.
macula densa cells
urine
119
Kidneys also monitor blood oxygen levels. They secrete the hormone ___ in response to low oxygen levels. The hormone travels to the bone marrow to stimulate the production of ___ ___ cells.
erythropoietin
red blood cells
120
The kidneys also work to control vitamin D ___ by converting the inactive form of vitamin D (___) to the active form (___). Vitamin D helps with calcium and phosphate balance.
synthesis
calcifediol
calcitriol
121
The bladder acts as a ___ reservoir for urine and can store up to 1 liter. At about 300 ml the urge to urinate becomes evident
storage
122
Once the wall of the bladder is stretched, the ___ ___ is stimulated.
micturition reflex
123
Micturition (urination) is a ___ reflex that is under ___ control.
voluntary
parasympathetic
124
The micturition reflex is an ___reflex in infants. Voluntary control of the reflex does not occur until around age ___ years.
involuntary
2-3 years
125
RAAS
Upon stimulation, the kidney secretes renin which cleaves the circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then activated by ACE to Angiotensin II, which stimulates vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) and an increase in blood pressure.
Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone, which influences the kidney to reabsorb salt. Water reabsorption is primarily under the influence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or vasopressin.
