TEAS 7 - Science (Genitourinary System)

Question 1

What do we call the outer portion of the kidney?

Answer 1

the cortex

Question 2

The ___ is the fibrous channel inside the kidney that transports urine.

Answer 2

calyx

Question 3

The ___ is the microscopic structure in the kidney that produces urine.

Answer 3

nephron

Question 3

What is the inner portion of the kidney called?

Answer 3

the medulla

Question 4

What membrane surrounds the abdominal cavity?

Answer 4

peritoneum

Question 5

The retroperitoneal is ___ the peritoneum. This is where the ___ are located.

Answer 5

behind

kidneys

Question 6

The genitourinary system consists of the ___, ureters, ___ ___ , and urethra.

Answer 6

kidneys

urinary bladder

Question 7

The genitourinary system can be thought of as a kind of ___ system for the blood.

Answer 7

purification

Question 8

The kidneys are paired organs located behind the peritoneal membrane called the ___.

Answer 8

retroperitoneal

Question 9

The kidneys are ___-shaped, about the size of an adult ___, and are located laterally

Answer 9

bean-shaped

fist

Question 10

A layer of adipose tissue called ___ fat surrounds each kidney.

Answer 10

perirenal

Question 11

The outer layer of the kidney consists of a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the renal ___.

Answer 11

capsule

Question 12

What enters and exits the kidney’s hilum?

Answer 12

renal artery

renal vein

ureters

Question 12

Each kidney has an indentation called a ___ where the renal artery, vein, and ureters enter and exit the kidney.

Answer 12

hilum

Question 13

The inside of the kidney is divided into an outer cortical region called the ___ and an inner region called the ___.

Answer 13

cortex

medulla

Question 14

The medulla contains conical structures called renal ___. Areas of the cortex called renal ___ extend between the pyramids.

Answer 14

renal pyramids

renal columns

Question 15

The distal tip of the pyramid ends at the renal ___ which connect with fibrous channels called minor ___.

Answer 15

renal papilla

minor calyces

Question 16

The minor calyces combine to form larger ___ ___ that combine to form the renal pelvis that extends to the ureter

Answer 16

major calyces

Question 17

The major calyces combine to form the ___ ___ that extends to the ureter.

Answer 17

renal pelvis

Question 18

A ___ ___ supplies each kidney with blood. The renal artery branches off of the abdominal ___ and extends into the hilum of the kidney. The branches eventually supply blood to the ___.

Answer 18

renal artery

aorta

nephron

Question 19

What are the structures inside the kidneys that produce urine?

Answer 19

nephrons

Question 19

The nephron is called the ___ unit of the kidney.

Answer 19

functional unit

Question 19

Are nephrons visible structures in the kidney?

Answer 19

no, they are microscopic

• there are over 1 million nephrons in a single kidney

Question 20

Some nephrons lie near the medulla and are called ___ nephrons. These nephrons extend deep into the medulla.

Answer 20

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 21

Other nephrons reside in the cortex and only minimally extend into the medulla. These are known as ___ nephrons.

Answer 21

cortical nephrons

Question 22

The nephron consists of a renal ___ and a renal ___.

Answer 22

tubule

corpuscle

Question 23

The renal corpuscle is a ___ structure that consists of a capillary network called the ___ surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the glomerular capsule (___ capsule).

Answer 23

spherical

glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

Question 24

The capillary network (glomerulus) is fed by an ___ arteriole. Blood exiting the nephron flows through the ___ arteriole.

Answer 24

afferent

efferent

Question 25

Where does filtration occur?

Answer 25

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Question 26

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 26

a capillary network

*site of filtration

Question 27

What is the glomerular capsule?

Answer 27

fibrous capsule that surrounds glomerulus (capillary network)

*site of filtration

Question 28

The filtrate from the glomerular capsule flows through the first part of the renal tubule known as the ___ ___ ___.

