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phase2a medicine > a little bit more of the cardiovascular > Flashcards

a little bit more of the cardiovascular Flashcards

Stuff nearer the end of the list, but nevertheless important.

1
Q

pathology of peripheral vascular disease

A

atherosclerotic blockages leading to arterial insufficiency

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2
Q

signs of peripheral vascular disease

A 
pallor
pulses decreased
perishing cold
pain
paraesthesia
paralysis
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3
Q

symptoms of peripheral vascular disease

A 
impairment in walking
pain 
discomfort
numbness
tiredness in legs that is relieved by rest
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4
Q

treatment of peripheral vascular disease

A 
exercise
revascularisation 
stenting
ACEi 
BB
antiplatelets
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5
Q

diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease

A

pt with a history of leg pain relieved by rest
MRI angiography
duplex US

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6
Q

what is critical limb ischaemia?

A

Fontaine classification 4 peripheral arterial disease

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7
Q

signs of critical limb ischaemia

A

ulceration
gangrene
intermittent claudication

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8
Q

symptoms of critical limb ischaemia

A

burning pain at night, relieved by hanging legs over the bed

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9
Q

complications of critical limb ischaemia

A

gangrene

mass tissue loss

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10
Q

diagnosis of critical limb ischaemia

A

triad of rest pain, arterial insufficiency, gangrene & ulcers

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11
Q

pathology of pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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12
Q

signs of pericarditis

A 
central chest pain relived by leaning forward
fever
pericardial rub (like crunching snow)
tachypnoea
tachycardia
cough 
dyspnoea
pulsus paradoxus
Beck's triad
hiccups
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13
Q

what is Beck’s triad? (cardiac tamponade)

A

distant heart sounds
distended jugular veins
decreased arterial pressure

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14
Q

what causes constrictive pericarditis?

A

build up of calcium around heart

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15
Q

complications of pericarditis

A

tamponade - compression upon atria (and later the ventricles)

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16
Q

treatment of pericarditis

A

analgesia
steroids/immunosuppressants
treat primary pathology

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17
Q

ECG diagnosis of pericarditis

A

diffuse ST elevation
PR depression
sinus tachycardia
concave ST segment with no reciprocal ST depression

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18
Q

how to distinguish STEMI from pericarditis on ECG

A

for pericarditis, everything above the isoelectric line looks normal

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19
Q

pathology of aortic stenosis

A

orifice reduced to a quarter of normal size due to…

degenerative calcification
congenital
rheumatoid factors

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20
Q

signs of aortic stenosis

A

murmur
pulsus trades et parvus (slow rising)
soft/absent 2nd heart sound

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21
Q

symptoms of aortic stenosis

A

syncope
angina
dyspnoea

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22
Q

treatment of aortic stenosis

A

surgery - TAVI - inflate balloon to open valve (don’t give vasodilators)

23
Q

ECG diagnosis of aortic stenosis

A

P mitrale (bifid P wave)

24
Q

diagnostic tests for aortic stenosis

A 
ECG
LVH
LAD
CXR
echocardiogram
25
Q

pathology of mitral regurgitation

A

regurgitation causes left atrial dilation which causes pulmonary venous HTN –> pulmonary HTN

regurgitation can also cause left ventricular dilation –> left ventricular hypertrophy – left ventricular heart failure due to volume overload

26
Q

signs of mitral regurgitation

A

heart murmur
displaced hyper dynamic apex
atrial fibrillation
pan systolic murmur at apex radiating to axilla

27
Q

symptoms of mitral regurgitation

A

fatigue

dyspnoea on exertion

28
Q

complications of mitral regurgitation

A

pulmonary hypertension (pressure can back up to lungs)
LA and LV enlargement
heart failure

29
Q

treatment of mitral regurgitation

A 
surgery 
ACEi (vasodilation)
BB (rate control)
anticoagulation if AF present
diuretics
30
Q

ECG diagnosis of mitral regurgitation

A

P mitrale in lead II

evidence of LA enlargement

31
Q

diagnostic tests for mitral regurgitation

A

ECG
CXR
echocardiogram

(evidence of LA enlargement on all of the above)

32
Q

pathology of shock

A

circulatory failure - inadequate organ perfusion

33
Q

types of shock

A 
haemorrhage/hypovolaemic
anaphylactic
septic
cardiogenic
neurogenic
34
Q

features of haemorrhage/hypovolaemic shock

A

bleeding
diarrhoea
ascites
pancreatitis

35
Q

features of anaphylactic shock

A

vascular tone
histamine
urticaria
oedema

36
Q

features of septic shock

A

SIRS + suspected infection + hypotension

37
Q

causes of cardiogenic shock

A

pump failure

inadequate lining

38
Q

causes of neurogenic/spinal shock

A

traumatic section

iatrogenic

39
Q

signs of shock

A 
pallor
rapid but weak pulse
low bp 
decreased capillary refill time
oliguria
confusion 
chest pain
40
Q

treatment of shock

A

IV access
fluids
high flow oxygen

41
Q

pathology of Naxos disease

A

arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy

woolly hair and predisposition to ventricular tachycardia –> likely to drop dead

42
Q

pathology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

sarcomeric gene mutations

43
Q

pathology of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

cytoskeletal mutations

LV/RV/4 chamber dysfunction and failure

44
Q

pathology of arrhythmic cardiomyopathy

A

desmosome gene mutation

45
Q

symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

angina
dyspnoea
palpitations
syncope

46
Q

symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

heart failure symptoms

47
Q

symptoms of arrhythmic cardiomyopathy

A

arrhythmia

48
Q

complications of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

arrhythmias due to fibrosis

sudden death - more likely if little bursts of ventricular tachycardia

49
Q

complications of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

arrhythmias

50
Q

diagnosis of cardiomyopathy

A

ECG

genetic tests

51
Q

treatment of cardiomyopathy

A

beta blockers
ACEi
implantable defib

dilated cardiomyopathy likely to get a heart transplant

52
Q

ECG sign of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

deep T wave inversion

53
Q

what is brigada?

A

ST elevation in anterior leads

phase2a medicine (53 decks)

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