study guide for reproductive and urinary 3 Flashcards
A peptide molecule that is released by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.
Made in the hypothalamus.
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Antidiuretic Hormone-Hormone that helps the body retain fluid.
ADH is activated when specialized cells in the brain or heart detect a change in the concentration of the blood or blood pressure.
If activated, ADH causes the kidneys to increase the amount of water they take up, preventing water from being lost in the urine.
It prevents the output of large amounts of urine.
The technical name for ADH is vasopressin because it constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure when large amounts are released.
ADH promotes water retention by the kidneys.
ADH regulates blood volume
Facts about ADH
A small gland located on top of the kidney
A type of endocrine gland that has a triangular shape
Produces hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food, the levels of minerals such as sodium and potassium in the blood, and other function particularly involved in stress reactions
Adrenal Glands
Facts about Adrenal Glands:
The outer part of the adrenal glands is known as the cortex and releases hormones-Testosterone and Cortisol
The inner area of the adrenal glands is known as the medulla and produces the hormones-Nonepinephrine and Epinephrine
A tiny gland in the male, also known as the bulbourethral gland
Found at the base of the penis that produces secretions necessary for fertile sexual activity
Cowper’s Gland
Facts about the Cowper’s Gland:
- Together with the prostate and seminal vesicles, these glands make a mucus-like substance that goes into semen and acts as a lubricant during sex
- They also make pre-ejaculate fluid, which is the primary lubricant secreted by men during sex and also helps with fertilization
- It keeps the urethra clear of debris
- Pre-ejaculate fluid produced by Cowper’s gland is slightly alkaline-it neutralizes acid levels in a man’s urethra so sperm can move freely
- It flushes the urethra of debris
- When fluid reaches vagina it raises its pH to make it more hospitable to
sperm-increases chance of conception
Prominence caused by a pad of fatty tissue over the symphysis pubis in the female
Mons Pubis
Small arteries that carry blood TO the glomerulus of the nephron
Afferent Arterioles
Arteriole that carries blood AWAY from the glomerulus
Because it has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, it creates some resistance to blood flow
Efferent Arteriole
The tightly coiled mass of capillaries that is surrounded by the expanded part of each kidney tubule where it filters blood during urine formation
Acts as a filter for the blood
Glomerulus
Composed of Glomerulus & Bowman’s Capsule
The basic filtration structure of the kidney
It regulates blood concentration of water and salts
Renal Corpuscle
The U-shaped section of the kidney tubule
It plays a major role in the reabsorption of water and salts from the filtrate
Loop of Henle
The first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through
Reabsorption of water, ions, an all organic nutrients
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
The excretory duct of the testis
It joins the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
Ductus Deferens
The larger (major) outside pair of labia (lips) of the vulva (female external genitalia)
Labia Majora
Union of male and female gametes to form the diploid zygote, leading to development of a new individual
Fertilization
The attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine lining, which occurs 6 or 7 days after conception (fertilization)
Implantation
A passage in the lower anterior abdominal wall that in the male allows passage of the spermatic cord and in the female contains the round ligament
Inguinal Canal
Because of the weakness the inguinal canal creates in the abdominal wall, It is the most frequent site for a hernia
Is released by Hypothalamus (in brain)
in surges
Hypothalamus releases it at the beginning of the menstrual cycle
Then it stimulates a different part of the brain (pituitary gland), to produce 2 hormones-FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
GnRH
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
One of the most important hormone in a woman’s reproductive health
It stimulates the female ovaries to produce a mature egg for fertilization
Is produced by the Pituitary Gland
Helps control menstrual cycle and is highest just before she releases an egg
Abnormally high levels of this hormone make infertility difficult to treat
In men, FSH helps control the production of sperm
The amount of FSH in men normally remains constant
These hormone levels along with others are measured in both men and women to determine why the couple can’t become pregnant
These hormone levels can help determine whether sex organs are functioning properly
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Levels of this hormone rise rapidly about 2 week into the menstrual cycle, triggers ovulation
Causes follicles to become a corpus luteum
In males, this hormone causes the Leydig cells of the testes to produce and secrete the hormone testosterone, needed for sperm production
LH
Luteinizing Hormone
Functions of Kidneys:
- Homeostasis
- Remove Waste from Blood
- Removes electrolytes from Blood
Also called Leydig Cells
Leydig cells are responsible for producing a type of androgen hormone -Testosterone
Structural units that are located between other cells in an organ or tissue
Cells of the ovary or the testis which furnish the internal secretion of those structures
Interstitial Cells
A chemical substance that the body makes when it does not have enough insulin in the blood
When they build up in the body for a long time, serious illness or coma can result
They must break down fat instead of glucose for energy
Keytones
The keytone bodies-are toxic acidic chemicals
They build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine
Also called the Secretory Phase
The 2nd half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation
During this phase a woman produces progesterone increasing her temperature
This phase is approximately 12-14 days
Luteal Phase
a short Luteal Phase can cause fertility problems
The narrow necklike passage forming the lower end of the urterus
Cervix
A receptacle used by a bedridden patient as a toilet
Bedpan
A waste collection receptacle that is not as deep as a regular bedpan
For patients in traction in order to disturb alignment as little as possible
Fracture Bedpan
Third column of erectile tissue of penis
Forms ventral portion of penis
Corpus Spongiosm
Penis contains 3 columns of this
Erectile Tissue
Cyclic changes in sexually mature, non pregnant females that culminate in menses
The typical cycle is about 28 days long
Menstrual Cycle
Endocrin gland attached to the hypothalamus (in brain)
Pituitary Gland
A chair -like toilet with a container below the toilet seat that slides out for cleaning
Often a commode has a toilet seat lid that can be left down when the commode is not in use
Bedside Commode
Disorder of insufficient production of and/or improper use of insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
A hormonal or renal disorder in which the urinary output exceeds 3000 mL a day;
Not related to insulin output ; related to polyuria
Diabetes Insipidus
Facts about Bile
The liver creates BILE and releases the enzyme into the intestines
When the common bile duct is blocked, the bile and bilirubin can’t make it into the intestines and must be expelled from the body through the urinary system
The U-shaped part of the vertebrate nephron that is situated between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules that leaves the cortex of the kidney descending into the medullary tissue and then bending back and reentering the cortex
Contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it move down into the medulla
Descending Loop of Henle
Is a twisted tube-like structure found inside a part of the kidney known as a nephron
Distal Convoluted Tubule
(Section farthest away from the renal corpuscle, and the cells that line it are able to actively pump potentially harmful substances, such as ammonia, urea and certain drugs, out of the blood and into the urine)
Finally, inside the distal convoluted tubule, useful substances are returned to the blood
While waste products and toxins are added to the filtrate
From distal convoluted tubule, filtrate drains into collecting ducts
Is responsible for regulation rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Histology of Ureters:
They are trilayered
(Mucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is
Osmosis
Water and substances that are dissolved in blood plasma get forced out of the glomerular capillaries into the Bowmnan’s capsule and form glomerular Filtrate
Glomerular Filtrate
Main force responsible for moving water and solutes out of blood plasma through the filtration membrane
Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP)
95% Water and 5% Solutes
Makeup of Urine
Network of tubules carrying sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia
Network of tubules in the mediastinum testis
Rete Testis
Route of Urine
KIDNEYS–URETERS–BLADDER–URETHRA
A gland that opens into the vestibule of the vagina
Secretions lubricate the vagina during coitus
Greater Vestibular Glands
Also called Bartholin’s Glands
Small, rodlike, threadlike, or granular organelles within the cytoplasm that function in cellular metabolism and respiration and occur in varying numbers in all living cells except viruses, blue-green algae, and mature erythrocytes
Mitochondria
Movement of Sperm:
The whip-like motion of flagellum propels the sperm forward
Any of the ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine Cells
Thyroid Gland, Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Adrenals, Ovaries, Testes, Thymus, Pineal Body
A gland that secretes outwardly through ducts to be taken to a cavity or surface
Exocrine Cells
(Salivary Glands, Sweat Glands, Gastric Glands, Seabaceous Gland
ATP for Sperm:
Sperm cells need
ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)
For the same reason any other cell does; it provides energy
Most sperm cells use energy mainly for locomotion (for their flagellum)
A measure of the degree of concentration of a sample of urine
Specific Gravity of Urine
Normal Range for Specific Gravity of Urine
1.005-1.030
Term that means–Requires 2 parents
Requires combination of gametes
(egg + sperm)
Leads to genetic variation
Results in a greater likelihood of failure to produce an offspring
More genetic variation could increase the likelihood of successful species survival
Usually requires more energy and more time
Sexual
Requires one parent
No partner needed
Faster and easier to reproduce
Organism does not need to travel far to regenerate the species so less energy is needed
greater likelihood of success to produce an offspring
Limits the occurrence of genetic diseases
No genetic variation (typically)
Allows for genetic continuity
Permits beneficial traits to continue in a species
Asexual
The discharge of semen by the male reproductive organs
Act of ejaculating
Sperm Cells travel from the
TESTES–EPIDIDYMIS–DUCTUS DEFERENS–EJACULATORY DUCT–URETHRA
The discharge of semen by the male reproductive organs
Act of ejaculating
Sperm Cells travel from the
TESTES–EPIDIDYMIS–DUCTUS DEFERENS–EJACULATORY DUCT–URETHRA
