Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

phase2a medicine > endocrine diseases > Flashcards

endocrine diseases Flashcards

Risk factors, pathology, signs, complications, diagnosis, and treatment for all endocrine conditions on the phase 2a list.

1
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

metabolic disorder of chronic hyperglycaemia due to insulin resistance or deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T1DM risk factors

A

hypothyroidism
Addison’s
Coeliac disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T2DM risk factors

A

HLA DR3 mutation
family history
lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

secondary diabetes due to

A

haemochromatosis, cancer, CF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

signs of diabetes

A 
polyuria
polydipsia
tiredness
blurred vision
weight loss (due to water loss and gluconeogenesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

signs of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

chronic hyperglycaemia
raised plasma ketones
metabolic acidosis (low bicarbonate)
kussmaal breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does diabetic ketoacidosis occur?

A

reduced insulin –> reduced fat breakdown and formation of glycerol and free fatty acids –> impair glucose uptake and are transported to liver –> oxidised to ketone bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

complications of diabetes mellitus

A 
microvascular disease:
stroke and CVD
retinopathy due to leakage and occlusion of blood vessels (protein, fat, and glial cells grow down blood vessels)
neuropathy
nephropathy 
peripheral vascular disease
foot ulceration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fasting glucose diabetes mellitus diagnosis

A

> 7 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

random glucose diabetes mellitus diagnosis

A

> 11.1 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HbA1c diabetes mellitus diagnosis

A

> 6.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

test urine to diagnose diabetes

A

moderate to large urinary ketones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T1DM treatment

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T2DM treatment

A

lifestyle modifications
statins and bp lowering drugs
metformin
sulfonylureas (e.g. gliclazide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does metformin work?

A

it reduces gluconeogenesis and increases glucose sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

treatment of DKA

A

rehydration
insulin
electrolyte replacement
treat underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

risk factors for hyperthyroidism

A 
hyperiodinism
too much synthetic thyroxine
Graves' disease
thyroiditis
amiodarone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

primary hyperthyroidism

A

high T3 and T4

low TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

secondary hyperthyroidism

A

high T3 and T4

high TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

signs of hyperthyroidism

A

prefers cold weather, bad tempered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
pretibial myxoedema (rare)
sweaty
diarrhoea
oligomenorrhoea
weight loss
tremor
palpitations
visual problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

complications of hyperthyroidism

A

osteoporosis

thyroid storm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

treatment of hyperthyroidism

A 
radioiodine therapy
thyroid surgery 
beta-blockers
carbimazole
thionamide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

risk factors for hypothyroidism

A

low dietary iodine
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune)
surgery
post-partum thyroiditis (affects 1 in 20 women)
other autoimmune conditions: T1DM, Addison’s, vitiligo, alopecia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

primary hypothyroidism

A

high TSH

low T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

secondary hypothyroidism

A

pituitary dysfunction

low T3, T4, and TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

tertiary hypothyroidism

A

hypothalamus problem

low T3, T4, and TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

signs of hypothyroidism

A

prefers warm weather

goitre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A 
depressed
slow
tired
thin hair
croaky voice
heavy periods
constipation
dry skin 
puffy face
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

A

thyroid function test - raised T4, low TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

diagnosis of hypothyroidism

A

thyroid function test - low T4, TSH varies throughout the day (higher when dark)
check for thyroid autoantibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

treatment of primary hypothyroidism

A

levothyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

thyroxine dose for patient with hypothyroidism

A

1.6mg per kg of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

autoimmune hypothyroidism

A

inflammatory infiltrate replaces follicles
thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase antibodies
thyroid cell destruction is mediated by CD8 T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

risk factors for Grave’s disease

A 
genetic
environmental 
female
smoking
having another autoimmune disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

pathology of Grave’s disease

A

thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin causes excess production of thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

signs of Grave’s disease

A 
poor heat tolerance
sleeping problems
tachycardia
acropachy (finger clubbing)
proptosis (eye bulging)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

symptoms of Grave’s disease

A 
pretibial myxoedema
eye bulging
unintentional weight loss
muscle weakness
goitre
oligomenorrhoea
hand tremor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

complications of Grave’s disease

A

Grave’s ophthalmopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

treatment of Grave’s disease

A

radioiodine uptake therapy
thyroid surgery
beta blockers
carbimazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

action of carbimazole

A

acts on thyroid peroxidase enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

risk factors for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

female
over 60
HLA-DR5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

gradual autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland

goitre due to lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

signs of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

panic disorder
heavy periods
enlarged and lobulated thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

symptoms of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A 
goitre
weight gain
feeling tired
constipation 
depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

complications of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

thyroid lymphoma (non-Hodgkin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb)

anti-thyroglobulin antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

treatment of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

levothyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

cause of Cushing’s disease

A

pituitary adenoma

or ectopic tumour producing ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

pathology of Cushing’s disease

A

adrenal gland produces more cortisol due to excess ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

signs of Cushing’s disease

A 
hypertension
weak muscles
acne
fragile skin which heals poorly
central obesity
osteoporosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

symptoms of Cushing’s disease

A 
central obesity with thin arms and legs
hump 
women have more hair
irregular menstruation 
chronic tiredness
proximal myopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

symptoms of Cushing’s disease

A 
central obesity with thin arms and legs
hump 
women have more hair
irregular menstruation 
chronic tiredness
proximal myopathy 
purple abdominal striae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

diagnosis of Cushing’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome

A

Dexamethasone suppression test

  1. check medication
  2. check levels of cortisol after taking dexamethasone
  3. if cortisol remains high, do a blood test for ACTH - ACTH will be high if patient has Cushing’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

treatment of Cushing’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome

A

treat underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

risk factors for prolactinoma

A

female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

prolactinoma pathology

A

lactotroph cell pituitary tumour

or may be tumour in pituitary fossa that interrupts stalk and stops dopamine

58
Q

signs of prolactinoma

A 
visual field defect
CSF leak 
infertility
galactorrhoea
amenorrhoea
low testosterone
59
Q

symptoms of prolactinoma

A

headache
changes in menstrual cycle
low libido

60
Q

diagnosis of prolactinoma

A

blood test - check prolactin levels
medical imaging
drug history

61
Q

treatment of prolactinoma

A

dopamine agonists - cause tumour to shrink

microadenoma responds to small doses of cabergoline

62
Q

mean age at diagnosis for acromegaly

63
Q

pathology of acromegaly

A

pituitary tumour releasing growth hormone –> IGF-1 released from liver –> growth of hands and tongue

64
Q

signs of acromegaly

A 
arthralgias (joint pain)
acral enlargement (hands)
maxillofacial changes
excessive sweating
hypogonadal symptoms
macroglossa
prognathism
frontal bossing
65
Q

symptoms of acromegaly

A 
increased size of extremities
snoring
deep voice
decreased libido
headache
arthralgia
66
Q

complications of acromegaly

A 
osteoarthritis
T2DM
sleep apnoea
hypertension
CAD
stroke
headache
life expectancy decreased by 10 years
67
Q

diagnosis of acromegaly

A

glucose tolerance test

can exclude by finding low serum GH
MRI scan
IGF-1

68
Q

treatment of acromegaly

A

surgery
somatostatin analogues (octreotide)
pegvisomant growth hormone analogue
radiotherapy (takes about 5 years - eventually turns tumour to scar tissue)

69
Q

pathology of Conn’s syndrome

A

primary hyperaldosteronism resulting in low renin

often due to adrenal gland enlargement or an adrenal gland adenoma

70
Q

signs of Conn’s syndrome

A 
hypertension
muscular weakness
excessive micturition 
poor vision 
signs of hypokalaemia (e.g. muscle problems)
71
Q

symptoms of Conn’s syndrome

A

headaches
muscle spasms
tingling sensations

72
Q

complications of Conn’s syndrome

A

cardiovascular disease

73
Q

diagnosis of Conn’s syndrome

A

U&E - low renin, high aldosterone
adrenal vein sampling
medical imaging

74
Q

treatment of Conn’s syndrome

A

surgery
aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone)
low salt diet
dexamethasone (for familial disease)

