final study guide 201-3 Flashcards
Functions of Saliva
- Softens Food
- Lubricates mouth + throat
- Has enzymes that break food down
- Begins Digestion
- Helps prevent tooth decay
Low FSH in men
follicle stimulating hormone
1. It affects: Growth
Puberty
Maturation
Development of Body
2. May have low Sperm Count
3. Associated with Infertility
4. Decrease in amount of hair + libidoFunction of Thyroxine
Also known as T4
- CONTROLS METABOLISM
- Main metabolic hormone
- Iodine containing
- Produced by thyroid gland
- Regulates many essentials of body’s processes
- Plays vital role in body’s metabolic rate, heart + digestive function, muscle control, brain development and maintenance of bone
- Plays a role in energy production, growth and development
Functions of Testosterone
STEROID HORMONE MADE BY TESTIS
Responsible for secondary sex characteristics (FACIAL HAIR, MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT, DEEP VOICE) and sperm production
Why does your body need vitamins
- Helps your body with GROWING + HEALING
- They help fight off GERMS + SICKNESS
- Good for EYESIGHT + TEETH
- Boosts IMMUNE SYSTEM
- Good for STRONG BONES
Micturition (urination) is triggered by
The stretching of the bladder wall triggers the urination reflex
Male Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Deeper Voice
- Body + Facial Hair
- Stronger Body Odor
- Hair-In underarms + genital region
- Adam’s Apple on males
- Muscle Development
Major signs of Diabetes Mellitus
- The need to URINATE frequently
- Increased THIRST + FLUID INTAKE
- Increased APPETITE
- Fatigue
Type 1 Diabetes
High blood glucose levels caused by total 1. LACK OF INSULIN. Occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them.
2. Pancreas then produces little or no insulin.
3. Type 1 usually develops most often in young people
Type 2 Diabetes
- Common form that develops especially in adults and most often in obese individuals
- Characterized by impaired INSULIN utilization + the body’s inability to compensate with increased insulin production
- Also called ADULT-ONSET DIABETES
3 Tunics of Arteries + Their Functions
- Tunica Intima–(Inner most layer) Consists of Endothelium. Prevents the adhesion of blood cells to the wall of the vessel and prevents clotting
- Tunica Media–(middle layer) Contains Smooth Muscle + Elastic Fibers
Function–The muscle cells contract + relax which allows the vessels to stretch + recoil - Tunica Adventitia–(outer serosal layer)
Made of Connective Tissue. To protect the vessel + anchor it to surrounding structures
Structure of Liver
- The largest internal organ of the body
- Weighs about 3 pounds
- Consists of 2 major lobes (Right + Left)
Minor Lobes
Plasma Protein Make Up
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Gamma Gobulins
What causes you to breathe
Main factor is a high concentration of Carbon Dioxide in bloodstream
Definition of Arteries + Characteristics
They have very elastic tissue They are flexible They have thick + smooth walls Regulate Blood Flow Function--Carry oxygenated blood away from heart Aorta-Largest artery in body
Dalton’s Law–Law of Parietal Pressure
Pressure exerted by a mixture of gases in a fixed volume is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it occupied the whole volume
- The additional amount of sodium bicarbonate that the body produces to maintain normal arterial pH when the carbon dioxide level increases as a result of hypoventilation
- It is maintained by the kidneys, controls bicarbonate ions in urine
Alkaline Reserve
What artery is within the cortex + medulla of the kidney
ARCUATE
Functions of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
- A polypeptide hormone involved in homeostatic control of body water, sodium + adiposity
- Released by atrial myocytes (muscle cells in Atrial of heart) in response to high blood pressure
Define Arteries and Characteristics
Thick, Smooth Walls
Very Elastic Tissue
Carry blood AWAY from heart
What determines BMR
(Basic Metabolic Rate)
(The amount of energy in calories that you need to keep body functioning at rest)
- Body Composition
- Age
- Weight
- Genger
- Body Surface Area (Greater Surface Area-Higher BMR)
- Endocrine Glands
- More Muscle-Higher Rate
What happens when you lose the Intrinsic Factor
It leads to:
Anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Neurological Symptoms
- Cells within the testis that supply nutrients to developing spermatozoa
- Also called Sertoli Cells or Nurse Cells
- Large cells in the Seminiferous Tubules
- Main Function-Nourish developing sperm cells through stages of spermatogenesis
Sustentacular Cells
Blood flow through Veins controlled how
Veins have one way VALVES prevent back flow of blood
Volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is proportional to its temperature as long as its pressure remains constant
Charlie’s Law
Structure of Pancreas
Function-A large gland that secretes hormones
Structure
Located below stomach
Develops as 2 separate parts which are fused together
Located near 1st part of small intestine (duodenum)
Broken into several subsections
Head- is near duodenum
Body-Largest part–Located in center of gland below stomach
Tail–furthest from duodenum
Structure of Spleen
(Function-Filters blood/ Removes damaged red blood cells_
Structure
Organ goes unnoticed by average person Not critical for survival 1/2 the size of human fist Locate below rib cage Purple in color Shaped like a small catchers mitt Contains a lot of blood vessels
Structure of Stomach
Function-Environment for breaking down material or food that you eat (chemically)
Structure
Bag-like structure Between esophagus + duodenum On LEFT SIDE of Abdomen Superior part lays against-Diaphragm Cavity Composed of : Fundus Body Antrum
Inside composed of Layers Innermost to Outer: 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis Externa 4. Serosa
Functions of Vagina
- Childbirth
- Sexual Intercourse
- Discharges
- Passageway for menstrual blood
Force pushing Water + Solutes out of blood and across a filtration membrane
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
Breakdown of food using CHEMICALS such as enzymes
Chemical Digestion
Function of Gastric Inhibitor Peptide
- Enhances Insulin production in response to a high concentration of blood sugar
- Also, inhibits absorption of water + electrolytes in small intestine
- Numbers increase in people with: Duodenal Ulcers, Inflammation of Pancreas, Diabetes from Obesity
Function of ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
- Primary Function–Decrease amount of urine excreted by kidneys
- Increase water absorbed by kidneys
- Plays role in regulating the balance of fluids in the body
Function of Blood-Testis Barrier
To PREVENT ACTIVATION of
Immune System of male AGAINST the developing sperm
Changes In Female when Fertilization Takes Place
- Production HCG–pregnancy hormone
- Secrete high levels of Progesterone
- Development of Placenta
- Implantation Bleeding
- Missed Period
- Increase in Body Temperature
- Morning Sickness
- Breast Tenderness
- Breast Changes
- Fatigue
- Headaches
- Bloating, Cramping, Backache
- Increase in Urination
- Changes in Cervical Mucous
Delivery of Placenta
After delivery uterus continues to contract + placent detaches from the uterine wall (not painful)
You push + deliver the placenta
Normally happens after the birth
Looks like a piece of liver
Then you have a gush of blood and small clots that follow
May take a few minutes or up to hour
Called 3rd Stage Labor
If does not come out may have to be delivered manually
Effectiveness of Absorption in Small Intestine
90% of absorption occurs
Good for absorption because it has large inner surface area
Stages of Labor
1st STAGE-When you start having contractions + ends when cervix if fully dialeted
This Stage is divided into 2 phases:
Early Labor–Cervix gradually effaces (thins out) + dilates (opens)
Active Labor–Cervix dilates more rapidly , contractions stronger + closer together
Last part of active labor called-Transition
First Stage–LASTS THE LONGEST
2nd STAGE–Begins when fully dilated + ends with Birth of Baby
“PUSHING STAGE”
MOST PAINFUL + INTENSE
3rd STAGE–Begins after birth
Ends with Delivery of Placenta
Action of Complement Proteins
Produced by Liver Cells, in tissue, and by macrphages
They become active when the 1st protein in the pathway is turned on, then following complement proteins are called into action with each protein turning on the next one in line
When the 1st of compliment substances is triggered it usually by an antibody–it sets in motion a ripple effect
They cause the cells to burst + signal phagocytes that a cell needs to be removed
Flow of Lymph Fluid
Drainage System
An extensive Drainage System that returns water + proteins from various tissues back to the blood
Wherever there are blood vessels there are lymph vessels
Entire Lymphatic System flows toward the blood stream
If there was no way for excess fluids to return to blood our body tissues would become swollen
Lymphatic System also helps defend against invasion by disease causing agents
