TEAS 7 - Science (Respiratory System) Flashcards
The nasal cavity has a defined role in filtering and humidifying ___ for presentation to the lower airway
air
The pharynx is also known as the ___.
throat
In the respiratory system, the pharynx receives air from the ___ or the mouth and then moves the air past the epiglottis into the larynx. In the ___ system, it receives food from the mouth and moves it into the esophagus.
nose
digestive
The ___ is a large tube reinforced by cartilage rings that keep it from collapsing. It connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs.
trachea
Bronchi receive inspired air from the ___ and move it into the bronchioles
trachea
Bronchioles connect the bronchi to the ___ of the lungs. Bronchioles have a layer of ___ muscle that allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, regulating the amount of air reaching the alveoli.
alveoli
smooth
Where does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
Alveoli is the site of ___ exchange.
gas
The Epiglottis is a flap of ___ at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.
cartilage
The ___ is the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.
glottis
The larynx (voice box) is a hollow structure connected to the ___ of the ___ and is the passage through which inspired air moves into the bronchi of the lungs.
top
trachea
The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle associated with quiet (normal) breathing that separates the ___ and ___ cavities.
thoracic
abdominopelvic
The ___ is the serous double membrane that surrounds and protects the lungs.
pleura
What do we call the movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs?
ventilation
What are the two cyclic phases of the lungs?
inspiration
expiration
What are the two types of respiration?
external respiration
cellular respiration
___ respiration is the movement of gases into the body and blood.
External
___ respiration is the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by the cells.
Cellular
The respiratory system can be divided into the ___ and ___ respiratory systems.
upper
lower
What does the upper respiratory system consist of?
nose, nasal cavity, sinus, pharynx, and portion of larynx above vocal cords
What does the lower respiratory system consist of?
portion of the larynx that includes the vocal cords and below, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli
Air moves into the upper respiratory system through the ___ at the nostrils to the nasal cavity
nose
The epithelium lining the nasal cavity contains columnar and goblet cells that secrete ___.
mucous
Where is mucous formed?
nose
What are the bony protuberances in the nose called?
conchae
The nasal cavity contains bony protuberances called conchae. There are superior, middle, and inferior ___. The purpose of the conchae is to create ___ airflow. This is intended to ___ the air and to provide more contact with the nasal mucosa and hairs so that the ___ can pick up particles. The turbulent air can also reach the upper nasal cavity containing sensory receptors for smell.
conchae
turbulent
warm
mucosa
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Air passes through the nasal cavity and enters the upper portion of the pharynx called the ___. It begins posterior to the conchae and extends to the soft palate.
nasopharynx
The nasopharynx begins ___ to the conchae and extends inferiorly to the soft palate. The soft palate raises to close off the nasopharynx during ___ to prevent substances from moving into the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx also contains connections from the Eustachian tubes.
posterior
swallowing
What is inferior to the nasopharynx and extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis?
the oropharynx
Inferior to the nasopharynx is the ___ which extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis. The oropharynx is a ___ passageway for air and substances on their way to the digestive tract.
oropharynx
shared
What is the most inferior portion of the pharynx?
laryngopharynx
The most inferior portion of the pharynx is the ___ which extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the ___. The laryngopharynx is also a shared pathway with the digestive tract.
laryngopharynx
larynx
The larynx begins at the base of the ___ and extends to the ___.
tongue
trachea
The larynx contains ___, the largest of which is the ___ cartilage, commonly called the Adam’s Apple. Inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ___ cartilage.
cartilage
thyroid
cricoid
The epiglottis is an elastic cartilage flap, in the larynx, that ___ during swallowing to keep substances from moving into the trachea and air passages.
closes
Other cartilages in the larynx include the arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages. These cartilages are ___.
paired
Where do the vocal cords reside?
larynx
The ___ ___ reside in the larynx and consist of two pairs of ligaments that extend from the arytenoid to the thyroid cartilages.
vocal cords
There are two pairs of ligaments inside the larynx. One set of ligaments is called the ___ vocal cords while the other set is called the ___ vocal cords.
true, false
When the vocal cords are relaxed they form a triangular space called the ___.
glottis
When do the vocal cords form the triangular space called the glottis?
when they are relaxed
Different pitches in the voice are produced by ___ of the vocal cords. The vibration of ___ areas of the vocal cords results in higher pitches. Males typically have longer vocal cords than females which results in ___ pitches.
vibrations
shorter
lower
The lungs are two cone shaped structures residing in the ___ cavity.
thoracic
The inferior portion of each lung reaches down to the ___. The superior portion extends about one inch above each ___.
diaphragm
clavicle
How many lobes does the right lung contain?
