TEAS 7 - Science (Cardiovascular System) Flashcards
This is the largest artery in the body.
aorta
The heart pumps blood from the ___ ventricle into the aorta through the ____ valve.
left
aortic
The ___ ___ ___ is ultimately responsible for the transport of almost all venous blood from the abdomen and lower extremities. It carries deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart for oxygenation.
inferior vena cava
What kind of blood does the inferior vena cava carry?
deoxygenated
One of four chambers of the heart that receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties blood into the left ventricle
left atrium
one of the four chambers of the heart that pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body
left ventricle
this valve is one of four valves in the heart and is located on the left side of the heart and sits between the left atrium and ventricle
mitral (bicuspid) valve
What is the term used to describe the flaps (leaflets) in the heart that open and close once during each heartbeat to keep blood flowing in the right direction?
valves
The ___ artery carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.
pulmonary
The pulmonary system (or circulation) is the movement of ___ from the heart to the ___ and back to the heart. It is a closed circuit.
blood
lungs
The ____ valve is one of two valves that allow blood to leave the heart via the arteries. This valve opens into the pulmonary artery allowing deoxygenated blood to leave the heart to travel to the lungs.
pulmonary
one of the four chambers of the heart that receives blood low in oxygen from the body and empties blood into the right ventricle
right atrium
one of the four chambers of the heart that receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve
right ventricle
The ___ vena cava carries oxygen-poor blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest into the right atrium.
superior
The systemic system (or circulation) is the movement of ___ from the heart to the rest of the ___ (besides the lungs) and back to the heart.
blood
body
The ___ valve sits between the heart’s two right chambers and consists of three thin flaps of tissue. It opens to let blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
tricuspid
The ___ circuit is the pathway of blood from the heart to and from the lungs.
pulmonary circuit
___ blood is pumped by the right side of the heart to the lungs for ____, then returns to the left side of the heart.
deoxygenated
oxygenation
The ___ circuit is the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
systemic
___ blood is pumped from the left side of the heart to the body and ___ blood returns to the right side of the heart.
oxygenated
deoxygenated
The heart essentially has 2 jobs: it pumps ____ blood from the body to the lungs and pumps ___ blood from the lungs to the heart and then the body.
deoxygenated
oxygenated
The heart is divided into 2 sides (right and left), each performing its own job. The right side moves blood from the ___ to the ___, and the left side moves blood from the ___ to the ___.
body, lungs
lungs, body
Of the two jobs that each side of the heart performs, one of the two jobs is difficult. Since the heart is closer to the lungs, the job of the right side of the heart is ___. The job of the left side of the heart is ___ because blood must be pushed out to the remainder of the body. Transporting blood farther makes the job harder, and this is why the ___ side of the heart is larger than the ___ side of the heart.
easier
harder
left
right
The adult heart is located in the ___ cavity.
thoracic
The adult heart is located in the thoracic cavity in an area known as the ___. The mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, vessels, nerves, and membranes surrounding the heart.
mediastinum
What membrane must be removed to reveal the heart?
parietal pericardium
The heart is shaped like a cone and is the size of a ___. The point of the cone is called the ___ and the other end is called the base.
fist
apex
Most of the heart sits to the ___ of the midline. The heart begins at the ___ rib and ends at the ___ intercostal space (T2-T5).
left
2nd
5th
What are the atria separated by?
mass of tissue called the interatrial septum
The interatrial septum contains a small indentation that is a remnant of fetal circulation known as the ___ ___.
fossa ovalis
In utero, the fossa ovalis is the ___ ___ that serves as a passageway for blood to bypass the lungs. The ___ ___ closes at birth.
foramen ovale
The heart consists of ___ chambers. Two of these chambers receive blood and are called ___. The other two chambers are larger for pumping blood outside of the heart and are called ___.
