cardiovascular study guide 1 Flashcards
The mineral necessary for the production of RBCs
Copper
Liquid part of blood containing water @ other substances (watery straw-colored)
Plasma
A clot within a blood vessel obstructing the flow of blood throughout eh circulatory system
Thrombus
Responsible for the formation of blood clots
Fibrinogen
Protein found in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to all other tissues of the body
Hemoglobin
Protein used to check for anemia
Hemoglobin
The stopping of blood flow
Hemostasis
Hemostasis can be divided into 3 Stages
- Vascular spasms
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation
High or elevated blood pressure
Hypertension
Abnormally low blood pressure
Hypotension
Facts about Leukocytes
- White blood cells
- A colorless blood corpuscle capable of ameboid movement
- Cheif function is to protect body against microorganisms causing disease
Period of relaxation of the heart
Diastole
Period of contraction of the heart
Systole
Heart muscles contract and pumps blood from chambers into the arteries
Widening of blood vessels that results from relaxation of the muscular walls of the vessels. (the diameter of the interior of the vessel widens)
Vasodilation
A person of blood group O who can donate blood to recipients of any ABO blood group
Universal Donor
A person with AB+ can receive blood from anyone
Universal Recipient
Outermost layer of a blood vessel
Tunica Adventitia (also known as Tunica Externa)
A compound in the liver and other tissues that prevents blood clots
Heparin
Largest Artery
Aorta
Longest Vein of Body
The Great Saphenous Vein
Begins on medial side of foot, rises up along inner side of leg @ penetrates deep into the thigh
When phagocytes engulf @ destroy the microorganisms of disease. It is enhanced by products of the immune system called antibodies.
Phagocytosis
A small nonnucleated disklike cytoplasmic body found in blood plasma that is derived from a megakaryocyte and promotes blood clotting.
Platelets
also called blood platelet or thrombocyte
A sudden constriction of the blood vessel causing reduction or stoppage in blood flow
Vascular Spasm
Specialized muscle fibers found in heart. Located in the endocardium.
Function-To relay impulses from the bundle to ventricles, causing a contraction.
Purkinje Fibers
(When electrical impulses are sent along purkinje fibers it causes ventricles to contract. The contraction produces enough force to eject blood from heart necessary for circulation)
One of the valves of heart postioned in top chamber.
Function-To ensure that blood flows in correct direction to the ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
Low RBC count
Anemia
RBC levels drop to low, body feels tired. Most commonly associated with iron deficiency
Need to promote RBC production.
Is used by RBCs to create Hemoglobin
Iron
Iron also help transport oxygen through body
Rare blood disease where bone marrow fails to produce blood cells for body.
Moderate, severe, and acute forms.
If left untreated can kill.
Caused by damage to stem cells of bone marrow.
Aplastic Anemia
To stop bleeding and form blood clots after injury to a blood vessel
Clotting
also called coagulation
A blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a blood vessel
Embolus
When blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells due to insufficient iron. Without iron body can’t produce enough hemoglobin
Iron Deficient Anemia
common type
A deficiency in the production of RBCs through a lack of Vitamin B12.
People with this lack the intrinsic factor (protein made in the stomach)
Pernicious Anemia
Severe form of hereditary anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the RBCs into a crescent shape and low oxygen levels. Common among African descent.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Where RBCs stick together forming irreversible clumps, Thus, bloodstream will be prevented from delivering oxygen to tissues.
Agglutination
Tiny blood vessels that pass blood from arteries into the veins. They have the thickest endothelial wall. They allow only water @ ions into their path. They are the most common capillary. They contain cells joined by tight junctions and are less leaky.
Continuous Capillaries
The volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart
Cardiac Output
The acidity or alkalinity of blood
Blood pH
(The pH of any fluid is the measure of the hydrogen ion (H-) concentration. pH of 7 is neutral. The lower the pH, the more acidic the blood)
A RBC that is typically a bioconcave disc without a nucleus
Most common type of blood cell
Erythrocytes
Occurs when blood flow to your heart muscle is decreased by a partial or complete blockage of your hearts arteries (coronary). The decrease in blood flow reduces your heart’s oxygen supply. Can damage heart. Reduces its ability to pump efficiently. May lead to a heart attack. May cause abnormal heart rhythms
Myocardial Ischemia
also called Cardiac Ischemia
Characteristics of Arteries
- Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
- Have high blood pressure flow
- Have thick muscular walls (lots of smooth muscle)
- Very flexible and elastic
Characteristics of Plasma
- The liquid part of blood
- It is a pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% water and 9% other substances
- Contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances
- It is a colloid ( a liquid containing suspended substances that do not settle out of solution
Makes up 58% of plasma proteins @ important in regulating the movement of water between the tissues @ blood
Albumin
The protein portion of hemoglobin
Globin
A plasma protein
Many substances in blood are transported by globulins
In electrically charged solutions -exhibits colloidal mobility between that of the alpha @ gamma globulins
Beta Globulins
A medical emergency where organs and tissues of body not receiving adequate flow of blood. Deprives organs and tissues of oxygen
Circulatory Shock
Most superficial layer of the pericardium in the heart.
Consisting of dense fibrous tissue
Fibrous Pericardium
3 Tunics of Arteries
- Tunica Interna (inner layer) (simple squamous cells called endothelium)
- Tunica Media (middle layer) (smooth muscle)
- Tunica Externa (or Tunica Adventitia)
(outer most layer) (collagen and elastic fibers)
What type of solution is blood
Complex solution with vastly diverse elements. It is a buffer solution at about pH 7.6. To remain healthy blood must be isotonic.
Characteristics of Thrombocytes:
- They are fragments of a large cell called a megakaryocyte.
- A platelet crucial to normal blood clotting.
- When bleeding occurs they swell, clump together and form a sticky plug that helps stop bleeding
Functions of Veins:
A vein is an elastic blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood from various regions of body to the heart
Functions of Arteries:
Most arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart to res of body
Functions of Arterioles:
- They carry blood away from heart and out to tissues of body
- Important to blood pressure regulation
- Most highly regulated blood vessel in body
- Constantly change size to speed up or slow down blood flow
Functions of Albumins
- Distribute the water so the osmotic balance of blood is maintained
- Transports proteins in blood
- Main protection of human plasma
Functions of Capillaries
- Tiny blood vessels that pass blood from arteries to veins.
- Their walls are thin which allow materials to pass into them
- Exchanges take place between blood and tissues of body
- They are narrow which slows blood down allowing time for diffusion to take place
- In capillaries blood cells mus flow single file
Functions of Prothrombin
- A blood clotting protein
- An injury to blood vessels produces a signal which triggers the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- Formed by and stored in liver
Bleeding or escape of blood from blood vessels. Caused by trauma, or injury to a blood vessels
Hemorrhage
usually refers to significant bleeding
Peripheral Pulse Sites:
- Carotid-Lateral to the trachea. Used for CPR.
- Brachial-Inner aspect of elbow joint
- Radial-Inner aspect of wrist, thumb side
- Femoral-Located in groin midway
- Popliteal-Behind knee. Best found by bending knee + pressing into popliteal fossa. Used to evaluate circulation to lower limbs.
- Posterior Tibialis Anterior-Just below + behind ankle on inner aspect of leg. Used to evaluate lower limb circulation
Drains the lower part of the body
Inferior Vena Cava
What drains upper part of body
Subclavian Vein
Medium size muscular arteries. The smooth muscle cells allow them to partially regulate blood supply to different body regions by constricting or dilating
Distributing Arteries
The rhythmical throbbing of arteries as blood is propelled through them
Pulse
Layers of Pericardium
- Fibrous pericardium (outer layer)
Connective, tough, fibrous tissue - Serous pericardium (inner layer)
Simple, squamous, epithelium
Location of brachiocephalic artery
A short artery that arises from the arch of the aorta + divides into the carotid + subclavian arteries of the right side.
Extends from aortic arch of the heart.
Supplies oxygenated blood to head, neck and arm regions.
Location of the Valves (There are 4)
- Two located between the atria + ventricles of the heart (atrioventricular valves)
Two located in the major vessels leaving the valves (semilunar valves)
Valves of Heart
1. Left Atrioventricular Valve -
(Bicuspid Valve)
2. Right Atrioventricular Valve-
(Tricuspid Valve)
3. Left Semilunar (Aortic Valve)-Lies within
the Aorta
4. Right Semilunar (Pulmonic Valve)-Lies
within the Pulmonary ArteryNormal Heart Sounds
lub dub
lub (1st sound (S1) Start of Systole
dub(2nd sound (S2) End of Systole
Outer Layer of Heart
Epicardium
Characteristics of Heart:
- Organ that supplies blood + oxygen to all parts of body
- Size of clenched fist
- Weighs about 10.5 oz. + shaped like cone
- Blood pumped away from heart through arteries. Returns to heart through veins
- Heart divided by septum into 2 halves
- Halves divided into chambers. Upper 2 chambers-Atria.