Answer 28

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 29

The exchange of ___, electrolytes, and ___ substances occurs in the tubules.

Answer 29

water

organic

Question 30

The fluid then moves through the nephron loop (___ ___ ___). The nephron loop has a ___ and ___ limb, each with different tissue characteristics.

Answer 30

Loop of Henle

descending, ascending

Question 31

Surrounding the nephron loop are capillaries known as ___ ___.

Answer 31

vasa recta

Question 32

After flowing through the nephron loop, the fluid flows through the ___ ___ ___. Fluid (urine) then drains from the distal convoluted tubule into the ___ ___.

Answer 32

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

Question 33

Urine from many nephrons drains into ___ collecting duct. A single collecting duct merges with other collecting ducts at the renal papilla.

Answer 33

one

Question 34

The collecting duct merges with other collecting ducts at the ___ ___.

Answer 34

renal papilla

Question 35

Urine flows from the renal papilla to the minor calyces which combine to form major calyces. The major calyces combine to form the ___ ___.

Answer 35

minor calyces

major calyces

renal pelvis

Question 36

From the renal pelvis, urine flows into the___ then to the urinary bladder, ___, and out of the body.

Answer 36

ureter

urethra

Question 37

What form of transport moves substances against concentration gradients using ATP?

Answer 37

active transport

Question 38

The small capillaries in the nephron that filter the blood are called the ___.

Answer 38

glomerulus

Question 39

The glomerular capsule is also known as ___ ___. It is a fibrous capsule that surrounds the glomerulus and catches the filtrate.

Answer 39

Bowman’s capsule

Question 40

The ___ and ___ ___ ___ are microscopic fibrous tubelike structures in the nephron where substances are exchanged.

Answer 40

proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Question 41

___ is the movement of substances from urine to blood.

Answer 41

Reabsorption

Question 42

___ is the movement of substances from blood to urine.

Answer 42

Secretion

Question 43

3 processes of urine formation that occur in the nephron:

Answer 43

• filtration
• tubular reabsorption
• tubular secretion

Question 43

The ___ ___ is the protein channel in cell membrane that transports specific substances.

Answer 43

transport protein

Question 44

___ is the first process of urine formation whereby blood entering the nephron is filtered before substances are ___ further down the nephron by reabsorption and secretion.

Answer 44

Filtration

exchanged

Question 44

The glomerulus and glomerular capsule act together as a ___.

Answer 44

filter

Question 45

The glomerulus and glomerular capsule filter blood by removing ___ and small substances small enough to fit through the filtration ___ in the glomerular capsule.

Answer 45

water

slits

Question 45

During filtration, larger substances such as blood cells and plasma proteins ___ in the blood.

Answer 45

remain

Question 46

The amount of blood that passes through the kidneys is between 12% and 30% of total ___ ___. It normally averages about 20% which works out to a rate of blood flow of about ___ liters per minute.

Answer 46

cardiac output

1.1 L

Question 46

The kidneys produce about 123 ml of filtrate per minute. This is called the ___ ___ ___.

Answer 46

glomerular filtration rate

Question 47

In one day the kidneys produce (123 mL x 60 min x 24 hr) 177 L per day. We usually round this up to about ___ L per day.

Answer 47

180 L

Question 48

Do we urinate 180 L per day? What happens to the rest of the filtrate?

Answer 48

No

so much of that filtrate is reabsorbed via tubular reabsorption

Question 49

We usually produce about 1L to 2L of urine per day. That means that only about ___ of the filtrate actually becomes urine. The rest is ___.

Answer 49

reabsorbed

Question 50

The glomerular filter consists of an input (___ ___), an output (___ ___), and a filtration ___.

Answer 50

afferent arteriole

glomerular capsule

membrane

Question 51

The filtration membrane is very ___ and allows ___ substances through. These include water, ___ , and electrolytes. Larger substances such as plasma proteins and cells do not pass through the membrane.

