Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

phase2a medicine > respiratory disease - COPD, asthma, and lung cancer > Flashcards

respiratory disease - COPD, asthma, and lung cancer Flashcards

Risk factors, pathology, clinical signs, complications, diagnosis, and treatment for various respiratory conditions.

1
Q

COPD includes

A

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
asthma
bronchiectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

COPD definition

A

airflow obstruction caused by small airways disease and parenchymal destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

emphysema risk factors

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
coal dust
cadmium toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

COPD risk factors

A 
middle aged men
cigarette smoke
occupational dust and chemicals
pollution
low socio-economic status
childhood infections
genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

clinical definition of COPD

A

cough and sputum for 3 months in 2 consecutive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathology of COPD

A

mucous hypersecretion with bronchial mucous gland hypertrophy
loss of ciliated cells, squamous metaplasia
respiratory bronchiolitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

later stages of COPD

A

hypercapnia, hyperaemia, cyanosis

carcinogenic - dysplastic metaplastic squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

clinical signs of COPD

A 
cough
dyspnoea/tachypnoea
shortness of breath
hyperinflation 
use of accessory muscles on inhalation
low PaO2
high PaCO2 (low alveolar ventilation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why do patients with COPD get pulmonary hypertension?

A

obliteration and vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pink puffer

A

weight loss
breathless
emphysematous
maintained pO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

blue bloater

A

cough
phlegm
cor pulmonale
respiratory failure (type 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

complications of COPD

A

cor pulmonale - pulmonary hypertension and fluid overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

COPD spirometry

A

always abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

diagnosis of COPD

A

FEV1 <80% of predicted

FEV1:FVC ratio <70% predicted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

staging of COPD

A
  1. FEV1 >80%
  2. FEV1 50-79%
  3. FEV1 30-49%
  4. FEV1 <30%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

treatment for patients with upper lobe predominant emphysema

A

lung reduction surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

treatment for mild COPD (stage 1)

A

ipratropium bromide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

treatment for moderate COPD (stage 2)

A

tiotropium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

treatment for severe COPD (stage 3)

A

glucocorticosteroid (beclamethasone diproprionate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

treatment for very severe COPD (stage 4)

A

home O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

first line treatments for COPD

A

stop smoking
exercise
ß2 agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

atopy

A

tendency to develop IgE mediated reactions to common aeroallergens

23
Q

incidence of asthma

A

1 in 11 children

1 in 12 adults

24
Q

definition of asthma

A

increased irritability of bronchi causing spasm, paroxysmal attacks, over-distended lungs, mucous plugs in bronchi, and enlarged bronchial mucous glands

25
Q

short-term/acute pathology of asthma

A

trigger –> IgE mediated type 1 hypersensitivity –> mast cell degranulation –> histamine and cytokines released –> bronchoconstriction, mucous production, and inflammation (increased vascular permeability)

26
Q

long-term/chronic pathology of asthma

A

airways remodelling and repeated airway constriction –> smooth muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy + mucous gland hyperplasia and metaplasia –> increased in goblet cells

27
Q

clinical signs of asthma

A 
intermittent dyspnoea
chest tightness
cough (nocturnal)
sputum
tachypnoea
polyphonic wheeze
hyper inflated chest
hyper resonance
28
Q

what is associated with later onset asthma?

A

nasal polyposis and aspirin sensitivity

29
Q

why does asthma have a diurnal variation?

A

natural dip in catecholamines in the middle of the night

30
Q

which patients are at risk of asthma death?

A

on 3 or more medications
frequently hospitalised
previous near fatal disease
psychosocial factors

31
Q

diagnosis of asthma using peak expiratory flow

A

> 20% variation on >3 days/week for 2-4 weeks

32
Q

diagnosis of asthma using bronchodilator reversibility testing

A

baseline spirometry –> salbutamol –> repeat spirometry after 15 minutes –> FEV1 increase by >15%

33
Q

diagnostic tests for asthma

A 
peak expiratory flow
bronchodilator reversibility testing
spirometry 
FBC (eosinophils)
test for allergies and atopy
chest XR
O2 sats
lung function testing
34
Q

treatment for asthma

A

ß2 agonist - salbutamol
corticosteroid - beclomethasone
bronchial thermoplasty

35
Q

what is the role of steroids in the treatment of asthma?

A

they reduce inflammation and mortality

36
Q

treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma

A

anti-IgE
anti-IL5
oral steroids
additional immunosuppressants

37
Q

treatment of acute asthma

A

high flow O2 and emergency ß agonists

38
Q

risk factors for lung carcinoma

A

smoking (20 cigarettes a day increases risk by 10x)
asbestos
metallic toxins
other occupational exposures

39
Q

where does small cell carcinoma arise?

A

peribronchial locations –> infiltrates the bronchial submucosa

40
Q

clinical signs of lung carcinoma

A 
late presentation 
cough 
dyspnoea
weight loss
debility
central tumour mass 
nerve palsies (recurrent laryngeal and phrenic)
Horner's syndrome
weight loss
loss of appetite
fatigue
metastatic signs
41
Q

what percentage of patients already have metastases when diagnosed with small cell carcinoma?

A

70%

42
Q

complications of lung small cell carcinoma

A

paraneoplastic syndromes

metastasis to lymph nodes, liver, bones, adrenal glands, and brain

43
Q

paraneoplastic syndromes with lung carcinoma

A

secretion of PTH
SIADH
secretion of ACTH and other hormones
hypertrophic pulmonary osteoporosis-arthropathy
myasthenic syndrome (Eaton Lambert)
finger clubbing
migratory thrombophlebitis (red and painful swelling of skin)
non-infective endocarditis (Libman Sacks)
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

44
Q

small cell carcinoma definition

A

an undifferentiated neoplasm composing of primitive appearing cells

45
Q

lung small cell carcinoma treatment

A

radiation and combination chemotherapy

46
Q

what percentage of lung cancers are non-small cell carcinoma?

A

85%

47
Q

two types of lung non-small cell carcinoma

A

adenocarcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

48
Q

signs on CXR of lung carcinoma

A 
pulmonary nodule
mass or infiltrate
mediastinal widening
atelectasis
hilar enlargement
pleural effusion
49
Q

diagnostic tests for lung carcinoma

A 
physical examination
FBC
CXR
bronchoscopy
sputum
cytology
mediastinoscopy
thoracentesis
thoracoscopy
transthoracic needle biopsy
50
Q

non-small cell lung carcinoma treatment

A

surgery and chemotherapy

lobectomy - removing a section of lung
pneumonectomy - removing the entire lung
wedge resection - removing part of a lobe

51
Q

risk factors for mesothelioma

A

asbestos exposure

52
Q

pathology of mesothelioma

A

tumour of the lung pleura

53
Q

diagnosis of mesothelioma

A

pleural thickening or effusion on CXR
bloody pleural fluid
histology

diagnosis is often made post mortem

54
Q

treatment of mesothelioma

A

pemetrexed and cisplatin
intrapleural drain

(very high death rate)

phase2a medicine (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions