TEAS 7 - Science (Muscular System) Flashcards
One of three major muscle types, this muscle is found only in the heart.
cardiac muscle
___ are very fine contractile fibers, groups of which extend in parallel columns along the length of striated muscle fibers.
Myofibrils
The ___ is the fundamental unit of contraction and is defined as the region between two Z-lines.
sarcomere
___ are thin filaments of protein that form (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and are also involved in motion in other types of cells.
Actin
___ are thick filaments of fibrous protein that form (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and are also involved in motion in other types of cells.
Myosin
Muscles move bones by ___ and ___.
contracting
relaxing
There are 3 types of muscles. What are they?
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
___ muscle moves bones and generates heat.
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle moves ___ and generates heat.
bones
The cells in skeletal muscle are called ___ and they contain a reddish pigment called ___. These cells have ___ nuclei.
myocytes
myoglobin
multiple
If you looked at skeletal muscle under a microscope, you would see that it has tiny lines called ___.
striations
The striations of skeletal muscle mark the contractile units called ___. In other words, between each set of striations is a sarcomere.
sarcomeres
What is between each set of striations?
a sarcomere
The myocytes also contain ___ nuclei.
multiple
___ muscle looks a lot like skeletal muscle since it is also striated.
Cardiac muscle
Why do cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle look alike?
they both have striations
The cells of cardiac muscles are called ___. These cells have ___ nucleus
cardiomyocytes
1
Cardiac muscle contains special cell junctions called ___ ___.
intercalated discs
___ muscle contains special cell junctions called intercalated discs which help the cells contract ___ which is important in moving blood through the ___.
Cardiac muscle
together
heart
Smooth muscle has a ___ organized structure than skeletal or cardiac muscle.
less
Smooth muscle contains cells with only ___ nucleus and there are __ striations.
1
no
What is the only type of muscle without striations?
smooth muscle
What is the only type of muscle with intercalated discs?
cardiac muscle
What is the only muscle cell with multiple nuceli?
myocytes (skeletal muscle)
What are the two muscle types with striations?
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
Where is smooth muscle found?
the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems and in blood vessels
Skeletal muscle is arranged in ___ within bundles. The most outer layer contains connective tissue called ___. Deep to the fascia there is a layer called the ___ and deep to this layer we have smaller bundles called ___.
bundles
fascia
epimysium
fascicles
The most outer layer of skeletal muscle contains connective tissue called ___ which continues along the length of the muscle and becomes the ___ that attach muscle to bone.
fascia
tendons
What is the most outer layer of skeletal muscle?
fascia
What is the layer deep to the fascia called?
epimysium
What is the layer deep to the epimysium called?
fascicles
Each fascicle contains an outer layer called the ___ and inside each fascicle there are bundles of muscle fibers. The ___ surrounds each muscle fiber, and the muscle fibers contain smaller protein filaments surrounded by a membrane known as the ___.
perimysium
endomysium
sarcolemma
What layer surrounds each fascicle?
perimysium
What layer surrounds each muscle fiber?
endomysium
What surrounds the smaller protein filaments of the muscle fibers?
sarcolemma
Cardiac muscle can contract on its ___ because it contains areas of special tissue called nodes. The nodes control large areas of muscle in order to produce synchronous ___ of the heart.
own
contractions
Why can cardiac muscle contract on its own?
because it contains areas of special tissue called nodes
Smooth muscle is under ___ control and can sustain contractions for ___ period of time.
involuntary
long
Is smooth muscle under voluntary or involuntary control?
involuntary
Smooth muscle can also produce a wave like contraction called ___. For example, food moves through the digestive tract by way of ___.
peristalsis
peristalsis
When we describe the ___ of skeletal muscles, we use the terms origin and insertion.
location
The ___ of a muscle is the less mobile end of a joint. The ___ is the more mobile end of a joint.
origin
insertion
Think of how the body is structured. Joints need to be ___ on one end and more mobile on the other. Generally, there is more mobility at the distal ends of joints.
anchored
distal
How bones connect to bones?
ligaments
How do muscles connect to bones?
tendons
Muscles connect to bones through dense connective tissue structures called ___.
tendons
Sometimes the tendons are broad and flattened. These are called ___.
aponeuroses
An example of an aponeurosis is a ___ ___ on the lateral aspect of the thigh known as the iliotibial band.
flat tendon
What is an example of an aponeurosis?
flat tendon on the lateral aspect of the thigh known as the iliotibial band
Think of how muscles move joints. In order to ___ a joint in one direction you have to have at least one muscle on that side of the joint. To bring the joint back to its ___ position you need to have at least one muscle on the opposite side of the joint.
move
original
When the first muscle contracts the other muscle ___. The first muscle that produced the movement is called the ___. The second muscle on the opposite side of the joint that opposes the movement is called the ___.
relaxes
agonist
antagonist
The ___ muscle that produced the movement is called the agonist.
first muscle
The ___ muscle on the opposite side of the joint that opposes the movement is called the antagonist.
second muscle
Let’s look at an example to illustrate this:
The elbow can move into flexion or extension. The elbow has a muscle on the anterior side called the ___. It also has a muscle on the posterior side called the ___. Elbow flexion (bending the elbow) is caused by contraction of the biceps muscle. In this case, we can say that the biceps muscle is the ___. Since the triceps muscle opposes this movement it is called the ___.
biceps
triceps
agonist
antagonist
Identify the epicranial aponeurosis.
Point to the structure.
Identify the occipitiofrontalis muscle.
Point to the structure.
Identify the orbicularis oris.
Point to the structure.
Identify the buccinator.
Point to the structure.
Identify the sternocleidomastoid.
Point to the structure.
Identify the trapezius.
Point to the structure.
Identify the levator scapulae.
Point to the structure.
Identify the scalenes.
Point to the structures.
Identify the pectoralis major muscle.
Point to the structure.
Identify the serratus anterior muscle.
Point to the structure.
Identify the abdominal muscles.
Point to the structures.
Identify the external oblique muscles.
Point to the structures.
