bones and muscles 4 Flashcards
A freely moving joint in which movement is limited to rotation.
(ex: the articulation of the radius @ ulna in the arm)
Pivot Joints
(Gliding joint) Consists of 2 flat bone surfaces of about equal size between which a slight gliding motion can occur
(ex: articular processes between vertebrae)
Plane Joints
Master gland of the endocrine system
Located at base of brain, Size of pea.
It secretions control other endocrine glands @ influence growth, metabolism @ maturation.
Releases different hormones
Pituitary Gland
Movement of foot away from the body by bending ankle.
Opposite of dorsiflexion.
(Use it when you drive or stand on tiptoes, or stretch)
Plantar Flexion
Moving the mandible to either the right or left of the midline
(ex: grinding teeth, or chewing)
Lateral Excursion
Returns the mandible to the midline
Medial Excursion
Long multi-nucleated muscle cells that make up skeletal muscle.
Individual muscle fibers arranged in bundles (fascicles)
Muscle Fibers
Muscles of facial expression which draws the angle of mouth superiorly @
posteriorly (smile).
Draws lips upward.
Facial nerves supply triggers to muscle
Zygomaticus Major
3-Headed Muscle.
Large muscle on the back of upper limb.
Principally responsible for-extension of elbow joint.
Triceps Brachii
Flat muscle of the shoulder.
Extends shoulder, adducts medially
Rotates the arm
Teres Major
The cell membrane of a muscle cell. It has 2 layers.
Sarcolemma
A group of 3 pairs of muscles in the lateral neck.
Assist other muscles in neck flexion
Scalenes
A small nodule bone embedded in a tendon or joint capsule. Shape @ size of a sesame seed.
Sesamoid
Located at base of skull and basilar part of the occipital bone, in front of temporals.
Resembles a bat or butterfly with wings extended. Helps to form orbit
Spenoid (Bone)
A fibrocartilage joint between 2 bones.
A slightly moveable joint.
Symphysis
ex: pubic syphysis- (line of union of the bodies of pubic bones in the median plane
A form of articulation in which bones are rigidly fused by cartilage.
More stable and supportive
Synchondrosis
ex: sternocostal joint where ribs meet sternum. Long bones-epiphyseal growth plates
A form of fibrous joint in which surfaces that are relatively far apart are united by ligaments
Syndemosis
Present in many joints.
Lubricates @ nourishes certain parts of joints.
Brings oxygen @ nutrients to cartilage and other areas of joints.
Removes carbon dioxide @ waste products from cartilage
(ex: elbow, knee, shoulder and hip joints)
Synovial Fluid
A joint in which synovial fluid is present.
Synovial Joint
A chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints. Cause-Unknown Autoimmune disease (bodies immune system attacks healthy tissue)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Facts about Rheumatoid Arthritis
Can occur at any age.
More common in middle age.
Women get more than men.
Usually affects joints on both side of body equally.
Large muscles at front of thigh.
Divided into 4 distinct portions and act to extend the leg @ extend knee
Quadriceps
Made up of 4 Muscles 1. rectus femoris 2. vastus lateralis 3. vastus medialis 4. vastus intermedius Extends knee @ flexes hip.
Quadriceps Femoris
A muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the movement
Prime Mover
Constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time.
Responsible for keeping the back @ lower limbs straight, the head upright, and abdomen flat.
Muscle Tone
Members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement
Synergist
(ex: biceps brachii @ brachialis are synergists in elbow flexion.
Cavity on either side of the septum
Nasal
Facial muscle of nose.
A sphincter-like muscle whose function is to compress the nasal cartilage.
Responsible for flaring of nostrils.
Nasalis
A muscle which covers parts of the skull.
Consists of 2 parts or bellies.
Responsible for raising the eyebrows @ wrinkles forehead.
Occipital Frontalis
Movement of the thumb @ little finger.
Occurs when 2 digits are brought toward each other across the palm of the hand.
The thumb can also oppose the other digits, but those digits flex to touch the tip of thumb.
Opposition
Returns thumb @ little finger to neutral anatomical postiton.
Reposition
2 points of attachment of each muscle.
