TEAS 7 - Science (Genitourinary System) Flashcards
What do we call the outer portion of the kidney?
the cortex
The ___ is the fibrous channel inside the kidney that transports urine.
calyx
The ___ is the microscopic structure in the kidney that produces urine.
nephron
What is the inner portion of the kidney called?
the medulla
What membrane surrounds the abdominal cavity?
peritoneum
The retroperitoneal is ___ the peritoneum. This is where the ___ are located.
behind
kidneys
The genitourinary system consists of the ___, ureters, ___ ___ , and urethra.
kidneys
urinary bladder
The genitourinary system can be thought of as a kind of ___ system for the blood.
purification
The kidneys are paired organs located behind the peritoneal membrane called the ___.
retroperitoneal
The kidneys are ___-shaped, about the size of an adult ___, and are located laterally
bean-shaped
fist
A layer of adipose tissue called ___ fat surrounds each kidney.
perirenal
The outer layer of the kidney consists of a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the renal ___.
capsule
What enters and exits the kidney’s hilum?
renal artery
renal vein
ureters
Each kidney has an indentation called a ___ where the renal artery, vein, and ureters enter and exit the kidney.
hilum
The inside of the kidney is divided into an outer cortical region called the ___ and an inner region called the ___.
cortex
medulla
The medulla contains conical structures called renal ___. Areas of the cortex called renal ___ extend between the pyramids.
renal pyramids
renal columns
The distal tip of the pyramid ends at the renal ___ which connect with fibrous channels called minor ___.
renal papilla
minor calyces
The minor calyces combine to form larger ___ ___ that combine to form the renal pelvis that extends to the ureter
major calyces
The major calyces combine to form the ___ ___ that extends to the ureter.
renal pelvis
A ___ ___ supplies each kidney with blood. The renal artery branches off of the abdominal ___ and extends into the hilum of the kidney. The branches eventually supply blood to the ___.
renal artery
aorta
nephron
What are the structures inside the kidneys that produce urine?
nephrons
The nephron is called the ___ unit of the kidney.
functional unit
Are nephrons visible structures in the kidney?
no, they are microscopic
- there are over 1 million nephrons in a single kidney
Some nephrons lie near the medulla and are called ___ nephrons. These nephrons extend deep into the medulla.
juxtamedullary nephrons
Other nephrons reside in the cortex and only minimally extend into the medulla. These are known as ___ nephrons.
cortical nephrons
The nephron consists of a renal ___ and a renal ___.
tubule
corpuscle
The renal corpuscle is a ___ structure that consists of a capillary network called the ___ surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the glomerular capsule (___ capsule).
spherical
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
The capillary network (glomerulus) is fed by an ___ arteriole. Blood exiting the nephron flows through the ___ arteriole.
afferent
efferent
Where does filtration occur?
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
What is the glomerulus?
a capillary network
*site of filtration
What is the glomerular capsule?
fibrous capsule that surrounds glomerulus (capillary network)
*site of filtration
The filtrate from the glomerular capsule flows through the first part of the renal tubule known as the ___ ___ ___.
proximal convoluted tubule
The exchange of ___, electrolytes, and ___ substances occurs in the tubules.
water
organic
The fluid then moves through the nephron loop (___ ___ ___). The nephron loop has a ___ and ___ limb, each with different tissue characteristics.
Loop of Henle
descending, ascending
Surrounding the nephron loop are capillaries known as ___ ___.
vasa recta
After flowing through the nephron loop, the fluid flows through the ___ ___ ___. Fluid (urine) then drains from the distal convoluted tubule into the ___ ___.
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
Urine from many nephrons drains into ___ collecting duct. A single collecting duct merges with other collecting ducts at the renal papilla.
one
The collecting duct merges with other collecting ducts at the ___ ___.
renal papilla
Urine flows from the renal papilla to the minor calyces which combine to form major calyces. The major calyces combine to form the ___ ___.
