TEAS 7 - Science (Cardiovascular System)

Question 1

This is the largest artery in the body.

Answer 1

aorta

Question 2

The heart pumps blood from the ___ ventricle into the aorta through the ____ valve.

Answer 2

left

aortic

Question 3

The ___ ___ ___ is ultimately responsible for the transport of almost all venous blood from the abdomen and lower extremities. It carries deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart for oxygenation.

Answer 3

inferior vena cava

Question 4

What kind of blood does the inferior vena cava carry?

Answer 4

deoxygenated

Question 5

One of four chambers of the heart that receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties blood into the left ventricle

Answer 5

left atrium

Question 6

one of the four chambers of the heart that pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body

Answer 6

left ventricle

Question 7

this valve is one of four valves in the heart and is located on the left side of the heart and sits between the left atrium and ventricle

Answer 7

mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 8

What is the term used to describe the flaps (leaflets) in the heart that open and close once during each heartbeat to keep blood flowing in the right direction?

Answer 8

valves

Question 9

The ___ artery carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.

Answer 9

pulmonary

Question 10

The pulmonary system (or circulation) is the movement of ___ from the heart to the ___ and back to the heart. It is a closed circuit.

Answer 10

blood

lungs

Question 11

The ____ valve is one of two valves that allow blood to leave the heart via the arteries. This valve opens into the pulmonary artery allowing deoxygenated blood to leave the heart to travel to the lungs.

Answer 11

pulmonary

Question 12

one of the four chambers of the heart that receives blood low in oxygen from the body and empties blood into the right ventricle

Answer 12

right atrium

Question 13

one of the four chambers of the heart that receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve

Answer 13

right ventricle

Question 14

The ___ vena cava carries oxygen-poor blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest into the right atrium.

Answer 14

superior

Question 15

The systemic system (or circulation) is the movement of ___ from the heart to the rest of the ___ (besides the lungs) and back to the heart.

Answer 15

blood

body

Question 16

The ___ valve sits between the heart’s two right chambers and consists of three thin flaps of tissue. It opens to let blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Answer 16

tricuspid

Question 17

The ___ circuit is the pathway of blood from the heart to and from the lungs.

Answer 17

pulmonary circuit

Question 18

___ blood is pumped by the right side of the heart to the lungs for ____, then returns to the left side of the heart.

Answer 18

deoxygenated

oxygenation

Question 19

The ___ circuit is the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Answer 19

systemic

Question 20

___ blood is pumped from the left side of the heart to the body and ___ blood returns to the right side of the heart.

Answer 20

oxygenated

deoxygenated

Question 21

The heart essentially has 2 jobs: it pumps ____ blood from the body to the lungs and pumps ___ blood from the lungs to the heart and then the body.

Answer 21

deoxygenated

oxygenated

Question 22

The heart is divided into 2 sides (right and left), each performing its own job. The right side moves blood from the ___ to the ___, and the left side moves blood from the ___ to the ___.

Answer 22

body, lungs

lungs, body

Question 23

Of the two jobs that each side of the heart performs, one of the two jobs is difficult. Since the heart is closer to the lungs, the job of the right side of the heart is ___. The job of the left side of the heart is ___ because blood must be pushed out to the remainder of the body. Transporting blood farther makes the job harder, and this is why the ___ side of the heart is larger than the ___ side of the heart.

Answer 23

easier

harder

left

right

Question 24

The adult heart is located in the ___ cavity/

Answer 24

thoracic

Question 25

The adult heart is located in the thoracic cavity in an area known as the ___. The mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, vessels, nerves, and membranes surrounding the heart.

Answer 25

mediastinum

Question 26

What membrane must be removed to reveal the heart?

Answer 26

parietal pericardium

Question 27

The heart is shaped like a cone and is the size of a ___. The point of the cone is called the ___ and the other end is called the base.

Answer 27

fist

apex

Question 28

Most of the heart sits to the ___ of the midline. The heart begins at the ___ rib and ends at the ___ intercostal space (T2-T5).

Answer 28

left

2nd

5th

Question 29

What are the atria separated by?

Answer 29

mass of tissue called the interatrial septum

Question 30

The interatrial septum contains a small indentation that is a remnant of fetal circulation known as the ___ ___.

Answer 30

fossa ovalis

Question 31

In utero, the fossa ovalis is the ___ ___ that serves as a passageway for blood to bypass the lungs. The ___ ___ closes at birth.

Answer 31

foramen ovale

Question 32

The heart consists of ___ chambers. Two of these chambers receive blood and are called ___. The other two chambers are larger for pumping blood outside of the heart and are called ___.

Answer 32

4

atria

ventricles

Question 33

The ventricles are also separated by a thick mass of muscles known as the ___ ___.

Answer 33

interventricular septum

Question 34

On the surface of the heart, a sulcus known as the coronary ___ separates the atria and ventricles. The anterior interventricular sulcus divides the right and left ventricles ___. The posterior interventricular sulcus divides right and left ventricles ___.

Answer 34

sulcus

anteriorly

posteriorly

Question 35

___ blood enters the right atrium via two large veins called the superior and inferior ___ ___.

Answer 35

Deoxygenated

vena cava

Question 36

Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle past a one-way valve known as the ___ valve. The tricuspid valve has ___ cusps with each connected to the internal wall of the right ventricle via connective tissue structures called ___ ___.

Answer 36

tricuspid

3

chordae tendonae

Question 37

The chordae tendoneae connect to finger-like projections of muscle called ___ muscles. The tricuspid valve is driven by ___ and only allows blood to flow in __ direction (from atrium to ventricle).

Answer 37

papillary

pressure

one

Question 38

Contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood to the ___ ___ and past the pulmonary semilunar valve on its way to the lungs.

Answer 38

pulmonary trunk

Question 39

The pulmonary trunk is a thick artery that splits into the right and left ___ ___ that serve the right and left lungs.

Answer 39

pulmonary arteries

Question 40

The ___ ___ ___ contains three cusps that allow blood to flow in only one direction. When pressure builds in the ventricle, the cusps open allowing blood to move into the ___ ___. When pressure causes the movement of blood back toward the heart, the valves close.

Answer 40

Pulmonary semilunar valve

pulmonary trunk

Question 41

Blood moves from the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for ___.

Answer 41

Oxygenation

Question 42

Oxygenated blood is carried by four ___ ___ to the left atrium.

Answer 42

pulmonary veins

Question 43

Blood then moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle past the ___ or ___ valve. The bicuspid valve is a one-way valve with ___ cusps that attach to the ventricle wall via chordae tendoneae and ___ muscles.

Answer 43

bicuspid or mitral

2

papillary

Question 44

Contraction of the left ventricle causes blood to flow into the ___ past the ___ ___ valve. The aortic semilunar valve has three cusps and only allows blood to flow ___ from the heart

Answer 44

aorta

aortic semilunar

away

Question 45

The aorta carries ___ blood away from the heart to the body.

Answer 45

oxygenated

Question 46

What arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood?

Answer 46

coronary arteries

Question 47

The right coronary artery branches off the ___ and resides in the coronary sulcus.

Answer 47

aorta

Question 48

What does the right coronary artery branch and divide into?

Answer 48

the right marginal artery

the posterior interventricular artery

Question 49

What does the right marginal artery supply?

Answer 49

the right atrium and ventricle

Question 50

What does the posterior interventricular artery supply?

Answer 50

posterior sides of both ventricles

Question 51

The left coronary also branches from the aorta and divides to form the ___ ___ artery (or the ___ ___ ___ artery), the ___ ___ artery and the ___ artery.

Answer 51

anterior interventricular artery or left anterior descending artery

left marginal artery

circumflex artery

Question 52

What does the anterior interventricular artery (or left anterior descending artery) supply?

Answer 52

anterior sides of both ventricles

Question 53

What does the left marginal artery supply?

Answer 53

lateral wall of the left ventricle

Question 54

What does the circumflex artery supply?

Answer 54

posterior wall of the heart

Question 55

The left side of the heart is drained by the ___ ___ vein and the right side is drained by the ___ ___ vein.

Answer 55

great cardiac vein

small cardiac vein

Question 56

Both the great and small cardiac veins empty into the ___ ___ which empties into the ___ atrium.

Answer 56

coronary sinus

right

Question 57

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 57

endocardium (inner)
myocardium (middle, muscular)
epicardium (outer)

Question 58

The heart is surrounded by a double membrane called the ____ (or pericardial sac). The ___ pericardium surrounds the heart. Over that, there is a space filled with pericardial ____. The ___ pericardium encloses the pericardial space.

Answer 58

pericardium

visceral

fluid

parietal

Question 59

What is the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body?

Answer 59

arteries

Question 60

What is the blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from tissues and organs in the body?

Answer 60

veins

Question 61

What are the tiny blood vessels that have thin walls where gas exchange occurs?

Answer 61

capillaries

Question 62

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with thin walls. Oxygen and nutrients from the ___ can move through the walls and get into ___ and tissues. The capillaries also take waste products away from your ___. Capillaries are where oxygen and nutrients are ___ for carbon dioxide and waste.

Answer 62

blood

organs

tissues

exchanged

Question 63

Both arteries and veins have 3 layers which are called the ___ ___ (or outer layer), ___ ___ (or middle layer), and ___ ___ (or inner layer).

Answer 63

tunica externa

tunica media

tunica interna

Question 64

The tunica media is a ___ ___ layer that is ___ in arteries than in veins. This helps with regulating blood pressure and the flow of blood.

Answer 64

smooth muscle

thicker

Question 65

Which blood vessel has valves? Veins or arteries?

Answer 65

veins

Question 66

Veins have special structures called ___ that are ___ found in arteries. The valves allow blood to flow only toward the heart. This allows for external forces such as ___ contraction to help push the blood toward the heart.

Answer 66

valves

not

muscle

Question 67

The smallest vascular structures are the ___. These contain only ___ layer of simple squamous epithelium. This thin layer helps to transport substances in and out of the blood. For example, ___ moves out of the blood and into the tissues, and ___ ___ moves out of the tissues and into the blood.

Answer 67

capillaries

1

oxygen

carbon dioxide

Question 68

Blood moves from the left ventricle to the aorta. There are __ primary branches off the aorta which include the ___ ___ artery, ___ ___ ___ artery, and ___ ___ artery.

Answer 68

3

right brachiocephalic

left common carotid

left subclavian

Question 69

The right brachiocephalic divides into the ___ ___ ___ artery and ___ ___ artery.

Answer 69

right common carotid

right subclavian

Question 70

The common carotid artery moves into the neck and head area and divides into ___ and ___ carotid arteries. The internal carotid provides blood to the ___ while the external carotid provides blood to the ___ area.

Answer 70

internal, external

brain

facial

Question 71

There is a ___ artery that travels through the transverse foramen of the vertebrae that also supplies the brain with blood.

Answer 71

vertebral

Question 72

The subclavian artery moves under the clavicle then becomes the ___ artery once it emerges near the upper extremity. The axillary artery then becomes the ___ artery which divides into the radial and ___ arteries.

Answer 72

axillary

brachial

ulnar

Question 73

If we follow the arch of the aorta we see it becomes the ____ or thoracic aorta. It then moves through the diaphragm to become the ___ aorta then divides into the right and left common ___ arteries which divide into internal and external iliac arteries.

Answer 73

descending

abdominal

iliac

Question 74

The right and left common iliac arteries divide into ___ and ___ iliac arteries.

Answer 74

internal, external

Question 75

branches off the abdominal aorta

Answer 75

• Inferior phrenic arteries
• Celiac trunk
• Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
• Renal arteries

Question 76

The external iliac artery becomes the ___ artery which travels posterior to become the ___ artery which then divides into anterior and posterior ___ arteries.

Answer 76

femoral

popliteal

tibial

Question 77

If we follow the superior vena cava we see it branches into right and left ___ veins. Nearby are the internal and external ___ veins.

Answer 77

brachiocephalic

jugular

Question 78

The subclavian vein follows the same course as the artery and becomes the ___, then brachial, then ___ and ulnar veins.

Answer 78

axillary

radial

Question 79

The difference in the venous system is that there are superficial veins. For example, the ___ and ___ veins are in the arm.

Answer 79

cephalic

basilic

Question 80

Some of the branches of the ___ ___ ___ include the renal, gonadal and lumbar veins.

Answer 80

inferior vena cava

Question 81

Like the arteries, the inferior vena cava divides into common ___, internal and external iliac veins. The external iliac becomes the ___, popliteal and anterior and posterior ___ veins.

Answer 81

iliac

femoral

tibial

Question 82

One important superficial vein of the lower extremity is the ___ ___ vein.

Answer 82

great saphenous vein

Question 83

What do we call relaxation of the heart?

Answer 83

diastole

Question 84

What do we call contraction of the heart?

Answer 84

systole

Question 85

In a single heartbeat, the heart must receive blood in the ___ and then move this blood to the ___ and out to the lungs or the body. The ___ ___ is the sequence of events that makes this possible.

Answer 85

atria

ventricles

cardiac cycle

Question 86

How many phases are there in the cardiac cycle?

Answer 86

3
(rest phase, atrial systole, ventricular systole)

Question 87

Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle (rest phase)

Answer 87

the heart is relaxed and in diastole and blood flows into the atria then the ventricles

Question 88

In phase one (the rest phase) the heart is relaxed or in ___. Blood ___ flows into the atria and subsequently into the ventricles. Actually, about ___ of blood flows into the ventricles without any contraction of the atria.

Answer 88

diastole

passively

70%

Question 89

How do the valves operate?

Answer 89

by pressure

Question 90

The valves operate by changes in ___. During phase one (rest phase) the pressure is ___ in the atria than in the ventricles. This causes both atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) to ___.

Answer 90

pressure

greater

open

Question 91

In phase one, the relaxation of the ventricles (ventricular diastole) creates a ___ pressure in the ventricles than in the pulmonary trunk and aorta. This causes the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) to ___.

Answer 91

lower

close

Question 92

In phase two (atrial systole), the atria contract while the ventricles are still in ___. The contraction of the atria pushes the remaining ___ of the blood into the ventricles. The atrioventricular valves remain ___ and the semilunar valves remain ___.

Answer 92

diastole

30%

open

closed

Question 93

The final phase of the cardiac cycle is phase three (ventricular systole). It is characterized by atrial ___ and ventricular ___.

Answer 93

diastole

systole

Question 94

In phase three, contraction of the ventricles causes ___ pressure in the ventricles. This increase in pressure causes the semilunar valves to ___ and the atrioventricular valves to ___.

Answer 94

increased

open

close

Question 95

What are the three phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 95

Phase 1 - Rest Phase

Phase 2 - Atrial Systole

Phase 3 - Ventricular Systole

Question 96

What happens after phase three (ventricular systole) of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 96

The heart enters the rest phase again and the cycle repeats

Question 97

What is the procedure that allows medical professionals to hear heart sounds?

Answer 97

auscultation

Question 98

A good deal of information can be obtained from listening to the heart with a ___. This procedure is called ___. The heart sounds are produced by changes in ___ during different parts of the cardiac cycle.

Answer 98

stethoscope

auscultation

blood flow

Question 99

While there are four heart sounds that repeat continuously, how many are usually heard in healthy adults?

Answer 99

2

Question 100

the four heart sounds

Answer 100

S1, S2, S3, S4

• We will focus on S1 and S2 *

Question 101

What is the sound the hearts make during auscultation?

Answer 101

“lub”-“dub”

Question 102

What is the “lub?”

Answer 102

the first sound, S1

results from closure of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid, bicuspid) during ventricular systole

Question 103

S1 (heart sound)

Answer 103

the first sound

represents the closure of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole

it is louder and longer than the second sound

“lub”

Question 104

Which heart sound is louder? S1 or S2?

Answer 104

S1

Question 105

What is the “dub?”

Answer 105

the second sound, S2

results from closure of the semilunar valves (pulmonary, aortic) during ventricular diastole

Question 106

S2 (heart sound)

Answer 106

the second heart sound

“dub”

represents the closure of the semilunar valves (pulmonary, aortic) during ventricular diastole

Question 107

Sometimes, ___ can be heard between S2 and S1.

Answer 107

S3

Question 108

What does S3 represent? What does it mean?

Answer 108

ventricular filling

this sound represents the transition from rapid to slow ventricular filling

it can be heard in children and athletes; it can also arise in congestive heart failure.

Question 109

When is S3 heard?

Answer 109

it can be heard in children and athletes

it can also arise in congestive heart failure

Question 110

What is the representation of the electrical events that occur in the heart?

Answer 110

ECG (electrocardiogram)

Question 111

What is the special area of cardiac muscle that generates action potentials?

Answer 111

node

Question 112

Cardiac muscle tissue is similar to ___ tissue because it contains long cells and is striated. The difference is that cardiac muscle tissue contains ___ ___ and nodes. Intercalated disks help transmit impulses across sections of the muscle. Nodes generate ___ ___.

Answer 112

skeletal

intercalated disks

action potentials

Question 113

In a normal heartbeat, where does conduction begin?

Answer 113

sinoatrial node (pacemaker node)

Question 114

What is the sinoatrial node?

Answer 114

an area of special cells called pacemaker cells in the posterior wall of the right atrium

Question 115

What chamber of the heart is the sinoatrial (SA) node found in?

Answer 115

right atrium

Question 116

The pacemaker cells (SA node) cannot maintain a normal resting membrane potential. (T/F)

Answer 116

true

Question 117

The pacemaker cells ___ maintain a normal resting membrane potential but cycle from ___ to repolarization. The SA node can generate action potentials automatically at a rate of ___ beats per minute.

Answer 117

cannot

depolarization

60-100

Question 118

How many action potentials can the SA node generate?

Answer 118

60-100 beats/minute

Question 119

The impulse from the SA node is transferred by an ___ pathway consisting of conducting cells to the ___ (AV) node located on the floor of the right ___.

Answer 119

intermodal

atrioventricular

atrium

Question 120

The impulse from the SA node to the AV node is delayed by about ___ ms as it passes through the AV node. This allows for the completion of atrial ___ before beginning ventricular contraction.

Answer 120

100 ms

contraction

Question 121

The AV node is also capable of producing action potential on its own at a rate of ___ bpm.

Answer 121

40-60 bpm

*remember, SA node can generate 60-100 bpm

Question 122

The ___ node is also capable of producing action potential on its own at a rate of 40-60 bpm. If for some reason the SA node becomes ___, the AV node will cause the heart to contract at 40-60 bpm.

Answer 122

AV

damaged

Question 123

At what rate does the heart begin to decrease pumping efficiency?

Answer 123

180 bpm

Question 124

What is the maximum rate the AV node can conduct impulses?

Answer 124

230 bpm

Question 125

The heart cannot produce rates greater than 230 bpm unless it is ___. The maximal rate of ventricular contraction is about ____ bpm; however, contractions at these rates are very inefficient.

Answer 125

damaged

300-400

Question 126

The impulse from the AV node travels to the atrioventricular (AV) ___ (Bundle of His). These cells can produce action potentials at a rate of ___ bpm.

Answer 126

bundle

20-40

Question 127

The AV bundle connects the ___ and ___.

Answer 127

atria and ventricles

Question 128

The AV bundle sends impulses to the ___ and ___ bundle branches. The branches extend to the ___ of the heart and distribute impulses to the ventricles via ___ fibers and to the papillary muscles via moderator bands.

Answer 128

right, left

apex

Purkinje

Question 129

This distribution of impulses allows for the contraction of the papillary muscles before the ___. This allows for tensioning of the chordae tendonae of the atrioventricular ___ to help prevent ___ of blood to the atria.

Answer 129

ventricles

valves

backflow

Question 130

___ fibers are fast-conducting cells and allow for even emptying of the ventricles.

Answer 130

Purkinje

Question 131

The heart generates significant electrical impulses that can be ____. Devices that measure the heart’s electrical impulses produce a recording called an ___ or ECG (sometimes called an EKG).

Answer 131

measured

electrocardiogram

Question 132

The information from an ECG can be used to determine ___ with conduction, nodes, or contraction of the heart. There are a variety of locations of electrodes that produce different ___ of the impulses.

Answer 132

problems

views

Question 133

The electrical impulses in an ECG produce waves which are a ___ of electrical impulses in a given time frame.

Answer 133

summation

Question 134

Letters of ECG/EKG (ascending order)

Answer 134

P, Q, R, S, T

Question 135

P wave

Answer 135

represents atrial depolarization

Question 136

The P wave is the ___ wave seen in an ECG and represents atrial ___. Atrial depolarization occurs just before atrial ___ (atria contract about 25 ms after the beginning of the P wave).

Answer 136

first

depolarization

contraction

Question 137

The P wave is followed by the ___ complex. The QRS complex represents ventricular ___. Atrial repolarization is also occurring during this time but is ___ by the powerful ventricular signal.

Answer 137

QRS

depolarization

overshadowed

Question 138

What follows the QRS complex? What is it a result of?

Answer 138

T wave

ventricular repolarization

Question 139

The ___ follows the QRS complex and results from ventricular repolarization.

Answer 139

T wave

Question 140

Common measurements of the ECG

Answer 140

P-R interval
Q-T interval

Question 141

What does a prolonged P-R interval indicate?

Answer 141

conduction problem

Question 142

What does a prolonged Q-T interval indicate?

Answer 142

heart damage or electrolyte problem

Question 143

What is the term for the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during one contraction?

Answer 143

stroke volume

Question 144

What is the term for the amount of blood pumped through the heart (left ventricle) in 1 minute?

Answer 144

cardiac output

Question 145

What is a measure of ventricular efficiency?

Answer 145

cardiac output

Question 146

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in ___ ___.

Answer 146

one minute

Question 147

___ ___ is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. It is a measure of ___ ___.

Answer 147

Cardiac output

ventricular efficiency

Question 148

Cardiac output equation

Answer 148

CO = SV x HR

Question 149

What do CO, SV, and HR stand for?
CO = SV x HR

Answer 149

CO = cardiac output
SV = stroke volume
HR = heart rate

Question 150

Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in ___ contraction.

Answer 150

one

Question 151

Heart rate is in ___ per minute.

Answer 151

beats

Question 152

Generally, SV is about ____ ml.

Answer 152

70-80 mL

Question 153

For example, if HR is 70 bpm and SV is 80 ml then cardiac output is ___ ml per minute or ___ L per minute.

Answer 153

5,600 mL
5.6 L

Question 154

Factors that influence ___ and ___ will also affect cardiac output (CO).

Answer 154

SV, HR

Question 155

SV is affected by end ___ volume (EDV) or the amount of blood in the left ventricle just ___ contraction as well as end ___ volume (ESV) which is the amount of blood remaining in the left ventricle ___ contraction (systole).

Answer 155

diastolic

before

systolic

after

Question 156

How can we calculate SV from EDV and ESV?

Answer 156

SV = EDV - ESV

Question 157

Example: Let’s say we have two patients. One is a highly trained endurance athlete; the other suffers from congestive heart failure. The athlete enters our office and you begin your cardiac assessment by taking her pulse. You record the resting pulse as 55 bpm.

Your next patient enters the room and you also take his pulse and record it at 100 bpm.

How is cardiac output responsible for the difference in the two pulses?

Answer 157

In both circumstances, the heart works to provide adequate amounts of oxygenated blood to the tissues. In other words, the heart is working to maintain a good cardiac output. The athlete’s stroke volume is high because of her athletic conditioning. Therefore the heart rate will be low in order to maintain good cardiac output.

The CHF patient’s stroke volume is much lower than the athlete’s. The heart rate must be higher in order to maintain cardiac output.

Question 158

What is Starling’s law?

Answer 158

it states that the force of contraction of the ventricles will increase with an increase in the blood in the ventricles

Question 159

Starling’s law describes the relationship between the heart’s ___ ___ and the volume of blood in the ventricles ___ contraction. Starling’s law of the heart relates the ___ of the ventricular walls to stroke volume.

Answer 159

stroke volume

before

stretch

Question 160

The degree of stretch of the ventricular walls is called ___. An increase in preload results in an increase in ___ ___ which, in turn, increases cardiac output.

Answer 160

preload

stroke volume

Question 161

Stroke volume is also affected by ___ return which can vary from 2L/min to about 24 L/min.

Answer 161

venous

Question 162

What is the normal cardiac output for an adult?

Answer 162

5-6 L/min

Question 163

The cardiovascular system will always work to ___ cardiac output in order to supply ___ blood to the body.

Answer 163

maintain

oxygenated

Question 164

Starling’s law only works in ___ hearts.

Answer 164

healthy

Question 165

Hypertension is also known as ___.

Answer 165

high blood pressure

Question 166

Hypertension or high blood pressure is chronically elevated blood pressure of ___ mm Hg or above.

Answer 166

140/90 mm Hg

Question 167

Hypertension is typically a ___ disorder, so patients may fail to recognize the ___ of their condition and fail to follow their treatment plan.

Answer 167

silent

seriousness

Question 168

Hypertension can cause further diseases such as heart attack, kidney failure, stroke, or aneurism which is a ___ of a blood vessel from a weakened wall.

Answer 168

diseases

ballooning

Question 169

Stroke is the result of an inadequate or interrupted blood supply to the ___. Since brain cells can ___ in minutes, stroke is a medical emergency.