Answer 51

permeable

small

glucose

not

Question 52

Substances small enough to pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus include:

Answer 52

water

glucose

electrolytes

Question 53

Substances too large to pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus include:

Answer 53

plasma proteins

cells

Question 54

In order to move substances through the filter there must be a ___ gradient.

Answer 54

pressure

Question 55

Substances must move from an area of ___ pressure to ___ pressure.

Answer 55

higher

lower

Question 56

The pressure gradient is called filtration pressure or ___ ___ pressure.

Answer 56

net filtration

Question 57

Net filtration pressure is ___ proportional to the glomerular filtration rate.

Answer 57

directly

Question 57

Net filtration pressure is the combination of a series of pressures that exist in the ___ and ___ ___.

Answer 57

glomerulus, glomerular capsule

Question 58

If for some reason net filtration pressure increases or decreases, so does the ___ filtration rate, and so does the amount of filtrate produced.

Answer 58

glomerular

*Net filtration pressure is directly proportional to the glomerular filtration rate.

Question 59

Tubular ___ and ___ occur in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

Answer 59

reabsorption

secretion

Question 60

Where do tubular reabsorption and secretion occur?

Answer 60

proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Question 61

Tubular ___ involves moving filtered substances back into the blood.

Answer 61

reabsorption

Question 62

The tubules are surrounded by capillaries called ___ ___.

Answer 62

peritubular capillaries

Question 63

Some substances move passively (powered only by concentration gradients) while other move via special active transport proteins using ATP

Question 64

The cells of the kidney tubules contain special proteins powered by ATP called ___ ___.

Answer 64

transport proteins

Question 65

Some substances move ___ (powered only by concentration gradients) while others move via special ___ transport proteins using ATP.

Answer 65

passively

active

Question 66

The walls of the tubules are somewhat ___ and allow the movement of some substances by way of ___ gradients. The ___ calcium, magnesium, potassium, and some sodium move this way.

Answer 66

permeable

concentration

electrolytes

Question 67

There is a large sodium gradient in the kidney tubules. Sodium concentration is ___ in the tubules and ___ in the surrounding interstitium and blood which helps to move sodium from the ___ to the blood.

Answer 67

high

lower

tubules

Question 68

What do we call the movement of substances from the blood to the kidney tubules?

Answer 68

tubular secretion

Question 68

Tubular secretion involves the movement of substances from the blood and interstitium to the ___ ___.

Answer 68

kidney tubules

Question 69

What do we call the movement of substances from kidney tubules to the blood?

Answer 69

tubular reabsorption

Question 70

Unlike tubular reabsorption which moves substances to maintain fluid and electrolyte ___, tubular secretion works to ___ toxic substances or byproducts of metabolism.

Answer 70

balance

eliminate

Question 71

What is the purpose of tubular reabsorption?

Answer 71

to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 72

What is the purpose of tubular secretion?

Answer 72

to eliminate toxic substances or byproducts of metabolism

Question 73

Can tubular secretion involve both active and passive transport?

Answer 73

yes

Question 74

Examples of secreted substances include ___.

Answer 74

sodium, hydrogen, urea, potassium, ammonia, creatine, and drugs

Question 75

urinary excretion formula

Answer 75

Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

Question 76

___ is the transport protein located in the descending limb that transports water.

Answer 76

Aquaporin

Question 77

What is the thick segment of the nephron loop?

Answer 77

ascending limb

Question 78

What is the thin segment of the nephron loop?

Answer 78

descending limb

Question 79

When a solution is the same concentration as the body fluid, it is called ___.

Answer 79

isotonic

Question 80

When a solution is more concentrated than body fluid, it is called ___.

Answer 80

hypertonic

Question 80

When a solution is less concentrated than body fluid, it is called ___.

Answer 80

hypotonic

Question 81

What does NKCC stand for?