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
From the renal pelvis, urine flows into the___ then to the urinary bladder, ___, and out of the body.
ureter
urethra
What form of transport moves substances against concentration gradients using ATP?
active transport
The small capillaries in the nephron that filter the blood are called the ___.
glomerulus
The glomerular capsule is also known as ___ ___. It is a fibrous capsule that surrounds the glomerulus and catches the filtrate.
Bowman’s capsule
The ___ and ___ ___ ___ are microscopic fibrous tubelike structures in the nephron where substances are exchanged.
proximal and distal convoluted tubules
___ is the movement of substances from urine to blood.
Reabsorption
___ is the movement of substances from blood to urine.
Secretion
3 processes of urine formation that occur in the nephron:
- filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
The ___ ___ is the protein channel in cell membrane that transports specific substances.
transport protein
___ is the first process of urine formation whereby blood entering the nephron is filtered before substances are ___ further down the nephron by reabsorption and secretion.
Filtration
exchanged
The glomerulus and glomerular capsule act together as a ___.
filter
The glomerulus and glomerular capsule filter blood by removing ___ and small substances small enough to fit through the filtration ___ in the glomerular capsule.
water
slits
During filtration, larger substances such as blood cells and plasma proteins ___ in the blood.
remain
The amount of blood that passes through the kidneys is between 12% and 30% of total ___ ___. It normally averages about 20% which works out to a rate of blood flow of about ___ liters per minute.
cardiac output
1.1 L
The kidneys produce about 123 ml of filtrate per minute. This is called the ___ ___ ___.
glomerular filtration rate
In one day the kidneys produce (123 mL x 60 min x 24 hr) 177 L per day. We usually round this up to about ___ L per day.
180 L
Do we urinate 180 L per day? What happens to the rest of the filtrate?
No
so much of that filtrate is reabsorbed via tubular reabsorption
We usually produce about 1L to 2L of urine per day. That means that only about ___ of the filtrate actually becomes urine. The rest is ___.
reabsorbed
The glomerular filter consists of an input (___ ___), an output (___ ___), and a filtration ___.
afferent arteriole
glomerular capsule
membrane
The filtration membrane is very ___ and allows ___ substances through. These include water, ___ , and electrolytes. Larger substances such as plasma proteins and cells do not pass through the membrane.
permeable
small
glucose
not
Substances small enough to pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus include:
water
glucose
electrolytes
Substances too large to pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus include:
plasma proteins
cells
In order to move substances through the filter there must be a ___ gradient.
pressure
Substances must move from an area of ___ pressure to ___ pressure.
higher
lower
The pressure gradient is called filtration pressure or ___ ___ pressure.
net filtration
Net filtration pressure is ___ proportional to the glomerular filtration rate.
directly
Net filtration pressure is the combination of a series of pressures that exist in the ___ and ___ ___.
glomerulus, glomerular capsule
If for some reason net filtration pressure increases or decreases, so does the ___ filtration rate, and so does the amount of filtrate produced.
glomerular
*Net filtration pressure is directly proportional to the glomerular filtration rate.
Tubular ___ and ___ occur in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
reabsorption
secretion
Where do tubular reabsorption and secretion occur?
proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Tubular ___ involves moving filtered substances back into the blood.
reabsorption
The tubules are surrounded by capillaries called ___ ___.
peritubular capillaries
Some substances move passively (powered only by concentration gradients) while other move via special active transport proteins using ATP
The cells of the kidney tubules contain special proteins powered by ATP called ___ ___.
transport proteins
Some substances move ___ (powered only by concentration gradients) while others move via special ___ transport proteins using ATP.
passively
active
The walls of the tubules are somewhat ___ and allow the movement of some substances by way of ___ gradients. The ___ calcium, magnesium, potassium, and some sodium move this way.