3
How many lobes does the left lung contain?
2
Which lung is larger? Left or Right?
Right lung
The right lung contains three lobes called ___, ___, and ___ lobes. The right lung is ___ than the left lung. The left lung contains two lobes called the ___ and ___ lobes.
superior, middle, inferior
larger
superior, inferior
The lobes are separated by ___. The right lung includes a ___ and ___ fissure while the left lung only contains an oblique fissure.
fissures
horizontal
oblique
What is the area in the medial area of each lung where vessels enter and exit?
hilum
The left lung also contains the ___ ___ which is an indentation for the heart.
cardiac notch
The lungs are surrounded by ___ pleural membranes.
2
visceral and parietal pleural membranes
The surface of each lung contains a ___ pleural membrane that closely adheres to the lung’s surface. Lining the interior of the thoracic wall is the ___ pleural membrane. A fluid known as ___ ___ is secreted by each membrane which reduces friction and helps to hold the membranes together.
visceral
parietal
pleural fluid
___ is the passive transport process of gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen moves from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the lungs.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the ___ transport process of gas exchange in the lungs where ___ moves from the lungs to the blood and ___ ___ in the blood moves into the lungs.
passive
oxygen
carbon dioxide
What is the pressure of a single gas in a mixture of gases?
partial pressure
What is Boyle’s Law?
volume is inversely related to pressure in gases
___ is the movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs → consists of two cyclic phases: inspiration & expiration
ventilation
One cycle of inhalation and exhalation is called a ___ ___.
respiratory cycle
Inhalation and exhalation depend on changes in lung ___ and air ___.
volume
pressure
The movement of air in and out of the lungs is known as ___ ___.
pulmonary ventilation
Air moves into the lungs and to the alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the ___ and ___. It is important to maintain good airflow to the alveoli at all times.
alveoli
blood
Air is a ___ and gas moves by way of pressure gradients. Gas will move from areas of ___ pressure to areas of ___ pressure.
gas
higher
lower
Pressure in the lungs must be ___ than atmospheric pressure for air to move into the lungs. This is because air is a gas and we know that gases move from areas of ___ pressure to areas of ___ pressure.
lower
high
low
Boyle’s law relates pressure and volume. It can be represented by:
P = 1/V
(P = pressure, V = volume)
Boyle’s law shows that volume is ___ related to pressure in gases
inversely
Molecules of a gas will move at random within an enclosed space producing pressure on the walls of the space. The same amount of gas in a smaller space will exert a ___ pressure than when in a larger space. So increasing the volume will ___ the pressure for a given temperature and vice versa.
greater
lower
The diaphragm contracts and pulls downward ___ the volume of the thoracic cavity. The external intercostals also contract and expand the ribcage. The increased volume ___ the pressure inside of the lungs. Since air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure, higher air pressure ___ the lungs flows to lower pressure ___ the lungs.
increasing
decreases
outside
inside
Expansion of the thoracic cavity causes the lungs to expand because of the ___ cavity. The pleural membranes secrete a ___ that forms a bond between the membranes. The force of this bond produces a small negative pressure
pleural
fluid
During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, ___ the volume of the thoracic cavity. The elastic fibers of the lungs work to move the lungs back to their original shape and the pressure ___, moving air out of the lungs. Resting exhalation is considered a passive process.
decreasing
increases
During ___, the diaphragm contracts, expanding to allow air into the thoracic cavity. During ___, the diaphragm relaxes. Resting exhalation is considered a ___ process.
inhalation
exhalation
passive
Other muscles, besides the diaphragm, are involved in respiration when greater amounts of air need to be moved into the lungs. Muscles assisting in ___ include the sternocleidomastoids, pectoralis minors and external intercostals. Muscles assisting in ___ include the internal intercostals and abdominals.
inhalation
exhalation
Once air enters the lungs, oxygen must move into the blood by ___.
diffusion
Oxygen will follow a partial pressure gradient by moving from the higher partial pressure in the ___ to the lower partial pressure in the ___.
lungs
blood
Since air is a mixture of gasses, each, individual gas will exert a pressure of its ___ which contributes to the overall pressure of the gas. The pressure each gas produces in the mixture of gases is known as the ___ ___ of gas.
own
partial pressure
How can we represent the partial and total pressure of air?
P(nitrogen) + P (oxygen) + P (water vapor) + P (carbon dioxide) = P (air) = 760 mm Hg
For example, if oxygen produces 20.9% of the total pressure of air, then 20.9% of 760 mm Hg is about 159 mm Hg. This means the partial pressure of oxygen is ___.
159 mm Hg
Partial pressure can be denoted as ___ or ___.
PO2
PCO2
Oxygen is a gas and it follows a partial pressure gradient. Since we know this, will oxygen move from a PO2 of 100 mmHg to a PO2 of 80 mmHg or from a PO2 of 80 mmHg to 100 mmHg?
Oxygen will move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
100 mmHg to 80 mmHg
Oxygen moves from the lungs (where there is a higher pressure of O2) to the ___ (where there is a ___ pressure of O2). Carbon dioxide moves from the cells (where there is a ___ pressure of CO2) to the ___ (where there is a lower pressure of CO2).
blood
lower
higher
lungs
Carbon dioxide is produced by the ___, so the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is ___ in the tissues surrounding the cells than in the oxygenated blood entering the cells.
cells
higher
Carbon dioxide can then diffuse from the cells into the ___ which transports the carbon dioxide to the lungs so it can then diffuse from the blood to the lower partial pressure in the ___.
blood
lungs
Deoxygenated blood is transported from the right side of the heart (right ventricle) to the pulmonary ___ that divides into right and left pulmonary ___. The pulmonary arteries eventually become the capillaries surrounding the ___.
trunk
arteries
alveoli
Once the blood becomes oxygenated by the lungs, it moves back to the left side of the heart by way of the pulmonary __ which carries blood into the ___ ___.
veins
left atrium
Remember, the ___ ___ are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood and the ___ ___ are the only veins carrying oxygenated blood.
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary arteries
What arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary arteries
What veins are the only veins carrying oxygenated blood?
pulmonary veins
The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the body that carry ___ blood away from the heart.
deoxygenated
The pulmonary veins are the only veins in the body that carry ___ blood to the heart.
oxygenated
What is the nerve that controls the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
Pons are the ___ portion of the brainstem.
middle
The Medulla Oblongata is the ___ portion of the brainstem.
lower
___ are the cells that line the inside of the alveolus and secrete mucous.
Type I alveolar cells
___ are the cells that line the inside of the alveolus and secrete surfactant.
Type II alveolar cells
Type I Alveolar Cells are cells that line the inside of the alveolus and secrete ___.
mucous
Type II Alveolar Cells are cells that line the inside of the alveolus and secrete ___.
surfactant
___ is a substance secreted by Type II Alveolar Cells that reduces surface tension.
Surfactant
Surface Tension is a force created by weak bonds between ___ molecules.
water
___ ___ is a weak acid that forms from carbon dioxide and water.
Carbonic Acid
Respiratory Acidosis is an acidic condition in the blood caused by increased ___ ___.
carbon dioxide
Respiratory Alkalosis is an alkaline condition in the blood caused by a ___ in carbon dioxide.
decrease
Breathing is automatically controlled by the ___ ___ which monitors the blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH.
nervous system
Since there is such a close relationship between the respiratory system and pH, problems in the respiratory system can cause imbalances in the pH called respiratory ___ and ___.
acidosis and alkalosis
Neural control of respiration begins in the ___ at the medulla oblongata and the pons.
brainstem
There are 2 paired groups of neurons in the medulla oblongata that work to control the ___ and ___ of breathing.
rate
rhythm
Groups of neurons in the pons help to ___ breathing and act as a ___ system in case there is damage to the medulla oblongata.
finetune
backup
There are 2 paired groups of neurons in the ___ ___ that work to control the rate and rhythm of breathing.
medulla oblongata
Groups of neurons in the ___ help to fine-tune breathing and act as a backup system in case there is damage to the medulla oblongata.
pons
The brainstem centers act ___, but they can be overridden by higher brain centers. (For example, you can consciously increase or decrease your breathing).
unconsciously
The respiratory centers monitor the blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. There are also ___ located in other parts of the circulatory system such as in the carotid arteries and aorta.
chemoreceptors
The brainstem centers connect to the diaphragm by way of the right and left ___ ___.
phrenic nerves
The 2 types of cells that the alveoli contain are ___ and ___.
Type I alveoli cells
Type II alveoli cells
The Type I cells secrete ___ on the inside of the alveolus.
mucous
The Type I cells secrete mucous on the inside of the alveolus. Since mucous contains mostly water, ___ ___ can develop which works to collapse the alveolus.
surface tension
Surface tension is a force created by weak bonds between ___ molecules and creates an inward pulling force on the alveolus.
water
Which cells secrete the substance that causes the alveolus to collapse? What is the substance?
Type I cells
mucous
___ ___ is a force created by weak bonds between water molecules and creates an inward pulling force on the alveolus.
Surface tension
The alveolar Type II cells secrete ___ which works to break the weak bonds and reduce surface tension.
surfactant
Surfactant is secreted by ___. This substance works to break the weak bonds and ___ surface tension.
Type II alveolar cells
reduce
What substance is important in premature infants with underdeveloped lungs?
surfactant
In premature infants with underdeveloped lungs, diminished secretion of surfactant can cause ___ ___ or respiratory distress syndrome unless ___ is administered.
lung collapse
surfactant
Most of the oxygen transported in blood is bound to ___.
hemoglobin
Most of the oxygen transported in blood is bound to hemoglobin to form ___. A small amount of oxygen is dissolved in plasma. Hemoglobin can also release oxygen to form deoxyhemoglobin.
oxyhemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin
Each hemoglobin molecule can bind with ___ oxygen molecules.
4
There are almost 300 million hemoglobin molecules in a ___ red blood cell.
single
Hemoglobin responds to ___ in PO2, pH, and temperature.
changes
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood by 3 mechanisms. These include carbon dioxide dissolved in ___, carbon dioxide combined with ___, and storage of carbon dioxide in the ___ ion.
plasma
hemoglobin
bicarbonate
How is most of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
the bicarbonate ion (70%)
About ___ of the total carbon dioxide in the blood is dissolved in plasma. Carbon dioxide also combines with hemoglobin to form a compound known as ___. About 23% of carbon dioxide is transported as carbaminohemoglobin. The ___ of carbon dioxide (about 70%) is transported in the ___ ___.
7%
carbaminohemoglobin
majority
bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells and encounters the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to form ___ ___. Carbonic acid dissociates into ___ and ___ ions. Bicarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cells into the plasma.
carbonic acid
bicarbonate
hydrogen
What enzyme on red blood cells turns carbon dioxide into carbonic acid?
carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic acid dissociates into ___ and ___ ions.
bicarbonate
hydrogen
How is carbon dioxide stored in the plasma?
bicarbonate ion
The reaction is ___ with either the storage or release of carbon dioxide depending on what is needed. For example, in areas of low PCO2, such as in the alveoli, the reaction will work in the direction to ___ CO2 for removal by the lungs. In areas of high PCO2, such as in the tissues, the reaction will work in the direction to ___ CO2 in the bicarbonate ion.
reversible
release
store
Because most of the carbon dioxide is transported by the ___ ___ with the subsequent release of hydrogen ions, a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood will produce a lower pH.
bicarbonate ion
hydrogen
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form ___ ___ in the blood. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
carbonic acid
A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood will produce a higher or lower pH?
lower pH
If the respiratory system cannot release enough carbon dioxide, the subsequent production of ___ ___ makes the blood ___. This is known as respiratory acidosis.
hydrogen ions
acidic
___ ___ occurs when the respiratory system cannot release enough ___ ___. Since carbon dioxide and water combine to form ___ ___ in the blood and carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, the increase of hydrogen ions lowers the pH, making the blood acidic.
Respiratory acidosis
carbonic acid
lowers
In respiratory acidosis, the cells continue to produce ___ ___ but the lungs are not removing it through exhalation. Carbon dioxide builds up in the lungs producing the ___ ion byproduct and the blood begins to become ___.
carbon dioxide
hydrogen
acidic
You can generate a mild case of ___ ___ by simply holding your breath.
respiratory acidosis
You can produce a mild state of ___ ___ by hyperventilating. In this case, too much carbon dioxide is removed by the lungs and the hydrogen ion concentration subsequently decreases.
respiratory alkalosis
decreases
You can produce a mild state of respiratory alkalosis by ___.
hyperventilating
___ is a respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airway.
Asthma
___ is a viral disorder that affects either the upper or lower respiratory systems or both.
Influenza
___ is a viral or bacterial infection characterized by fluid buildup in the lungs.
Pneumonia
___ is an infectious bacterial disease of the lungs that can affect other parts of the body.
Tuberculosis
___ is a disease consisting of bronchitis and emphysema that causes decreased gas exchange in the lungs.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
___ is a test to measure the volume of air entering and exiting the lungs and is conducted using a Spirometer, measuring airflow.
Spirometry
___ is the amount of air entering or exiting the lungs during resting breathing.
Tidal volume
___ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful exhalation.
Residual volume
Asthma is a ___ disease that is characterized by ___ of the airway, inflammation and increased mucous production.
lung
narrowing
During an ___ ___, inflammation in the airways causes excess mucous, swelling, and narrowing. There is also wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
asthma attack
Do we know the cause of asthma?
no
The cause of asthma is ___, but some things in the ___ can trigger an asthma attack. Some examples include cigarette smoke or other pollutants, things you may be allergic to like tree pollens, stress, infections, some medications, and exercise.
unknown
environment
Is there a cure for asthma?
no, but there are treatments to help open airways
There is ___ cure for asthma, but there are treatments aimed at ___ the airways (bronchodilators) and reducing inflammation.
no
opening
Influenza or flu can affect either the ___ or ___ respiratory systems or both.
upper, lower
Influenza is carried by ___ and causes inflammation and mucous production.
viruses
Influenza virus is transmitted by tiny ___ in the air from an infected person and incubates for a few ___ before developing symptoms.
droplets
days
Influenza causes ___ and stimulates ___ production.
inflammation
mucous
Influenza of the lower respiratory tract is usually more ____ and can lead to ___.
severe
pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by ___ or ___.
viruses or bacteria
___ is an infection of the lungs caused by viruses or bacteria that result in fluid buildup in the lungs.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is characterized by ___ buildup in the lungs.
fluid
Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria or viruses, so it is treated with either ___, ___, or antifungal medications.
antibiotics
antivirals
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium known as ___ ___ that is spread through respiratory droplets by someone with the active disease.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
TB causes chest pain, hemoptysis or coughing up ___, weight ___, and fever. TB can also affect other parts of the body such as the skeletal system, liver, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, and coverings of the brain (___). There are medications to treat TB that target the ___ and symptoms.
blood
loss
meninges
bacterium
COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a combination of ___ and ___. Chronic bronchitis is a continuous inflammation of the ___ with increased mucous production. Emphysema affects the ___ by causing them to break apart which affects gas exchange.
bronchitis
emphysema
bronchi
alveoli
People suffering from COPD experience shortness of ___, wheezing, chronic ___, and ___ production. The symptoms can progress in severity and cause death.
breath
cough
mucous
COPD can be diagnosed with lung function tests using a ___ to measure the amount of air entering and exiting the lungs.
spirometer
Treatments for COPD begin with ___ changes and medications in early stages and can progress to the use of ___, and even ___ to remove damaged lung tissue.
lifestyle
oxygen
surgery
Respiratory volumes can be measured with a device called a ___.
spirometer
Besides tidal volume, other volumes can be measured including ___ reserve volume and ___ reserve volume.
inspiratory
expiratory
___ ___ ___ (IRV) is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to tidal volume. IRV is usually about 3300 ml in ___ and 1900 ml in ___.
Inspiratory reserve volume
males
females
Inspiratory reserve volume is the ___ amount of air that can be ___ in addition to tidal volume.
maximum
inhaled
___ ___ ___ (ERV) is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled in addition to tidal volume. ERV is about 1000 ml.
Expiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the maximum amount of ___ that can be ___ in addition to tidal volume.
air
exhaled
Residual volume (RV) is the amount of air ___ in the lungs after a maximal ___.
remaining
exhalation
What is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation?
Residual volume (RV)
Combining respiratory ___ gives us respiratory ___. These include vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity.
volumes
capacities
Tidal volume is the amount of air entering or exiting during ___ breathing
resting
Vital capacity is the ___ amount of air that can move in and out of the lungs in a ___ breath. It is the sum of tidal volume, ___ reserve volume and ___ reserve volume. It is about 4800 ml in males and 3400 ml in females.
maximal
single
inspiratory
expiratory
Inspiratory capacity is the amount of air that can move ___ the lungs after resting inhalation and exhalation. Inspiratory capacity is the sum of tidal volume and ___ reserve volume.
into
inspiratory
Functional residual capacity is the air ___ in the lungs after a resting inhalation and exhalation. Functional residual capacity is the sum of ___ reserve volume and residual volume.
remaining
expiratory
Total lung capacity is the ___ volume of air in the lungs. It is the sum of vital capacity and ___ volume. It is about 6000 ml in males and 4500 ml in female
total
residual
