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phase2a medicine > stuff to do with arrhythmias > Flashcards

stuff to do with arrhythmias Flashcards

Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, heart block, sinus tachycardia, supra ventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular ectopic beat all in one deck.

1
Q

complications of atrial fibrillation

A

stroke

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2
Q

symptoms of atrial fibrillation

A

chest pain

palpitations

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3
Q

ECG diagnosis of atrial fibrillation

A

no P wave

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4
Q

treatment of atrial fibrillation

A

beta blocker for rate control
digoxin
cardioversion for rhythm control

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5
Q

pathology of atrial fibrillation

A

AVN receives overload of depolarisation

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6
Q

pathology of atrial flutter

A

re-entrant circuit within the right atrium

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7
Q

symptoms of atrial flutter

A

hard/fast heart beat
difficulty breathing
chest discomfort
syncope

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8
Q

complications of atrial flutter

A

blood clots

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9
Q

treatment of atrial flutter

A

rhythm control - amiodarone, cardioversion

rate control - beta blocker

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10
Q

ECG diagnosis of atrial flutter

A

regular rate of 300bpm
ventricular rate determined by AV conduction ratio - usually 2:1
sawtooth in II, III, aVF
narrow QRS complex

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11
Q

ECG diagnosis of left BBB

A

WiLLiaM
W pattern in v1
M pattern in v2

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12
Q

ECG diagnosis of right BBB

A

MaRRoW
M pattern in v1
W pattern in v6

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13
Q

pathology of heart block

A

disrupted passage of electrical impulse through AVN

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14
Q

symptoms of heart block

A

dizzy
light-headed
palpitations

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15
Q

complications of heart block

A

missed beats

syncope

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16
Q

complications of 3rd degree heart block

A

bradycardia –> haemodynamic compromise

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17
Q

treatment of heart block

A

artificial pacemaker

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18
Q

ECG signs of 1st degree heart block

A

PR interval is prolonged and unchanging

no missed beat

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19
Q

ECG signs of 2nd degree heat block - Mobitz I

A

PR interval becomes longer and longer until a QRS is missed, then the pattern resets (Wenckebach phenomenon)

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20
Q

ECG signs of 2nd degree heart block - Mobitz II

A

QRS regularly missed (e.g. 2:1)

may progress to complete heart block

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21
Q

ECG signs of 3rd degree heart block

A

complete heart block

P waves and QRS appear completely independent of one another

22
Q

pathology of sinus tachycardia

A

high frequency of normal impulse initiation from SAN

23
Q

complications of sinus tachycardia

A

ischaemia or valvular disease due to increased myocardial demand

24
Q

treatment of sinus tachycardia

A

treat the cause

beta blockers

25
Q

ECG diagnosis of sinus tachycardia

A

rate >100
regular rhythm
shortened PR interval
shortened but morphologically normal QRS

26
Q

symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia

A

palpitations
faintness
chest pain

27
Q

ECG diagnosis of supra ventricular tachycardia

A

narrow QRS complex (but varies for each condition)

28
Q

4 main types of supra ventricular tachycardia

A

atrial fibrillation
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome
atrial flutter

29
Q

pathology of ventricular tachycardia

A

fast heart rate due to improper electrical activity in the ventricles

30
Q

symptoms of ventricular tachycardia

A

palpitations and chest pain

31
Q

complications of ventricular tachycardia

A

cardiac arrest

ventricular fibrillation

32
Q

treatment of ventricular tachycardia

A

defibrillation
cardioversion
calcium channel blockers

33
Q

ECG diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia

A

heart rate above 120bpm and at least 3 wide QRS complexes in a row

34
Q

ECG sign of hypercalcaemia

A

QT shortening

35
Q

ECG sign of hypocalcaemia

A

QT prolongation

36
Q

pathology of ventricular atopic beat

A

initiation of contrition in Purkinje fibres rather than the SAN

37
Q

symptoms of ventricular atopic beat

A

skipped beat

palpitations

38
Q

complications of ventricular atopic beat

A

(unlikely)
arrhythmias
cardiomyopathy

39
Q

treatment of ventricular atopic beat

A

anti-arrhythmics
beta blockers
calcium channel blockers

40
Q

diagnosis of ventricular atopic beat

41
Q

prolonged QT syndrome pathology

A

channelopathy - abnormal repolarisation of heart muscle

differences in refractory periods across cells leading to ‘afterdepolarisations’

42
Q

sign of prolonged QT syndrome

A

sudden death

43
Q

symptoms of prolonged QT syndrome

A

syncope
seizures
sudden death

44
Q

complications of prolonged QT syndrome

A

QT prolonging drugs can kill

45
Q

treatment of prolonged QT syndrome

A

avoid strenuous exercise
get sufficient potassium in diet
beta blockers
implantable cardiac defibrillator

46
Q

ECG diagnosis of prolonged QT syndrome

A

corrected QT interval of greater than 440-500ms together with clinical findings

47
Q

pathology of Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

A

pre-excitation syndrome

accessory conduction pathway between atria and ventricles - bundle of Kent

48
Q

symptoms of Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

A

tachycardia
palpitations
syncope
dyspnoea

49
Q

treatment of Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

A

ablation of accessory pathway

50
Q

ECG diagnosis of Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

A

short PR interval and a delta wave, wide QRS

phase2a medicine (53 decks)

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