final study guide 101-3 Flashcards
Function of Ceruminous Gland
It produces cerumen (earwax) that protects the skin in the ear from dust, bacteria and very small insects
Function of a Dendrite
Main receptive of input regions
Provides an enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons, in the brain in collects information
Function of Limbic System
Central in the control of emotional responses
Storing memories
Regulating Hormones
The Limbic System is involved in many of our emotions and motivations, particularly those that are related to survival
Such emotions include: fear, anger, and emotions related to sexual behavior
Also involved in feelings of pleasure that are related to our survival, such as those exxperienced from eating and sex
Function of Osteocyte
Osteocytes are responsible for the maintenance and turnover of mineral content of surrounding bone
Function of Thalamus
located above the brainstem
- Motor Control
- Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals
- Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex
- Controls Sleep and Awake States
Functions of Vestibule
The vestibule contains sense organs responsible for balance
utricle and saccule
Function of Vestibulocochlear
it is a sensory nerve
A sensory nerve that conducts auditory (mange hearing) and vestibular (maintain balance) information from the inner ear to the brain
Function of Hypothalamus
Controls the Autonomic Nervous System
The thirst center, hunger center and the body’s thermostat
Controls the:
(hypophysis)pituitary gland–the most important endocrine gland in body-often referred to as “master gland”
The hypothalamus is the site of emotions and the effect emotions can have on the body
Functions of Mammary Glands
Where milk production takes place
Also, to pass antibodies needed for baby’s protection against infections (passive immunity)
Functions of Cerebellum
located below cerebrum or just above brain stem
- Helps maintain body’s sense of balance
2. Coordinates muscular movements with Sensory information
Functions of Medulla
(medulla oblongata-a structure comprising the lower section of the brain stem)
Certain stimuli cause the medulla to send signals through the cranial nerves to execute actions like sneezing, swallowing or coughing
The neurons that initiate vomiting are found here
There is no single function of the medulla, but most of the processes it controls are related to one another
These involuntary functions include: Regulation of Heart Rate Blood Pressure Breathing Digestion Sleep and Arousal Some Motor Control Sensory relay to the cortex Regulate reflex action involving the face + throat Relay sensation of touch, pain, balance, and limb position to cortex
Function of a neurilemma
(the plasma membrane surrounding a Schwann cell of a myelinated nerve fiber
It separates layers of myelin
Functions of Rods
Are known as photoreceptors.
They are cells located on the retina, in the back of the eye
Function: To receive and process signals of light and color, which gives us our vision
Functions of Prefrontal Cortex
the part of the frontal lobes lying just behind the forehead, is often referred to as the “CEO of the brain”
This brain region is responsible for cognitive analysis and abstract throught and the moderation of “correct” behavior in social situations
The prefrontal cortex is one of the last regions of the brain to reach maturation
Functions Include:
- Focusing Attention
- Organizing thought and problem solving
- Foreseeing and weighing possible consequences of behavior
- Forming strategies and planning
- Ability to balance short-term rewards with long term goals
- Shifting/Adjusting behavior when situations change
- Impulse control and delaying gratification
- Modulation of intense emotions
- Inhibiting inappropriate behavior and initiating appropriate behavior
- Simultaneously considering multiple streams of information when faced with complex and challenging information
Functions of Chondrocytes
cells found in healthy cartilage
They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which occupies 90-99% of cartilage volume.
They produce both the collagen and elastic fibers of the matrix as well as the other large macromolecules, such as the vaarious photeoglycans
Functions of Ependymal Cells
Responsible for lining of ventricular cavities (of brain)
They also line the central canal of spinal cord
They are involved in the production of cerebrospinal Fluid
Function of photreceptors
Cells in the retina that respond to light
Function of proprioceptors
Help the body recognize, activate, and coordinate its various parts in relation to its other parts and the environment.
For example:
Being able to touch your nose with your finger while your eyes are closed
Walking without watching where each foot lands
Tying your shoes
Finding your house key, and unlocking the door without looking
Proprioceptors also governs the sense of owning your body, the sense that your limbs belong to you
Function of Reticular Formation
the Reticular Formation is a comprehensive network of nerves that is found in the central area of the brainstem
The functions of the formation involve many of the essential functions of the body, such as:
1. ability to obtain recuperative sleep, sexual arousal,
- ability to focus of tasks without being easily distracted
- Directly involved with unconscious functions
- Help to regulate the beating of the heart
- Breathing and Respiration functions
- Other processes of digesting food
- Helps to regulate the processes of urination and defecation
Function of Semicircular Canals
Your semicircular canals are 3 tiny fluid filled tube in you inner ear that help you keep your balance
When your head moves around and moves the tiny hairs that line each canal.
These hairs translate the movement of the liquid into nerve messages that are sent to you brain
Your brain then can tell your body how to stay balanced
Function of Trigeninal Nerves
- Is the largest of all 12 cranial nerves
- It is responsible for sensation in the face, teeth, tongue, sinus, palate and motor functions such as biting, chewing and swallowing
- It is very closely associated to the TMJs, jaw function and with how the teeth fit together
- The nerve most studied by Dentists during their education
- Research has shown a direct correlation of migraines and the activation of the Trigemino-vascular System
Function of Tympanic Membrane
(Eardrum-A thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear
A thin membrane separating the middle ear from the inner part of the external auditory canal that VIBRATES in response to sound energy and transmits resulting mechanical vibrations to the structures of the middle ear
Function of Schwann Cells
The Schwann Cell produces the myelin sheath
Function: To repair and regenerate damaged nerves
CHO stored in liver in which form?
(CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) are the main fuel source. Carbohydrates are simply sugars, made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) molecules
CHO gets stored in the liver in a special form called GLYCOGEN
Conscious perception of vision
probably reflects activity in the OCCIPITAL LOBE OF THE CORTEX
Contractile units of skeletal muscles
Sacromere
Difference in Thoracic Vertebrae
refers to upper and middle back
The thoracic region consists of 12 vertebrae, and is the largest segment of the spine
Due to its articulation with rib cage, the thoracic spine is more rigid than the cervical and lumbar regions
It protects vital organs
The thoracic vertebrae are intermediate in size
The thoracic vertebral bodies are heart-shaped
Thoracic Vertebra articulate with the ribs, therefore they are much less mobile
Examples of a Colloid
A type of homogeneous mixture in which the dispersed particles do not settle out
A mixture in which very small particles of one substance are distributed evenly throughout another substance
Every colloid consists of 2 parts; colloidal particles and the dispersing medium
Colloids are common in everyday life Some examples: whipped cream mayonaise milk butter gelatin jelly muddy water plaster colored glass paper fog
Examples of a Suspension
A mixture in which small particles of a substance are dispersed throughout a gas or liquid.
If a suspension is left undisturbed, the particle are likely to settle to the bottom.
The particles in a suspension are larger than those in either a colloid, or a solution
Fine sand in water Paint Dust in Air Droplets of oil in Air Oil and Water Muddy Water Some medicines like Pepto Bismol
Excitatory Potential
The change in potential that is produced in the membrane of the next neuron when an impulse that has an excitatory influence arrives at the synapse, it is a local change in the direction of depolarization;
Summation of these potentials can lead to discharge of an impulse by the neuron
Light and Vision
Objects are visible because they give off light
Objects that give off light-Luminescent
Those that receive light-Illuminated
Transparent objects transmit most of light that reaches them, making it pass through them–(ex: clear glass)
Transluscent objects–(ex: frosted glass + waxed paper) are partially transparent. They diffuse light and can NOT be seen through
Opaque substances transmit NO LIGHT
Light and Vision (CONT.)
White light made up of violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, + red light
The colors of objects depend on how they reflect + absorb light
Substances that reflect all colors of white light is WHITE
A color that absorbs all these colors is BLACK
Most object absorb some colors + reflect others. They are called by the colors they REFLECT. Thus an object that absorbs all colors except blue is called BLUE
Vision depends on how light affects the eye + the condition of the eye
Fluid-filled sac
Especially one countering friction at a joint
Bursae
Cells that line the center canal of spinal cord or brain
Ependymal Cells
Space between bones of skull in an infant or fetus
Where ossification not complete, sutures not full formed
Fontanelles
An opening, hole, or passageway (especially in bone)
Foramina
Structure containing a number of nerve cells bodies + often form a swellin on anerve fiber
Ganglia
Band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue that connects 2 bones or cartilage to a joint
Ligaments
Mucous membrane that covers front of eye + lines the inside of eyelids
Conjunctiva
A crescent shaped body
ex: in knee joint
Menisci
Process where a single cell divides resulting in 2 identical cell
Each containing the same number of chromosomes + genetic content as the original cell
Mitosis
Any of the class of sugars that cannot be hydrolized to give a simpler sugar
Monosaccharide
A whitish fiber or bundle that transmits impulses or sensations to the brain or spinal cord + impulses from these to muscles + organs
Nerves
Cells in Central Nervous System (CNS)
Surround and insulate the long fibers-(axons) through which the nerves send electrical messages
Oligodendrocytes
A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together
Polysaccharide
Any cells that cover the nerve fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System + form Myelin Sheath
Schwann Cells
A line of union between bones of skull
Sutures
A flexible strong fibrous cord attaches muscle to bone
Tendons
A contracting muscle that is resisted or counteracted by another muscle
Agonist
A muscle that acts in opposition to another
Antagonist