75
Q

risk factors for Addison’s disease

A 
primary adrenal insufficiency
past history of TB
post-partum bleed
cancer
steroids
76
Q

pathology of Addison’s disease

A

autoimmune adrenal destruction

decrease in adrenal function causes increase in ACTH

77
Q

signs of Addison’s disease

A

skin colour changes
decrease in aldosterone –> decrease in Na+ and increase in K+
alopecia

78
Q

symptoms of Addison’s disease

A 
lean 
tired
anorexia
weakness
fever
confusion 
depression
79
Q

complications of Addison’s disease

A

adrenal crisis and death under physiological stress

80
Q

diagnosis of Addison’s disease

A

imaging

ACTH stimulation test - cortisol remains low

81
Q

primary Addison’s disease diagnosis

A

high ACTH

high renin

82
Q

secondary Addison’s disease diagnosis

83
Q

treatment of Addison’s disease

A

hydrocortisone for cortisol

fludrocortisone for mineralocorticoids

84
Q

why does Addison’s disease cause pigmented skin?

A

ACTH acts on melanocortin receptor on adrenal glands and on skin

85
Q

risk factors for hyperkalaemia

A 
low aldosterone
WNK1 and WNK4 mutations
low sodium delivery to DCT
low serum potassium level 
kidney injury
Addison's disease
drugs - ACEi, spironolactone
86
Q

pathology of hyperkalaemia

A

excessive intake, decreased secretion, or a shift of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular space

87
Q

signs of hyperkalaemia on ECG

A

tall tented T waves
small P waves
wide QRS complex
ventricular fibrillation

88
Q

symptoms of hyperkalaemia

A 
frank muscle paralysis
dyspnoea
palpitations
chest pain 
nausea
vomiting
paresthesias
89
Q

complications of hyperkalaemia

A

cardiac arrest

90
Q

diagnosis of hyperkalaemia

A

ECG
urine potassium, sodium, and osmolality
FBC
metabolic profile

91
Q

treatment of hyperkalaemia

A

polystyrene-sulfonate resin
furosemide
haemodialysis
insulin with glucose

92
Q

hypokalaemia risk factors

A

poverty

poor diet

93
Q

causes of hypokalaemia

A 
diuretics
vomiting and diarrhoea
pyloric stenosis
rectal villous adenoma
intestinal fistula
Cushing's syndrome
steroids
ACTH
Conn's syndrome
alkalosis
renal tubular failure
94
Q

signs of hypokalaemia

A 
muscle weakness
hypotonia
hyporeflexia
cramps
tetany
palpitations
light-headedness
constipation
95
Q

complications of hypokalaemia

A

cardiac arrest following bradycardia

96
Q

diagnosis of hypokalaemia

A

bloods - U&Es

ECG

97
Q

treatment of hypokalaemia

A

tentative supplementation of potassium

98
Q

risk factors for syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH)

A 
cancer
CNS disorders
chest disease
hypothyroidism
drugs
99
Q

which cancers can cause SIADH?

A

lung small cell
pancreatic cancer
thymus cancer
lymphoma

100
Q

which CNS disorders can cause SIADH?

A 
meningoencephalitis
abscess
stroke
subarachnoid haemorrhage 
subdural haemorrhage 
trauma
neurosurgery 
Guillain-Barré
vasculitis
SLE
101
Q

which chest diseases can cause SIADH?

A

TB
pneumonia
abscess
aspergillosis

102
Q

which drugs can cause SIADH?