4
atria
ventricles
The ventricles are also separated by a thick mass of muscles known as the ___ ___.
interventricular septum
On the surface of the heart, a sulcus known as the coronary ___ separates the atria and ventricles. The anterior interventricular sulcus divides the right and left ventricles ___. The posterior interventricular sulcus divides right and left ventricles ___.
sulcus
anteriorly
posteriorly
___ blood enters the right atrium via two large veins called the superior and inferior ___ ___.
Deoxygenated
vena cava
Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle past a one-way valve known as the ___ valve. The tricuspid valve has ___ cusps with each connected to the internal wall of the right ventricle via connective tissue structures called ___ ___.
tricuspid
3
chordae tendonae
The chordae tendoneae connect to finger-like projections of muscle called ___ muscles. The tricuspid valve is driven by ___ and only allows blood to flow in __ direction (from atrium to ventricle).
papillary
pressure
one
Contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood to the ___ ___ and past the pulmonary semilunar valve on its way to the lungs.
pulmonary trunk
The pulmonary trunk is a thick artery that splits into the right and left ___ ___ that serve the right and left lungs.
pulmonary arteries
The ___ ___ ___ contains three cusps that allow blood to flow in only one direction. When pressure builds in the ventricle, the cusps open allowing blood to move into the ___ ___. When pressure causes the movement of blood back toward the heart, the valves close.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk
Blood moves from the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for ___.
Oxygenation
Oxygenated blood is carried by four ___ ___ to the left atrium.
pulmonary veins
Blood then moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle past the ___ or ___ valve. The bicuspid valve is a one-way valve with ___ cusps that attach to the ventricle wall via chordae tendoneae and ___ muscles.
bicuspid or mitral
2
papillary
Contraction of the left ventricle causes blood to flow into the ___ past the ___ ___ valve. The aortic semilunar valve has three cusps and only allows blood to flow ___ from the heart
aorta
aortic semilunar
away
The aorta carries ___ blood away from the heart to the body.
oxygenated
What arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood?
coronary arteries
The right coronary artery branches off the ___ and resides in the coronary sulcus.
aorta
What does the right coronary artery branch and divide into?
the right marginal artery
the posterior interventricular artery
What does the right marginal artery supply?
the right atrium and ventricle
What does the posterior interventricular artery supply?
posterior sides of both ventricles
The left coronary also branches from the aorta and divides to form the ___ ___ artery (or the ___ ___ ___ artery), the ___ ___ artery and the ___ artery.
anterior interventricular artery or left anterior descending artery
left marginal artery
circumflex artery
What does the anterior interventricular artery (or left anterior descending artery) supply?
anterior sides of both ventricles
What does the left marginal artery supply?
lateral wall of the left ventricle
What does the circumflex artery supply?
posterior wall of the heart
The left side of the heart is drained by the ___ ___ vein and the right side is drained by the ___ ___ vein.
great cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
Both the great and small cardiac veins empty into the ___ ___ which empties into the ___ atrium.
coronary sinus
right
What are the three layers of the heart?
endocardium (inner)
myocardium (middle, muscular)
epicardium (outer)
The heart is surrounded by a double membrane called the ____ (or pericardial sac). The ___ pericardium surrounds the heart. Over that, there is a space filled with pericardial ____. The ___ pericardium encloses the pericardial space.
pericardium
visceral
fluid
parietal
What is the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body?
arteries
What is the blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from tissues and organs in the body?
veins
What are the tiny blood vessels that have thin walls where gas exchange occurs?
capillaries
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with thin walls. Oxygen and nutrients from the ___ can move through the walls and get into ___ and tissues. The capillaries also take waste products away from your ___. Capillaries are where oxygen and nutrients are ___ for carbon dioxide and waste.
blood
organs
tissues
exchanged
Both arteries and veins have 3 layers which are called the ___ ___ (or outer layer), ___ ___ (or middle layer), and ___ ___ (or inner layer).
tunica externa
tunica media
tunica interna
The tunica media is a ___ ___ layer that is ___ in arteries than in veins. This helps with regulating blood pressure and the flow of blood.
smooth muscle
thicker
Which blood vessel has valves? Veins or arteries?
veins
Veins have special structures called ___ that are ___ found in arteries. The valves allow blood to flow only toward the heart. This allows for external forces such as ___ contraction to help push the blood toward the heart.
valves
not
muscle
The smallest vascular structures are the ___. These contain only ___ layer of simple squamous epithelium. This thin layer helps to transport substances in and out of the blood. For example, ___ moves out of the blood and into the tissues, and ___ ___ moves out of the tissues and into the blood.
capillaries
1
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Blood moves from the left ventricle to the aorta. There are __ primary branches off the aorta which include the ___ ___ artery, ___ ___ ___ artery, and ___ ___ artery.