Answer 81

sodium, potassium, chloride co-transporter protein

it actively transports these substances out of the ascending limb

Question 82

The nephron loop (loop of Henle) is located ___ the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in the nephron.

Answer 82

between

Question 83

The nephron loop’s primary function is to help with urine formation by creating a ___ environment in the medulla, which aids in concentrating urine and producing a ___ solution that enters the distal convoluted tubule.

Answer 83

hypertonic

hypotonic

Question 84

The nephron loop consists of two segments including a ___ and ___ segment each with different characteristics.

Answer 84

descending

ascending

Question 85

The descending limb contains a ___ layer of epithelium that is more permeable to ___ than the thick portion of the ascending limb.

Answer 85

thin

water

Question 86

An isotonic fluid (about 300 mOsm) enters the ___ limb. As it progresses down the limb, water moves ___ of the loop and into the interstitial space by way of transport proteins called ___. This causes the concentration to dramatically ___. The fluid concentration can increase to as high as 1200 mOsm (very ___).

Answer 86

descending

out

aquaporins

increase

hypertonic

Question 87

The thick segment of the ascending limb ___ the passage of water by diffusion.

Answer 87

inhibits

Question 88

The thick segment of the ascending limb contains a series of ___ ___ proteins that selectively move sodium, chloride, and potassium ___ of the ascending limb and into the interstitium by way of these active transport proteins (___ proteins).

Answer 88

active transport proteins

out

NKCC

Question 89

As fluid moves up the ascending limb the concentration ___. A 100 mOsm hypotonic solution exits the ascending limb and enters the ___ ___ tubule.

Answer 89

decreases

distal convoluted tubule

Question 90

The countercurrent consists of the “current” of ___ moving in one direction and the “current” of ___ moving in the opposite direction

Answer 90

water

electrolytes

Question 91

The nephron loop assists in urine formation by transporting water and electrolytes in ___ directions (___ mechanism).

Answer 91

opposite

countercurrent

Question 92

The nephron loop is important in the use of diuretic medications which are used to ___ fluid volume in the body.

Answer 92

reduce

*diuretics make one pee more to reduce fluid volume in body

Question 93

What is the inactive form of Vitamin D called?

Answer 93

calcifediol

Question 94

What is the active form of Vitamin D called?

Answer 94

calcitriol

Question 95

___ is the hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to decreased oxygen levels that promote the formation of red blood cells.

Answer 95

erythropoietin

Question 96

What do we call the wavelike contraction that only occurs in smooth muscle?

Answer 96

peristalsis

Question 96

The ___ ___ is the group of cells in the nephron located between the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole that help regulate blood pressure and urine formation.

Answer 96

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 97

___ is the hormone produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the nephron that activates the renin-angiotensin-aldersterone system.

Answer 97

Renin

Question 97

What is the term for urination?

Answer 97

micturition

Question 98

What kind of multilayered epithelial tissue can be found on the inner layer of the urinary bladder?

Answer 98

transitional epithelium

Question 99

The triangular structure in the bladder is called the ___.

Answer 99

trigone

Question 100

What structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?

Answer 100

ureters

Question 101

Fluid volume, blood volume, and blood ___ are all closely related.

Answer 101

pressure

Question 102

If the kidneys conserve or hold onto fluid, then body fluid increases. Blood volume also ___ because blood plasma is made up mostly of ___. Blood pressure will also ___.

Answer 102

increases

water

increase

Question 103

If the kidneys secrete too much fluid, and the body’s fluid volume decreases, then the blood volume and blood pressure will also ___.

Answer 103

decrease

Question 104

What part of the kidney secretes renin?

Answer 104

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 104

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete? Why does it secrete this hormone?

Answer 104

renin

in response to low blood pressure

Question 105

The juxtaglomerular apparatus contains cells that monitor ___ ___. The cells secrete ___ when blood pressure drops.

Answer 105

blood pressure

renin

Question 106

Renin activates a series of reactions called the ___ ___ ___ system.

