GI cancer Flashcards
risk factors for adenocarcinoma of oesophagus
tobacco and alcohol (due to aldehyde metabolites)
obesity
Barrett’s oesophagus
signs of oesophageal cancer
difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) weight loss swollen lymph nodes in neck hoarse voice haemoptysis haematemesis retrosternal chest pain
diagnosis of oesophageal cancer
oesophagogastroduodenoscopy
biopsy –> histopathology
contrast CT
radial endoscopic ultrasound
treatment of oesophageal cancer
endoscopic mucosal resection if small
oesophagectomy if large
chemotherapy (cisplatin)
radiotherapy
risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of oesophagus
very hot drinks tobacco alcohol obesity male
risk factors for stomach cancer
pernicious anaemia blood group A H.pylori infection atrophic gastritis adenomatous polyps smoking diet low socioeconomic groups high salt intake pickled food E-cadherin mutation
signs of stomach cancer
epigastric mass hepatomegaly jaundice dyspepsia weight loss vomiting dysphagia anaemia
5 year survival rate for stomach cancer
10%
diagnosis for stomach cancer
gastroscopy
biopsy all ulcers
CT/MRI for staging
treatment of stomach cancer
resect if possible endoscopic mucosal resection chemoradiotherapy combined chemo targeted therapy - e.g. trastuzumab for HER2 positive tumours
risk factors for small bowel cancer
Crohn's disease Coeliac disease male radiation exposure familial adenomatous polyposis hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer Peutz-Jegher's syndrome
which types of cancer affect the small bowel?
adenocarcinoma
GI stromal tumour
lymphoma
signs of small bowel cancer
GI bleeding
liver metastases
dysphagia
abdominal pain
diagnosis of small bowel cancer
CT scan
endoscopic biopsy
immune-histochemistry
barium fluoroscopy
treatment of small bowel cancer
surgery
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
risk factors for large bowel cancer
neoplastic polyps IBD genetics (8%) diet alcohol smoking previous cancer juvenile polyposis syndrome
pathology of large bowel cancer
usually an adenocarcinoma (arises from glandular tissue of epithelium) due to prolonged exposure to carcinogenic factors
symptoms of left sided large bowel cancer
bleeding mucous altered bowel habit obstruction mass haemorrhage fistula
symptoms of right sided large bowel cancer
weight loss decrease in Hb abdominal pain less likely to have obstruction haemorrhage mass fistula
complications of large bowel cancer
bowel obstruction
diagnosis of large bowel cancer
FBC (microcytic anaemia) faecal occult blood sigmoidoscopy colonscopy CT DNA test when older than 15 years if there is a family history
treatment of large bowel cancer
surgical resection
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
what percentage of large bowel cancers occur in the rectum and how can they be identified?
38%
identify with DRE