Answer 169

brain

die

Question 170

What are the two main types of stroke?

Answer 170

• a blocked artery (ischemic stroke)
• a leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke)

Question 171

What do we call a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain?

Answer 171

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Question 172

Some people may have only a ___ disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a ___ ischemic attack (TIA), that does ___ cause lasting symptoms.

Answer 172

temporary

transient

not

Question 173

What is the most common type of stroke?

Answer 173

ischemia

(narrowed or blocked blood vessels reducing blood flow to the brain)

Question 174

What is an ischemic stroke?

Answer 174

when the brain’s blood vessels become narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow

Question 175

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 175

when the brain’s blood vessels leak or burst

Question 176

The most common type of stroke occurs when the brain’s blood vessels become ___ or blocked, causing severely ___ blood flow (ischemia).

Answer 176

narrowed

reduced

Question 177

Blocked or narrowed blood vessels are caused by ___ deposits that build up in blood vessels, or by blood ___, or other debris that travel through the bloodstream, most often from the heart, and lodge in the ___ ___ in the brain.

Answer 177

fatty

clots

blood vessels

Question 178

Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ___ or ___. Brain hemorrhages can result from many conditions that affect the blood vessels,

Answer 178

leaks

ruptures/bursts

Question 179

Factors related to hemorrhagic stroke include:

Answer 179

• Uncontrolled high blood pressure
• Overtreatment with blood thinners (anticoagulants)
• Bulges at weak spots in your blood vessel walls (aneurysms)
• Trauma (such as a car accident)
• Protein deposits in blood vessel walls that lead to weakness in the vessel wall (cerebral amyloid angiopathy)
• Ischemic stroke leading to hemorrhage

Question 180

An Aneurism is an abnormal bulge or ___ in the wall of a blood vessel.

Answer 180

ballooning

Question 181

What is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vesse?

Answer 181

an aneurysm

Question 182

An ___ is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. An aneurysm can burst (rupture), causing ___ ___ and often leading to death. Aneurysms usually do not cause symptoms, so you might not know you have an aneurysm even if it’s large.

Answer 182

aneurysm

internal bleeding

symptoms

Question 183

Do aneurysms usually cause symptoms?

Answer 183

no

aneurysms usually do not cause symptoms, so you might not know you have an aneurysm even if it’s large.

Question 184

Arteriosclerosis is normally defined as the more generalized loss of compliance, “___ of the arteries,”

Answer 184

hardening

Question 185

___ is a more specific term for arteriosclerosis and is the most common type of arteriosclerosis.

Answer 185

Atherosclerosis

Question 186

What do we call the build-up of plaque in the walls of the vessel? It is a specific type of arteriosclerosis.

Answer 186

atherosclerosis

Question 187

Arteriosclerosis is a ___ term used to describe the ___ of the arteries

Answer 187

general

hardening

Question 188

If you have too many cholesterol particles in your blood, ___ may accumulate on your ___ walls. Eventually, deposits called ___ may form. These deposits can narrow or block your arteries. These plaques can also chip away or burst, causing a blood ___ to form.

Answer 188

cholesterol

artery

plaques

clot

Question 189

An Arrhythmia is an ___ heart rhythm, either too fast (___), too slow (___), too early (___) or irregular. They are diagnosed with ECGs.

Answer 189

abnormal

tachycardia

bradycardia

ectopic

Question 190

How can we diagnose an arrhythmia?

Answer 190

ECG

Question 191

tachycardia

Answer 191

heart beats too fast (high heart rate)

Question 192

bradycardia

Answer 192

heart beats too slow (low heart rate)

Question 193

ectoptic beats

Answer 193

heart beats too early (irregular heart rate)

Question 194

A heart attack or myocardial infarction is a deadly medical emergency where your heart ___ begins to die because it is ___ getting enough blood flow.

Answer 194

muscle

not

Question 195

another name for heart attack is ___ ___

Answer 195

myocardial infarction

Question 196

What is a heart attack?

Answer 196

occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, preventing the heart from getting enough oxygen

Question 197

A ___ ___ is usually caused by a ___ in the arteries that supply blood to your heart. If blood flow is not restored quickly, a heart attack can cause ___ heart damage and death.

Answer 197

heart attack

blockage

permanent