permeable
concentration
electrolytes
There is a large sodium gradient in the kidney tubules. Sodium concentration is ___ in the tubules and ___ in the surrounding interstitium and blood which helps to move sodium from the ___ to the blood.
high
lower
tubules
What do we call the movement of substances from the blood to the kidney tubules?
tubular secretion
Tubular secretion involves the movement of substances from the blood and interstitium to the ___ ___.
kidney tubules
What do we call the movement of substances from kidney tubules to the blood?
tubular reabsorption
Unlike tubular reabsorption which moves substances to maintain fluid and electrolyte ___, tubular secretion works to ___ toxic substances or byproducts of metabolism.
balance
eliminate
What is the purpose of tubular reabsorption?
to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
What is the purpose of tubular secretion?
to eliminate toxic substances or byproducts of metabolism
Can tubular secretion involve both active and passive transport?
yes
Examples of secreted substances include ___.
sodium, hydrogen, urea, potassium, ammonia, creatine, and drugs
urinary excretion formula
Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion
___ is the transport protein located in the descending limb that transports water.
Aquaporin
What is the thick segment of the nephron loop?
ascending limb
What is the thin segment of the nephron loop?
descending limb
When a solution is the same concentration as the body fluid, it is called ___.
isotonic
When a solution is more concentrated than body fluid, it is called ___.
hypertonic
When a solution is less concentrated than body fluid, it is called ___.
hypotonic
What does NKCC stand for?
sodium, potassium, chloride co-transporter protein
it actively transports these substances out of the ascending limb
The nephron loop (loop of Henle) is located ___ the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in the nephron.
between
The nephron loop’s primary function is to help with urine formation by creating a ___ environment in the medulla, which aids in concentrating urine and producing a ___ solution that enters the distal convoluted tubule.
hypertonic
hypotonic
The nephron loop consists of two segments including a ___ and ___ segment each with different characteristics.
descending
ascending
The descending limb contains a ___ layer of epithelium that is more permeable to ___ than the thick portion of the ascending limb.
thin
water
An isotonic fluid (about 300 mOsm) enters the ___ limb. As it progresses down the limb, water moves ___ of the loop and into the interstitial space by way of transport proteins called ___. This causes the concentration to dramatically ___. The fluid concentration can increase to as high as 1200 mOsm (very ___).
descending
out
aquaporins
increase
hypertonic
The thick segment of the ascending limb ___ the passage of water by diffusion.
inhibits
The thick segment of the ascending limb contains a series of ___ ___ proteins that selectively move sodium, chloride, and potassium ___ of the ascending limb and into the interstitium by way of these active transport proteins (___ proteins).
active transport proteins
out
NKCC
As fluid moves up the ascending limb the concentration ___. A 100 mOsm hypotonic solution exits the ascending limb and enters the ___ ___ tubule.
decreases
distal convoluted tubule
The countercurrent consists of the “current” of ___ moving in one direction and the “current” of ___ moving in the opposite direction
water
electrolytes
The nephron loop assists in urine formation by transporting water and electrolytes in ___ directions (___ mechanism).
opposite
countercurrent
The nephron loop is important in the use of diuretic medications which are used to ___ fluid volume in the body.
reduce
*diuretics make one pee more to reduce fluid volume in body
What is the inactive form of Vitamin D called?
calcifediol
What is the active form of Vitamin D called?
calcitriol
___ is the hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to decreased oxygen levels that promote the formation of red blood cells.
erythropoietin
What do we call the wavelike contraction that only occurs in smooth muscle?
peristalsis
The ___ ___ is the group of cells in the nephron located between the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole that help regulate blood pressure and urine formation.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
___ is the hormone produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the nephron that activates the renin-angiotensin-aldersterone system.