3
right brachiocephalic
left common carotid
left subclavian
The right brachiocephalic divides into the ___ ___ ___ artery and ___ ___ artery.
right common carotid
right subclavian
The common carotid artery moves into the neck and head area and divides into ___ and ___ carotid arteries. The internal carotid provides blood to the ___ while the external carotid provides blood to the ___ area.
internal, external
brain
facial
There is a ___ artery that travels through the transverse foramen of the vertebrae that also supplies the brain with blood.
vertebral
The subclavian artery moves under the clavicle then becomes the ___ artery once it emerges near the upper extremity. The axillary artery then becomes the ___ artery which divides into the radial and ___ arteries.
axillary
brachial
ulnar
If we follow the arch of the aorta we see it becomes the ____ or thoracic aorta. It then moves through the diaphragm to become the ___ aorta then divides into the right and left common ___ arteries which divide into internal and external iliac arteries.
descending
abdominal
iliac
The right and left common iliac arteries divide into ___ and ___ iliac arteries.
internal, external
branches off the abdominal aorta
- Inferior phrenic arteries
- Celiac trunk
- Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
- Renal arteries
The external iliac artery becomes the ___ artery which travels posterior to become the ___ artery which then divides into anterior and posterior ___ arteries.
femoral
popliteal
tibial
If we follow the superior vena cava we see it branches into right and left ___ veins. Nearby are the internal and external ___ veins.
brachiocephalic
jugular
The subclavian vein follows the same course as the artery and becomes the ___, then brachial, then ___ and ulnar veins.
axillary
radial
The difference in the venous system is that there are superficial veins. For example, the ___ and ___ veins are in the arm.
cephalic
basilic
Some of the branches of the ___ ___ ___ include the renal, gonadal and lumbar veins.
inferior vena cava
Like the arteries, the inferior vena cava divides into common ___, internal and external iliac veins. The external iliac becomes the ___, popliteal, and anterior and posterior ___ veins.
iliac
femoral
tibial
One important superficial vein of the lower extremity is the ___ ___ vein.
great saphenous vein
What do we call relaxation of the heart?
diastole
What do we call contraction of the heart?
systole
In a single heartbeat, the heart must receive blood in the ___ and then move this blood to the ___ and out to the lungs or the body. The ___ ___ is the sequence of events that makes this possible.
atria
ventricles
cardiac cycle
How many phases are there in the cardiac cycle?
3
(rest phase, atrial systole, ventricular systole)
Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle (rest phase)
the heart is relaxed and in diastole and blood flows into the atria then the ventricles
In phase one (the rest phase) the heart is relaxed or in ___. Blood ___ flows into the atria and subsequently into the ventricles. Actually, about ___ of blood flows into the ventricles without any contraction of the atria.
diastole
passively
70%
How do the valves operate?
by pressure
The valves operate by changes in ___. During phase one (rest phase) the pressure is ___ in the atria than in the ventricles. This causes both atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) to ___.
pressure
greater
open
In phase one, the relaxation of the ventricles (ventricular diastole) creates a ___ pressure in the ventricles than in the pulmonary trunk and aorta. This causes the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) to ___.
lower
close
In phase two (atrial systole), the atria contract while the ventricles are still in ___. The contraction of the atria pushes the remaining ___ of the blood into the ventricles. The atrioventricular valves remain ___ and the semilunar valves remain ___.
diastole
30%
open
closed
The final phase of the cardiac cycle is phase three (ventricular systole). It is characterized by atrial ___ and ventricular ___.
diastole
systole
In phase three, contraction of the ventricles causes ___ pressure in the ventricles. This increase in pressure causes the semilunar valves to ___ and the atrioventricular valves to ___.
increased
open
close
What are the three phases of the cardiac cycle?
