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HOE > study guide for reproductive and urinary 3 > Flashcards

study guide for reproductive and urinary 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A peptide molecule that is released by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.
Made in the hypothalamus.
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Antidiuretic Hormone-Hormone that helps the body retain fluid.
ADH is activated when specialized cells in the brain or heart detect a change in the concentration of the blood or blood pressure.
If activated, ADH causes the kidneys to increase the amount of water they take up, preventing water from being lost in the urine.
It prevents the output of large amounts of urine.
The technical name for ADH is vasopressin because it constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure when large amounts are released.
ADH promotes water retention by the kidneys.
ADH regulates blood volume

A

Facts about ADH

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2
Q

A small gland located on top of the kidney
A type of endocrine gland that has a triangular shape

Produces hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food, the levels of minerals such as sodium and potassium in the blood, and other function particularly involved in stress reactions

A

Adrenal Glands

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3
Q

Facts about Adrenal Glands:

A

The outer part of the adrenal glands is known as the cortex and releases hormones-Testosterone and Cortisol

The inner area of the adrenal glands is known as the medulla and produces the hormones-Nonepinephrine and Epinephrine

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4
Q

A tiny gland in the male, also known as the bulbourethral gland

Found at the base of the penis that produces secretions necessary for fertile sexual activity

A

Cowper’s Gland

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5
Q

Facts about the Cowper’s Gland:

A
  1. Together with the prostate and seminal vesicles, these glands make a mucus-like substance that goes into semen and acts as a lubricant during sex
  2. They also make pre-ejaculate fluid, which is the primary lubricant secreted by men during sex and also helps with fertilization
  3. It keeps the urethra clear of debris
  4. Pre-ejaculate fluid produced by Cowper’s gland is slightly alkaline-it neutralizes acid levels in a man’s urethra so sperm can move freely
  5. It flushes the urethra of debris
  6. When fluid reaches vagina it raises its pH to make it more hospitable to
    sperm-increases chance of conception
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6
Q

Prominence caused by a pad of fatty tissue over the symphysis pubis in the female

A

Mons Pubis

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7
Q

Small arteries that carry blood TO the glomerulus of the nephron

A

Afferent Arterioles

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8
Q

Arteriole that carries blood AWAY from the glomerulus

Because it has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, it creates some resistance to blood flow

A

Efferent Arteriole

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9
Q

The tightly coiled mass of capillaries that is surrounded by the expanded part of each kidney tubule where it filters blood during urine formation

Acts as a filter for the blood

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

Composed of Glomerulus & Bowman’s Capsule

The basic filtration structure of the kidney

It regulates blood concentration of water and salts

A

Renal Corpuscle

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11
Q

The U-shaped section of the kidney tubule

It plays a major role in the reabsorption of water and salts from the filtrate

A

Loop of Henle

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12
Q

The first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through

Reabsorption of water, ions, an all organic nutrients

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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13
Q

The excretory duct of the testis

It joins the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

A

Ductus Deferens

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14
Q

The larger (major) outside pair of labia (lips) of the vulva (female external genitalia)

A

Labia Majora

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15
Q

Union of male and female gametes to form the diploid zygote, leading to development of a new individual

A

Fertilization

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16
Q

The attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine lining, which occurs 6 or 7 days after conception (fertilization)

A

Implantation

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17
Q

A passage in the lower anterior abdominal wall that in the male allows passage of the spermatic cord and in the female contains the round ligament

A

Inguinal Canal

Because of the weakness the inguinal canal creates in the abdominal wall, It is the most frequent site for a hernia

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18
Q

Is released by Hypothalamus (in brain)
in surges
Hypothalamus releases it at the beginning of the menstrual cycle
Then it stimulates a different part of the brain (pituitary gland), to produce 2 hormones-FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A

GnRH

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

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19
Q

One of the most important hormone in a woman’s reproductive health
It stimulates the female ovaries to produce a mature egg for fertilization
Is produced by the Pituitary Gland
Helps control menstrual cycle and is highest just before she releases an egg
Abnormally high levels of this hormone make infertility difficult to treat
In men, FSH helps control the production of sperm
The amount of FSH in men normally remains constant
These hormone levels along with others are measured in both men and women to determine why the couple can’t become pregnant
These hormone levels can help determine whether sex organs are functioning properly

A

FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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20
Q

Levels of this hormone rise rapidly about 2 week into the menstrual cycle, triggers ovulation
Causes follicles to become a corpus luteum
In males, this hormone causes the Leydig cells of the testes to produce and secrete the hormone testosterone, needed for sperm production

A

LH

Luteinizing Hormone

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21
Q

Functions of Kidneys:

A
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Remove Waste from Blood
  3. Removes electrolytes from Blood
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22
Q

Also called Leydig Cells

Leydig cells are responsible for producing a type of androgen hormone -Testosterone

Structural units that are located between other cells in an organ or tissue

Cells of the ovary or the testis which furnish the internal secretion of those structures

A

Interstitial Cells

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23
Q

A chemical substance that the body makes when it does not have enough insulin in the blood

When they build up in the body for a long time, serious illness or coma can result