Answer 106

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

Question 107

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do? How does it do this?

Answer 107

increases blood pressure

by retaining sodium

*since water moves by osmosis, retaining sodium also produces water retention which results in an increase in blood pressure

Question 108

The ureters have a smooth muscle layer that is capable of producing ___. The ___ nervous system increases these contractions and the ___ nervous system inhibits them.

Answer 108

peristalsis

parasympathetic

sympathetic

Question 109

The urinary bladder is a ___ organ that resides in the pelvic cavity. The ___ connect at the posterolateral surface. The ___ carries the urine from the bladder out of the body.

Answer 109

hollow

ureters

urethra

Question 110

The area on the inside of the bladder between the two ureter connections and the urethra is called the ___.

Answer 110

trigone

Question 111

The urinary bladder and ureters are internally lined with ___ epithelium. This is a special kind of epithelium that allows for the cells to slide past each other during ___ of the bladder.

Answer 111

transitional

distension

Question 112

Male bladders contain an area of smooth muscle and elastic tissue called the ___ ___ ___. This area is ___ present in females. The function of this structure is to keep ___ from entering the urinary bladder during intercourse.

Answer 112

internal urinary sphincter

not

semen

Question 112

The bladder also has a thick smooth muscle layer called the ___ ___. Contraction of this muscle increases the internal ___ of the bladder and causes urine to be expelled

Answer 112

detrusor muscle

pressure

Question 113

Both males and females have an ___ ___ ___ located in the urethra that controls the flow of urine.

Answer 113

external urinary sphincter

Question 114

3 parts of the male urethra

Answer 114

• prostatic urethra
• membranous urethra
• penile urethra

Question 115

The kidneys help to maintain fluid balance by adjusting the amount of urine produced by the ___.

Answer 115

nephrons

Question 115

The ___ urethra consists of three parts. The ___ urethra exits the bladder and extends to the inferior prostate gland. It then becomes the ___ urethra until it enters the penis where it becomes the ___ urethra.

Answer 115

male

prostatic urethra

membranous urethra

penile urethra

Question 116

Much of the fluid balance has to do with the reabsorption of ___.

Answer 116

sodium

Question 117

For example, if sodium is reabsorbed (moved from the tubules to the blood), then ___ follows by osmosis. This ___ blood volume and can work to ___ blood pressure.

Answer 117

water

increases

increase

Question 118

___ ___ ___ are a type of cell of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. They are located on the nephron loop side. These cells help to regulate the amount of ___ produced.

Answer 118

macula densa cells

urine

Question 119

Kidneys also monitor blood oxygen levels. They secrete the hormone ___ in response to low oxygen levels. The hormone travels to the bone marrow to stimulate the production of ___ ___ cells.

Answer 119

erythropoietin

red blood cells

Question 120

The kidneys also work to control vitamin D ___ by converting the inactive form of vitamin D (___) to the active form (___). Vitamin D helps with calcium and phosphate balance.

Answer 120

synthesis

calcifediol

calcitriol

Question 121

The bladder acts as a ___ reservoir for urine and can store up to 1 liter. At about 300 ml the urge to urinate becomes evident

Answer 121

storage

Question 122

Once the wall of the bladder is stretched, the ___ ___ is stimulated.

Answer 122

micturition reflex

Question 123

Micturition (urination) is a ___ reflex that is under ___ control.

Answer 123

voluntary

parasympathetic

Question 124

The micturition reflex is an ___reflex in infants. Voluntary control of the reflex does not occur until around age ___ years.

Answer 124

involuntary

2-3 years

Question 125

RAAS

Answer 125

Upon stimulation, the kidney secretes renin which cleaves the circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then activated by ACE to Angiotensin II, which stimulates vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) and an increase in blood pressure.

Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone, which influences the kidney to reabsorb salt. Water reabsorption is primarily under the influence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or vasopressin.