Lower 2 chambers-Ventricles - Atria-receives blood returned to the heart
- Ventricles-Pump blood from heart to body
9 Heart composted of cardiac muscle
Proteins found in blood plasma include:
Albumin (most common)
Fibrinogen
Globulin
They are called_______________
Plasma Proteins
Protection Functions of Blood
- It clots blood (coagulates
- Production of Antibodies
- Phagocytosis
Rh incompatibility between an Rh negative mother and her Rh positive baby during pregnancy would cause this___________
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Regulatory Functions of Blood:
- Transport (gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat)
- Protection (Leukocytes, Antibodies, Platelet Factors)
- Regulation (Regular pH, and water)
Functions of Blood
- Transport oxygen
- Transport nutrients
- Take wastes away from muscles
- Maintain body Temperature
- WBCs help kill pathogens
- Clot wounds
Facts about Myocardial Cells
- Specialized smooth muscle cells with acquired features + properties similar to those of skeletal muscles
- Found in myocardium + are striated
- They are Branched (connect with other myocardial cells)
- The site where myocardial cells join is called intercalated disc.
- Intercalated discs contain 2 types of cell junctions- (Desmosomes + Gap Junctions)
- Demosomes + Gap Junctions are electrically excitable cells capable of initiating and propagating action potentials
What determines Blood Typing
- Determined by glycoproteins present on the surface of erythrocytes
- Largely determined by genetics
- Rhesus factor-positive or negative
- Blood type of child determined by dominant type between 2 parents
- A and B dominant over O
Facts about Heart Muscle
- Responsible for pumping blood throughout body
- Made of cardiac muscle
- Most muscular part of heart is middle layer (myocardium)-responsible for contractions
- Cardiac Muscle-Striated like skeletal muscle
- Striated muscle is arranged in protein filaments known as Sacromeres-responsible for contractions
- Reliant on oxygen to function
Why is the left ventricle the strongest chamber of the heart
Because it has to pump up against gravity + it has to pump blood to the entire body, so it has to be strong
Where does the Left Atrium receive blood from
Pulmonary Vein
Where are the parts of the conduction system found
- Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)-located in posterior wall of Right Atrium
- Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)-located in the floor of Right Atrium
- Bundle of HIS-extends to right + left sides of the Interventricular Septum + Apex of the heart
Where do the ventricles pump blood to
From the heart to the entire body
Signs of CAD (Coronary Artery Disease)
Coronary Arteries become narrowed. They can’t supply enough oxygen rich blood to your heart
- Angina (chest pain) most common sign
- Shortness of breath with exercising or during another vigorous activity
- A fast heartbeat
- Weakness, Dizziness, and felling sick to stomach (nasea)
- Increased Sweating
- Pain in abdomen, back, or Arm (pain-fleeting or sharp)
Signs of Hypovolemic Shock
(Is a medical emergancy. Loss of fluids and blood. The heart is unable to pump enough blood to bear with the loss. There is a decrease in the blood plasma volume. Loss can be from cuts, bleeding, injuries + internal injuries.)
Signs 1. Cold skin 2. Agitation + Anxiety 3. Decrease in output of urine 4. Confusion 5. Feeling of Weakness (in general) 6. Paleness of Skin 7. Rapidness in Breathing 8. Moist skin + Increased Sweating 9 Falling Unconscious
What does erythropoietin stimulate
Stimulates production of RBCs by bone marrow.
Erythropoietin is produced by kidneys
The portion separating the right + left Atria
Interatrial Septum
What is a Basophil
A type of WBC (leukocyte) with coarse bluish, black granules. Basophils are so named because their cytoplasmic granules stain with basic dyes. These cells help you fight infection by releasing histamine and other chemicals.
What are trigger factors for Erythropoiesis
- Blood loss is a strong trigger or Hemorrhage
- Various types of anemia
- When you become short of oxygen
- Traveling to high altitudes
- When people take cobalt salts
- Raised levels of the hormones that control sexual development
What is the vasoconstriction layer
The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the TUNICA MEDIA
Signs of a Patient with CHF
(CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE)
A condition in which the heart’s functions as a pump is inadequate to meet the body’s needs
Signs
- Fatigue
- Persons ability to exercise may diminish
- Swelling of ankles + legs or abdomen
- Fluid may accumulate in lungs causing shortness of breath (during exercise or laying flat)
- Unable to sleep unless setting up
- Extra fluid may cause increased urination particularly at night
- Accumulation of fluid in body may cause nasea, abdominal pain + decreased appetite
Care for a Patient with CHF
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Care
- Take prescription meds. as perscribed same time each day
- Talk with doctor about keeping extra meds at home in case symptoms worsen
- Keep a log of daily weight-use same scale, in same place, at same time daily
- Note any swelling or problem with breathing or increased cough
- Record Dietary Issues
- Know when to call Doctor
- Watch your seniors emotional health
- Have help caring for your senior
- Make sure room has plenty of places to sit and rest
- Use mobility aids if needed
- Raise head of bed at night if needed
- Use suggestion from physical or occupational therapists