They must break down fat instead of glucose for energy

A

Keytones

The keytone bodies-are toxic acidic chemicals

They build up in the blood and then spill over into the urine

24
Q

Also called the Secretory Phase

The 2nd half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation

During this phase a woman produces progesterone increasing her temperature

This phase is approximately 12-14 days

A

Luteal Phase

a short Luteal Phase can cause fertility problems

25
Q

The narrow necklike passage forming the lower end of the urterus

A

Cervix

26
Q

A receptacle used by a bedridden patient as a toilet

A

Bedpan

27
Q

A waste collection receptacle that is not as deep as a regular bedpan
For patients in traction in order to disturb alignment as little as possible

A

Fracture Bedpan

28
Q

Third column of erectile tissue of penis

Forms ventral portion of penis

A

Corpus Spongiosm

29
Q

Penis contains 3 columns of this

A

Erectile Tissue

30
Q

Cyclic changes in sexually mature, non pregnant females that culminate in menses

The typical cycle is about 28 days long

A

Menstrual Cycle

31
Q

Endocrin gland attached to the hypothalamus (in brain)

A

Pituitary Gland

32
Q

A chair -like toilet with a container below the toilet seat that slides out for cleaning

Often a commode has a toilet seat lid that can be left down when the commode is not in use

A

Bedside Commode

33
Q

Disorder of insufficient production of and/or improper use of insulin

A

Diabetes Mellitus

34
Q

A hormonal or renal disorder in which the urinary output exceeds 3000 mL a day;
Not related to insulin output ; related to polyuria

A

Diabetes Insipidus

35
Q

Facts about Bile

A

The liver creates BILE and releases the enzyme into the intestines
When the common bile duct is blocked, the bile and bilirubin can’t make it into the intestines and must be expelled from the body through the urinary system

36
Q

The U-shaped part of the vertebrate nephron that is situated between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules that leaves the cortex of the kidney descending into the medullary tissue and then bending back and reentering the cortex

Contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it move down into the medulla

A

Descending Loop of Henle

37
Q

Is a twisted tube-like structure found inside a part of the kidney known as a nephron

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

(Section farthest away from the renal corpuscle, and the cells that line it are able to actively pump potentially harmful substances, such as ammonia, urea and certain drugs, out of the blood and into the urine)

Finally, inside the distal convoluted tubule, useful substances are returned to the blood

While waste products and toxins are added to the filtrate

From distal convoluted tubule, filtrate drains into collecting ducts

38
Q

Is responsible for regulation rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

39
Q

Histology of Ureters:

A

They are trilayered

(Mucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia

40
Q

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is

A

Osmosis

41
Q

Water and substances that are dissolved in blood plasma get forced out of the glomerular capillaries into the Bowmnan’s capsule and form glomerular Filtrate

A

Glomerular Filtrate

42
Q

Main force responsible for moving water and solutes out of blood plasma through the filtration membrane

A

Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP)

43
Q

95% Water and 5% Solutes

A

Makeup of Urine

44
Q

Network of tubules carrying sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia

Network of tubules in the mediastinum testis

A

Rete Testis

45
Q

Route of Urine

A

KIDNEYS–URETERS–BLADDER–URETHRA

46
Q

A gland that opens into the vestibule of the vagina

Secretions lubricate the vagina during coitus

A

Greater Vestibular Glands

Also called Bartholin’s Glands

47
Q

Small, rodlike, threadlike, or granular organelles within the cytoplasm that function in cellular metabolism and respiration and occur in varying numbers in all living cells except viruses, blue-green algae, and mature erythrocytes

A

Mitochondria

48
Q

Movement of Sperm:

A

The whip-like motion of flagellum propels the sperm forward

49
Q

Any of the ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine Cells

Thyroid Gland, Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Adrenals, Ovaries, Testes, Thymus, Pineal Body

50
Q

A gland that secretes outwardly through ducts to be taken to a cavity or surface

A

Exocrine Cells

(Salivary Glands, Sweat Glands, Gastric Glands, Seabaceous Gland

51
Q

ATP for Sperm:

A

Sperm cells need
ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)

For the same reason any other cell does; it provides energy

Most sperm cells use energy mainly for locomotion (for their flagellum)

52
Q

A measure of the degree of concentration of a sample of urine

A

Specific Gravity of Urine

Normal Range for Specific Gravity of Urine
1.005-1.030

53
Q

Term that means–Requires 2 parents
Requires combination of gametes
(egg + sperm)
Leads to genetic variation

Results in a greater likelihood of failure to produce an offspring

More genetic variation could increase the likelihood of successful species survival

Usually requires more energy and more time

A

Sexual

54
Q

Requires one parent
No partner needed
Faster and easier to reproduce

Organism does not need to travel far to regenerate the species so less energy is needed

greater likelihood of success to produce an offspring

Limits the occurrence of genetic diseases

No genetic variation (typically)

Allows for genetic continuity

Permits beneficial traits to continue in a species

A

Asexual

55
Q

The discharge of semen by the male reproductive organs

A

Act of ejaculating

Sperm Cells travel from the
TESTES–EPIDIDYMIS–DUCTUS DEFERENS–EJACULATORY DUCT–URETHRA

56
Q

The discharge of semen by the male reproductive organs

A

Act of ejaculating

Sperm Cells travel from the
TESTES–EPIDIDYMIS–DUCTUS DEFERENS–EJACULATORY DUCT–URETHRA

HOE (55 decks)

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