Phase 1 - Rest Phase
Phase 2 - Atrial Systole
Phase 3 - Ventricular Systole
What happens after phase three (ventricular systole) of the cardiac cycle?
The heart enters the rest phase again and the cycle repeats
What is the procedure that allows medical professionals to hear heart sounds?
auscultation
A good deal of information can be obtained from listening to the heart with a ___. This procedure is called ___. The heart sounds are produced by changes in ___ during different parts of the cardiac cycle.
stethoscope
auscultation
blood flow
While there are four heart sounds that repeat continuously, how many are usually heard in healthy adults?
2
the four heart sounds
S1, S2, S3, S4
- We will focus on S1 and S2 *
What is the sound the hearts make during auscultation?
“lub”-“dub”
What is the “lub?”
the first sound, S1
results from closure of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid, bicuspid) during ventricular systole
S1 (heart sound)
the first sound
represents the closure of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole
it is louder and longer than the second sound
“lub”
Which heart sound is louder? S1 or S2?
S1
What is the “dub?”
the second sound, S2
results from closure of the semilunar valves (pulmonary, aortic) during ventricular diastole
S2 (heart sound)
the second heart sound
“dub”
represents the closure of the semilunar valves (pulmonary, aortic) during ventricular diastole
Sometimes, ___ can be heard between S2 and S1.
S3
What does S3 represent? What does it mean?
ventricular filling
this sound represents the transition from rapid to slow ventricular filling
it can be heard in children and athletes; it can also arise in congestive heart failure.
When is S3 heard?
it can be heard in children and athletes
it can also arise in congestive heart failure
What is the representation of the electrical events that occur in the heart?
ECG (electrocardiogram)
What is the special area of cardiac muscle that generates action potentials?
node
Cardiac muscle tissue is similar to ___ tissue because it contains long cells and is striated. The difference is that cardiac muscle tissue contains ___ ___ and nodes. Intercalated disks help transmit impulses across sections of the muscle. Nodes generate ___ ___.
skeletal
intercalated disks
action potentials
In a normal heartbeat, where does conduction begin?
sinoatrial node (pacemaker node)
What is the sinoatrial node?
an area of special cells called pacemaker cells in the posterior wall of the right atrium
What chamber of the heart is the sinoatrial (SA) node found in?
right atrium
The pacemaker cells (SA node) cannot maintain a normal resting membrane potential. (T/F)
true
The pacemaker cells ___ maintain a normal resting membrane potential but cycle from ___ to repolarization. The SA node can generate action potentials automatically at a rate of ___ beats per minute.
cannot
depolarization
60-100
How many action potentials can the SA node generate?
60-100 beats/minute
The impulse from the SA node is transferred by an ___ pathway consisting of conducting cells to the ___ (AV) node located on the floor of the right ___.
intermodal
atrioventricular
atrium
The impulse from the SA node to the AV node is delayed by about ___ ms as it passes through the AV node. This allows for the completion of atrial ___ before beginning ventricular contraction.
100 ms
contraction
The AV node is also capable of producing action potential on its own at a rate of ___ bpm.
40-60 bpm
*remember, SA node can generate 60-100 bpm
The ___ node is also capable of producing action potential on its own at a rate of 40-60 bpm. If for some reason the SA node becomes ___, the AV node will cause the heart to contract at 40-60 bpm.
AV
damaged
At what rate does the heart begin to decrease pumping efficiency?
180 bpm
What is the maximum rate the AV node can conduct impulses?
230 bpm
The heart cannot produce rates greater than 230 bpm unless it is ___. The maximal rate of ventricular contraction is about ____ bpm; however, contractions at these rates are very inefficient.
damaged
300-400
The impulse from the AV node travels to the atrioventricular (AV) ___ (Bundle of His). These cells can produce action potentials at a rate of ___ bpm.
bundle
20-40
The AV bundle connects the ___ and ___.
atria and ventricles
The AV bundle sends impulses to the ___ and ___ bundle branches. The branches extend to the ___ of the heart and distribute impulses to the ventricles via ___ fibers and to the papillary muscles via moderator bands.
right, left
apex
Purkinje
This distribution of impulses allows for the contraction of the papillary muscles before the ___. This allows for tensioning of the chordae tendonae of the atrioventricular ___ to help prevent ___ of blood to the atria.
ventricles
valves
backflow
___ fibers are fast-conducting cells and allow for even emptying of the ventricles.
Purkinje
The heart generates significant electrical impulses that can be ____. Devices that measure the heart’s electrical impulses produce a recording called an ___ or ECG (sometimes called an EKG).
measured
electrocardiogram
The information from an ECG can be used to determine ___ with conduction, nodes, or contraction of the heart. There are a variety of locations of electrodes that produce different ___ of the impulses.
problems
views
The electrical impulses in an ECG produce waves which are a ___ of electrical impulses in a given time frame.
summation
Letters of ECG/EKG (ascending order)
P, Q, R, S, T
P wave
represents atrial depolarization
The P wave is the ___ wave seen in an ECG and represents atrial ___. Atrial depolarization occurs just before atrial ___ (atria contract about 25 ms after the beginning of the P wave).
first
depolarization
contraction
The P wave is followed by the ___ complex. The QRS complex represents ventricular ___. Atrial repolarization is also occurring during this time but is ___ by the powerful ventricular signal.
QRS
depolarization
overshadowed
What follows the QRS complex? What is it a result of?
T wave
ventricular repolarization
The ___ follows the QRS complex and results from ventricular repolarization.
T wave
Common measurements of the ECG
P-R interval
Q-T interval
What does a prolonged P-R interval indicate?
conduction problem
What does a prolonged Q-T interval indicate?
heart damage or electrolyte problem
What is the term for the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during one contraction?
stroke volume
What is the term for the amount of blood pumped through the heart (left ventricle) in 1 minute?
cardiac output
What is a measure of ventricular efficiency?
cardiac output
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in ___ ___.
one minute
___ ___ is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. It is a measure of ___ ___.
Cardiac output
ventricular efficiency
Cardiac output equation
CO = SV x HR
What do CO, SV, and HR stand for?
CO = SV x HR
CO = cardiac output
SV = stroke volume
HR = heart rate
Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in ___ contraction.
one
Heart rate is in ___ per minute.
beats
Generally, SV is about ____ ml.
70-80 mL
For example, if HR is 70 bpm and SV is 80 ml then cardiac output is ___ ml per minute or ___ L per minute.
5,600 mL
5.6 L
Factors that influence ___ and ___ will also affect cardiac output (CO).
SV, HR
SV is affected by end ___ volume (EDV) or the amount of blood in the left ventricle just ___ contraction as well as end ___ volume (ESV) which is the amount of blood remaining in the left ventricle ___ contraction (systole).
diastolic
before
systolic
after
How can we calculate SV from EDV and ESV?
SV = EDV - ESV
Example: Let’s say we have two patients. One is a highly trained endurance athlete; the other suffers from congestive heart failure. The athlete enters our office and you begin your cardiac assessment by taking her pulse. You record the resting pulse as 55 bpm.
Your next patient enters the room and you also take his pulse and record it at 100 bpm.
How is cardiac output responsible for the difference in the two pulses?
In both circumstances, the heart works to provide adequate amounts of oxygenated blood to the tissues. In other words, the heart is working to maintain a good cardiac output. The athlete’s stroke volume is high because of her athletic conditioning. Therefore the heart rate will be low in order to maintain good cardiac output.
The CHF patient’s stroke volume is much lower than the athlete’s. The heart rate must be higher in order to maintain cardiac output.
What is Starling’s law?
it states that the force of contraction of the ventricles will increase with an increase in the blood in the ventricles
Starling’s law describes the relationship between the heart’s ___ ___ and the volume of blood in the ventricles ___ contraction. Starling’s law of the heart relates the ___ of the ventricular walls to stroke volume.
stroke volume
before
stretch
The degree of stretch of the ventricular walls is called ___. An increase in preload results in an increase in ___ ___ which, in turn, increases cardiac output.
preload
stroke volume
Stroke volume is also affected by ___ return which can vary from 2L/min to about 24 L/min.
venous
What is the normal cardiac output for an adult?
5-6 L/min
The cardiovascular system will always work to ___ cardiac output in order to supply ___ blood to the body.
maintain
oxygenated
Starling’s law only works in ___ hearts.
healthy
Hypertension is also known as ___.
high blood pressure
Hypertension or high blood pressure is chronically elevated blood pressure of ___ mm Hg or above.
140/90 mm Hg
Hypertension is typically a ___ disorder, so patients may fail to recognize the ___ of their condition and fail to follow their treatment plan.
silent
seriousness
Hypertension can cause further diseases such as heart attack, kidney failure, stroke, or aneurism which is a ___ of a blood vessel from a weakened wall.
ballooning
Stroke is the result of an inadequate or interrupted blood supply to the ___. Since brain cells can ___ in minutes, stroke is a medical emergency.
brain
die
What are the two main types of stroke?
- a blocked artery (ischemic stroke)
- a leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke)
What do we call a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain?
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Some people may have only a ___ disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a ___ ischemic attack (TIA), that does ___ cause lasting symptoms.
temporary
transient
not
What is the most common type of stroke?
ischemia
(narrowed or blocked blood vessels reducing blood flow to the brain)
What is an ischemic stroke?
when the brain’s blood vessels become narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
when the brain’s blood vessels leak or burst
The most common type of stroke occurs when the brain’s blood vessels become ___ or blocked, causing severely ___ blood flow (ischemia).
narrowed
reduced
Blocked or narrowed blood vessels are caused by ___ deposits that build up in blood vessels, or by blood ___, or other debris that travel through the bloodstream, most often from the heart, and lodge in the ___ ___ in the brain.
fatty
clots
blood vessels
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ___ or ___. Brain hemorrhages can result from many conditions that affect the blood vessels,
leaks
ruptures/bursts
Factors related to hemorrhagic stroke include:
- Uncontrolled high blood pressure
- Overtreatment with blood thinners (anticoagulants)
- Bulges at weak spots in your blood vessel walls (aneurysms)
- Trauma (such as a car accident)
- Protein deposits in blood vessel walls that lead to weakness in the vessel wall (cerebral amyloid angiopathy)
- Ischemic stroke leading to hemorrhage
An Aneurism is an abnormal bulge or ___ in the wall of a blood vessel.
ballooning
What is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel?
an aneurysm
An ___ is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. An aneurysm can burst (rupture), causing ___ ___ and often leading to death. Aneurysms usually do not cause symptoms, so you might not know you have an aneurysm even if it’s large.
aneurysm
internal bleeding
Do aneurysms usually cause symptoms?
no
aneurysms usually do not cause symptoms, so you might not know you have an aneurysm even if it’s large.
Arteriosclerosis is normally defined as the more generalized loss of compliance, “___ of the arteries,”
hardening
___ is a more specific term for arteriosclerosis and is the most common type of arteriosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis
What do we call the build-up of plaque in the walls of the vessel? It is a specific type of arteriosclerosis.
atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is a ___ term used to describe the ___ of the arteries
general
hardening
If you have too many cholesterol particles in your blood, ___ may accumulate on your ___ walls. Eventually, deposits called ___ may form. These deposits can narrow or block your arteries. These plaques can also chip away or burst, causing a blood ___ to form.
cholesterol
artery
plaques
clot
An Arrhythmia is an ___ heart rhythm, either too fast (___), too slow (___), too early (___) or irregular. They are diagnosed with ECGs.
abnormal
tachycardia
bradycardia
ectopic
How can we diagnose an arrhythmia?
ECG
tachycardia
heart beats too fast (high heart rate)
bradycardia
heart beats too slow (low heart rate)
ectoptic beats
heart beats too early (irregular heart rate)
A heart attack or myocardial infarction is a deadly medical emergency where your heart ___ begins to die because it is ___ getting enough blood flow.
muscle
not
another name for heart attack is ___ ___
myocardial infarction
What is a heart attack?
occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, preventing the heart from getting enough oxygen
A ___ ___ is usually caused by a ___ in the arteries that supply blood to your heart. If blood flow is not restored quickly, a heart attack can cause ___ heart damage and death.
heart attack
blockage
permanent