Also, called the fixed end, is usually the most stationary, proximal end of the muscle.
Origin
also, called its insertion
Order of Abdominal Muscles
FROM DEEP TO SUPERFICIAL
- Transverse Abdominal
- Internal obliques
- External Obliques
- Rectus Abdominis
Properties of Muscle Tissue
- Contactility-Ability of muscle tissue to shorten @ contract forcefully.
- Excitability-Ability to respond to stimulus.
- Extensibility-Muscle stretch @ get longer.
- Elasticity-Return to original shape.
Long band of muscle that stretches from the calf to pelvis.
It moves the thigh, and by extension, the leg.
Longest muscle in body.
Helps rotate leg into a sitting position (assumed by a tailor)
Sartorius (Muscle)
Part of the posterior thigh muscle called hamstring.
Located most medially @ used for flexing the knee joint, while extending the hip.
Secondary action- is to medially rotate knee, important for stability.
Semimembranosus (Muscle)
Muscle on back of thigh.
One of 3 muscles of hamstrings.
A long @ narrow muscle that stretches vertically from underside of pelvis to just below knee.
Responsible for-movements of hip @ knee joints.
Semitendonosus (Muscles)
Known as vertebral column or backbone.
Structure that encloses @ protects spinal cord.
Spine
Facts about Spine
Stack of 33 bones
Sacrum @ coccyx and invertebral discs separating the bones.
Subdivided into regions:
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Pelvic Region (Containing Sacrum @ Coccyx)- A SEPARATE ENTITY
Muscle located in back portion of neck.
Responsible for connecting vertebrae of the neck to base of skull.
Instrumental in allowing head @ neck to flex and rotate
Splenous Capitis (Muscle)
Edges of joined bone fit tightly together like puzzle pieces.
Can be found between various skull bones, which fit together along an uneven edge @ are held in place by special kind of fiber (Sharpey’s Fibers).
A small amount of movement possible.
Suture Joint
Type of soft tissue found in certain joints.
Helps joints move more freely @ helps protect them from wear @ tear.
Synovial Membrane
Muscle located in skull.
Its job-To lift the mandible and allow jaw to close.
Located in temple area of head.
Temporalis (Muscle)
Muscle located in lower leg used for inverting @ dorsiflexing the foot.
Vital muscle in movements such as walking or running.
Located on front of shin.
One of primary actions is Dorsiflexing the foot-pulling foot upwards and holding it there.
Another action-Inverting the foot @ the ankle
Tibialis Anterior (Muscle)
Constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time.
Responsible for keeping back, lower limbs straight, the head upright, and the abdomen flat.
Tone
Points of attachment of muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
Knob, larger than a tubercle.
Lump posterior to the last maxillary molar tooth.
A rounded bulge at the end of a bone, to which a muscle or tendon is attached
Tuberosity
Muscle movement can be explained in terms of actions of __________
Levers
Facts about Levers
A rigid shaft capable of turning about a hinge, or pivot joint called a fulcrum (F) and transferring a force applied at one point along the lever to a weight (W), or resistance, placed at another point along the lever. In the body, joints function as fulcrums and the bones function as levers. When muscles contract, the pull (P), or force of muscle contration is applied to the levers (bones), causing them to move. 3 classes of levers based on the relative positions of the levers, fulcrums, weights @ forces.
Kicking Football Muscles
GASTROCENEMIUS @ SOLEUS muscles(calf) extend the ankle, while muscles on front of the tibia(TIBIALIS ANTERIOR) control to hold ankle rigid.
Much of the power for kicking is the result of the contraction of the thigh muscles (QUADS).
Then swinging femur forward (hip flexion) The main muscle responsible for hip flexion are PSOSAS MAJOR, PSOSAS MINOR, ILIACUS.
To allow hip flexion your hamstrings must relax.
STABILIZER muscles hold the body stable while you kick. They include: RECTUS ABDOMINUS, SPINAE muscle (back muscle), your GLUTEUS MAXIMUS at the back of hip and inner and outer thigh muscles (ADDUCTOR AND ABDUCTOR) muscle hold femur in alignment
