TEAS 7 - Science (Gastrointestinal System) Flashcards
___ is swallowing of the food bolus
Deglutition
What prevents food from entering the respiratory system?
epiglottis
What do we call the contractions of muscle in the esophagus that help move the food bolus to the stomach?
perstalsis
What is the name of the sphincter that prevents the reflux of food back into the esophagus?
Esophageal sphincter
The ___ is the muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen that receives food from the esophagus.
stomach
What large gland sits behind the stomach and secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum?
pancreas
What serves as the gateway between the stomach and small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
What is the first part of the small intestine called?
duodenum
What is the middle part of the small intestine called?
jejunum
What is the primary function of the jejunum?
to absorb sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids
What is the final part of the small intestine called?
ileum
What is the function of the ileum?
to absorb any remaining nutrients that did not get absorbed in the duodenum or jejunum, in p
Deglutition (swallowing) is the transport of a ___ of food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach.
bolus
The ___ colon is the first main part of the large intestine, which passes upward from the cecum on the right side of the abdomen.
ascending colon
The ___ colon is the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach.
transverse colon
The ___ colon is part of the large intestine that passes downward on the left side of the abdomen toward the rectum.
descending colon
The ___ colon- is the S-shaped last part of the large intestine, leading into the rectum.
sigmoid colon
The ___ is the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.
rectum
What is the substance that chemically breaks down food?
enzyme
The digestive system consists of a long tube called the ___ ___ extending from the mouth to the anus with some accessory organs attached.
alimentary canal
The alimentary canal contains ___ muscle that can produce a special contraction called ___ which consists of alternating contractions and relaxations that helps to move substances through the canal.
smooth
peristalsis
The alimentary canal consists of (in order) the mouth, ___, stomach, duodenum, ___, ileum, cecum, colon, ___ and anus. The tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder are ___ organs.
esophagus
jejunum
rectum
accessory
Digestion begins in the ___ which is lined with a mucous membrane and contains teeth that help to break food down by chewing known as ___.
mouth
mastication
Name the 3 salivary glands
parotid glands
sublingual glands
submandibular glands
Salivary glands secrete mucous and the digestive enzyme ___ ___ into the mouth to start carbohydrate digestion.
salivary amylase
Amylases will digest ___.
carbohydrates
How are carbohydrates digested in the mouth?
the enzyme salivary amylase digests them
Once the food is chewed and formed into a small round structure called a ___, it is pushed to the back of the throat to activate the swallowing reflex. Swallowing is also known as ___.
bolus
deglutition
Smooth muscles of the ___ push the food into the esophagus.
pharynx
The ___, which is a cartilagenous flap, closes off the larynx to allow food to bypass the larynx and enter the esophagus.
epiglottis
Swallowing is called ___.
deglutition
The esophagus transports the bolus down to the stomach via ___.
peristalsis
There is a round muscle at the base of the esophagus called the lower ___ ___ that opens when food enters the stomach.
esophageal sphincter
Food enters the stomach at the ___ region.
cardiac
The other regions of the stomach include the ___, body, and ___. There are also greater and lesser ___ on the outside.
fundus
pylorus
curvatures
What are the folds in the stomach lining called?
rugae
Digestive substances in the stomach are secreted to help break down food into a pasty substance called ___.
chyme
The chyme is pushed out of the stomach and passes through the ___ sphincter to the first part of the small intestine called the ___.
pyloric sphincter
duodenum
The large intestine which begins at the ___.
cecum
The ___ valve helps to regulate the flow of substances into the large intestine
ileocecal
What extends off the cecum?
the appendix
The appendix works to store friendly ___ which helps to further breakdown food.
bacteria
The digested food now continues through the large intestine by passing through the ascending, ___ , descending and ___ colon before reaching the rectum and anus.
transverse
sigmoid
Along with mechanical digestion from chewing (___), chemical digestion also begins in the mouth. The enzyme ___ ___ is secreted by the salivary glands which begins ___ digestion.
mastication
salivary amylase
carbohydrate
Once food enters the ___, a number of gastric secretions continue the chemical digestion of food. The secretions are controlled by the hormone ___.
stomach
gastrin
The ___ nervous system promotes the release of gastrin.
parasympathetic
Secretions of the stomach include:
- Pepsinogen
- Hydrochloric acid
- Intrinsic factor
- Gastric lipase
Pepsinogen combines with hydrochloric acid to form ___ which digests proteins.
pepsin
___ ___ digests fats and intrinsic factor promotes Vit B12 absorption.
Gastric lipase
All of the stomach secretions mix together to form a pasty substance called ___.
chyme
Chyme exits the stomach and enters the ___ where more secretions help to further breakdown the chyme.
duodenum
The duodenum secretes the hormone ___ that promotes pancreatic secretions.
secretin
The ___ connects to the duodenum by way of the pancreatic duct.
pancreas
How does the pancreas connect to the duodenum?
the pancreatic duct
What part of the small intestine is the pancreas connected to?
duodenum
The pancreas will secrete the enzymes:
- Trypsin
- Chymotrypsin
- Pancreatic Lipase
- Pancreatic amylase
The pancreas also secretes ___ ions which help to ___ the acidic chyme and create an ___ environment. The digestive enzymes work better in an alkaline environment.
bicarbonate
neutralize
alkaline
Do the digestive enzymes work better in an alkaline or acidic environment?
alkaline
Bile is produced by the ___ and travels through a duct to the ___ that stores it.
liver
gallbladder
When fatty chyme enters the duodenum, the hormone ___ (CCK) is secreted by the duodenum. CCK tells the gallbladder to contract causing ___ to travel through the common bile duct. Bile works to emulsify ___ which increases the surface area of fats to help the enzymes with digestion.
cholecystokinin
bile
fats
When is CCK secreted?
when fatty chyme enters the duodenum
What is the function of CCK?
CCK is secreted by the duodenum and tells the gallbladder to release bile
What is the role of bile?
to emulsify fats
emulsifying fats increases their surface area, making it easier to digest
Enzymes in the small intestine that help with digestion:
- lipases
- proteases
- maltase
- lactase
- sucrase
___ are enzymes that break down fats.
Lipases
___ are enzymes that break down fats.
Proteases
Maltase, lactase, and sucrase for the breakdown of ___ to simple sugars.
carbohydrates
The small intestine is designed for ___.
absorption
There are tiny projections called intestinal ___ which produce a brush border that creates a very large surface area for absorption.
villi
Intestinal villi are tiny projections that produce a brush border that creates a large ___ ___ for absorption.
surface area
There are also structures inside the small intestine called plicae circularae that also increase the ___ ___.
surface area
In the ___, bacteria work to breakdown what is left from the small intestine and water and electrolytes are absorbed.
large intestine (colon)
In the colon, there are pouchlike structures called ___ and a smooth muscle band called the ___ ___ that help to produce peristaltic contractions to help move substances along.
haustra
tenia coli
The haustra and tenia coli are structures of the large intestine that help produce ___ ___ to help move substances along.
peristaltic contractions
The alimentary canal ends at the ___ and ___.
rectum
anus
The alimentary canal ends at the rectum and anus where the ___ reflex occurs which is under ___ control.
defecation
parasympathetic
The ___ ___ ___ is located at the top of the esophagus, between the pharynx and the esophagus.
upper esophageal sphincter
The ___ ___ ___ is located at the bottom end of the esophagus where food will move from the esophagus to the stomach.
lower esophageal sphincter
The function of the pyloric sphincter is to ___.
control the entry of food into the duodenum