Renin
What is the term for urination?
micturition
What kind of multilayered epithelial tissue can be found on the inner layer of the urinary bladder?
transitional epithelium
The triangular structure in the bladder is called the ___.
trigone
What structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?
ureters
Fluid volume, blood volume, and blood ___ are all closely related.
pressure
If the kidneys conserve or hold onto fluid, then body fluid increases. Blood volume also ___ because blood plasma is made up mostly of ___. Blood pressure will also ___.
increases
water
increase
If the kidneys secrete too much fluid, and the body’s fluid volume decreases, then the blood volume and blood pressure will also ___.
decrease
What part of the kidney secretes renin?
the juxtaglomerular apparatus
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete? Why does it secrete this hormone?
renin
in response to low blood pressure
The juxtaglomerular apparatus contains cells that monitor ___ ___. The cells secrete ___ when blood pressure drops.
blood pressure
renin
Renin activates a series of reactions called the ___ ___ ___ system.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do? How does it do this?
increases blood pressure
by retaining sodium
*since water moves by osmosis, retaining sodium also produces water retention which results in an increase in blood pressure
The ureters have a smooth muscle layer that is capable of producing ___. The ___ nervous system increases these contractions and the ___ nervous system inhibits them.
peristalsis
parasympathetic
sympathetic
The urinary bladder is a ___ organ that resides in the pelvic cavity. The ___ connect at the posterolateral surface. The ___ carries the urine from the bladder out of the body.
hollow
ureters
urethra
The area on the inside of the bladder between the two ureter connections and the urethra is called the ___.
trigone
The urinary bladder and ureters are internally lined with ___ epithelium. This is a special kind of epithelium that allows for the cells to slide past each other during ___ of the bladder.
transitional
distension
Male bladders contain an area of smooth muscle and elastic tissue called the ___ ___ ___. This area is ___ present in females. The function of this structure is to keep ___ from entering the urinary bladder during intercourse.
internal urinary sphincter
not
semen
The bladder also has a thick smooth muscle layer called the ___ ___. Contraction of this muscle increases the internal ___ of the bladder and causes urine to be expelled
detrusor muscle
pressure
Both males and females have an ___ ___ ___ located in the urethra that controls the flow of urine.
external urinary sphincter
3 parts of the male urethra
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- penile urethra
The kidneys help to maintain fluid balance by adjusting the amount of urine produced by the ___.
nephrons
The ___ urethra consists of three parts. The ___ urethra exits the bladder and extends to the inferior prostate gland. It then becomes the ___ urethra until it enters the penis where it becomes the ___ urethra.
male
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penile urethra
Much of the fluid balance has to do with the reabsorption of ___.
sodium
For example, if sodium is reabsorbed (moved from the tubules to the blood), then ___ follows by osmosis. This ___ blood volume and can work to ___ blood pressure.
water
increases
increase
___ ___ ___ are a type of cell of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. They are located on the nephron loop side. These cells help to regulate the amount of ___ produced.
macula densa cells
urine
Kidneys also monitor blood oxygen levels. They secrete the hormone ___ in response to low oxygen levels. The hormone travels to the bone marrow to stimulate the production of ___ ___ cells.
erythropoietin
red blood cells
The kidneys also work to control vitamin D ___ by converting the inactive form of vitamin D (___) to the active form (___). Vitamin D helps with calcium and phosphate balance.
synthesis
calcifediol
calcitriol
The bladder acts as a ___ reservoir for urine and can store up to 1 liter. At about 300 ml the urge to urinate becomes evident
storage
Once the wall of the bladder is stretched, the ___ ___ is stimulated.
micturition reflex
Micturition (urination) is a ___ reflex that is under ___ control.
voluntary
parasympathetic
The micturition reflex is an ___reflex in infants. Voluntary control of the reflex does not occur until around age ___ years.
involuntary
2-3 years
RAAS
Upon stimulation, the kidney secretes renin which cleaves the circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then activated by ACE to Angiotensin II, which stimulates vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) and an increase in blood pressure.
Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone, which influences the kidney to reabsorb salt. Water reabsorption is primarily under the influence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or vasopressin.