A

opiates
psychotropics
SSRIs
cytotoxics

103
Q

signs of SIADH

A

anorexia

lethargy

104
Q

symptoms of SIADH

A

chronic pain

105
Q

diagnosis of SIADH

A

U&Es

diagnosis of exclusion

106
Q

treatment of SIADH

A

treat the cause
restrict fluid (only 1L/day) - measure input and output
salt ± loop diuretic (furosemide)
demeclocycline if fluid restriction not working
vasopressin receptor antagonists (tolvaptan)

107
Q

risk factors for diabetes insipidus

A

disease of kidney or pituitary

108
Q

pathology of diabetes insipidus

A

the passage of large volumes of dilute urine (more than 3L/day) due to impaired water resorption by the kidney

109
Q

cranial diabetes insipidus

A

reduced ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary

110
Q

nephrogrenic diabetes insipidus

A

impaired response of the kidney to ADH

111
Q

symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A 
polyuria
polydipsia
dehydration 
symptoms of hypernatraemia
no glucosuria
112
Q

diagnosis of diabetes insipidus

A

water deprivation test - osmolarity won’t rise

more than 3L urine a day

113
Q

differentiating cranial from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

osmolarity will increase following desmopressin in cranial, but not in nephrogenic

114
Q

treatment of cranial diabetes insipidus

A

desmopressin

115
Q

treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

treat the cause
try bendroflumethiazide if it persists
NSAIDs

116
Q

why do NSAIDs lower urine volume and plasma Na+?

A

they inhibit prostaglandin synthase (prostaglandins locally inhibit the action of ADH)

117
Q

pathology of hypercalcaemia of malignancy

A

PTH-RP released from cancer cells, or breakdown of bone

118
Q

symptoms fo hypercalcaemia of malignancy

A 
bone pain
abdominal pain 
kidney stones
nausea
constipation 
polyuria
lethargy 
depression

bones, stones, groans, and moans

119
Q

complications of hyperacalcaemia of malignancy

A

QT gets shorter

120
Q

treatment of hypercalcaemia of malignancy

A

bisphosphonates
calcitonin
fluids

121
Q

what can cause a false reading of hypercalcaemia?

A

tourniquet on for too long

sample old and haemolysed

122
Q

hypocalcaemia risk factors

A

low serum albumin
low magnesium
vitamin D deficiency

123
Q

signs of hypocalcaemia

A 
SPASMODIC
Spasms (Chvostek's sign on face and Trousseau's sign on hand)
Paraesthesia
Anxiety
Seizures
Muscle tone increase
Orientation difficulties
Dermatitis
Impetigo herpetiformis
Cataracts
124
Q

complications of hypocalcaemia

A

QT gets longer

125
Q

treatment of hypocalcaemia

A

calcium gluconate

cardiac monitoring

126
Q

pathology of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

autonomous PTH secretion

parathyroid gland adenoma

127
Q

complications of hyperparathyroidism

A

pepper pot skull

128
Q

diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism

A

DEXA scan for osteopenia/osteoporotic risk

high calcium with tertiary

129
Q

treatment of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

surgery to remove tumour

130
Q

treatment of tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

surgery to remove parathyroid gland

131
Q

pathology of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

increased PTH secretion to compensate for prolonged hypocalcaemia

132
Q

pathology of tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

development of parathyroid hyperplasia after long-standing hyperparathyroidism
loss of negative feedback

133
Q

cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

autoimmune

134
Q

signs of hypoparathyroidism

A

hypocalcaemia
Trousseau’s sign
Chvostek’s sign

135
Q

symptoms of hypoparathyroidism

136
Q

diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism

A

serum calcium (low)
serum albumin
PTH

137
Q

treatment of hypoparathyroidism

A

calcium gluconate

calcitriol

138
Q

treatment of serotonin producing neuroendocrine tumour

A

octreotide (somatostatin analogue)

139
Q

risk factors for thyroid cancer

A

radiation exposure at young age (causes DNA damage)
enlarged thyroid
family history
female

140
Q

signs of thyroid cancer

A 
neck pain and voice change (due to compression of recurrent laryngeal nerve)
symptoms of hyper/hypothyroidism
thyroid nodules (worrying if patient is under 20 as benign tumour unlikely)
141
Q

diagnosis of thyroid cancer

A

USS
fine needle aspiration
measure TSH

142
Q

treatment of thyroid cancer

A 
radiation therapy (radioactive iodine)
chemotherapy
thyroid hormone therapy
targeted therapy
surgical removal followed by hormone replacement therapy

phase2a medicine (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions