final study guide 201-4 Flashcards
Function of Arteries, Veins + Capillaries
ARTERIES-Carry blood AWAY from heart
Thick, Smooth Walls
Very Elastic Tissue
VEINS-Returns blood TO heart
Vein walls Thin
Expand more freely than arteries
Have Valves to prevent back flow of blood
CAPILLARIES-Very small blood vessels
Picks up Carbon Dioxide, Nutrients, Gas, Hormone, and Waste from blood cells and drains them into larger vessels (venules)
Very Thin + Numerous
Categories of Endocrine Gland Stimulus
- Hormonal
- Humeral
- Neural
Effect of Estrogen
Hormone produced by body–Helps develop + maintain female organs
- Causes Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Regulates Menstrual Cycle
- Helps maintain body Temperature
- Regulates parts of brain that prepares body for sexual + reproductive development
- Stimulates maturation of Ovaries
- Stimulates start of Menstrual Cycle
- Helps maintain a thick, lubricated vaginal lining
- Stimulate development of Breasts
- Prepares Glands for–Future Milk Producing
- Stimulates Maturation of Uterus
- Prepares uterus to nourish a developing fetus
- Helps preserve bone density
Erection Physiology
- Signal begins in Central Nervous System + then to Spinal Cord
- Involves coordination of many hormones, blood vessels, muscles, + nerves
- When man is aroused his brain + Nervous System is activated + releases chemicals–that relax the smooth muscles (corpus cavernosa)–And gives enough space for blood to fill in
- The sudden rush of blood creates internal pressure–penis becomes rigid + erect
- Tunica Albuginea prevents back flow of blood-maintains erection
- When impulse is stopped (from brain + nerves). The penile muscle contracts + allows blood to flow out + revers the process
- After erection sperm is sent out through urethra (ejaculation)
Blood pH
Acidity or Alkilinity of Blood
The blood pH of any fluid is measured by the hydrogen ion (H-) concentration
A pH of 7 is NEUTRAL
The lower the pH–The more acidic the blood
NORMAL blood pH–between 7.35-7.45
Affects pH–What you eat, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Lung Function, Endocrine Function, Urinary Tract Infection
At a constant temperature the volume of a confined ideal gas varies inversely with its pressure
Boyle’s Law
A weight of a gas dissolved by a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas
Henry’s Law
Histology of Alimentary Canal
A true and complete Digestive Tract
It has 5 Basic Compartments
- Esophagus 2. Stomach 3. Sm. Intestine
- Large Intestine 5. Rectum
Consists of 4 Layers
(Listed from lining of Epithelium to the Covering Tissue)
1. Mucosa–Function (Absorption + Secretion)
2. Submucosa (thick layer) (Binds + Supports other layers)
3. Muscularis Externa (Moves contents along + churns contents)
4. Serosa of Adventitia (Outermost Layer)
(For protection)
Role of Interferon
Assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within other cells of the body
Function of Inflammatory Response
Defend body against harmful substances
Dispose of dead or dying tissue
Promote renewal of normal tissue
Growth Hormone Target Tissue
Growth Hormone come from the Anterior Pituitary Gland + target most tissue
Principal Action-Stimulates liver, muscles, cartilage, bone, other tissue to secrete insulin-like growth factors
Growth Hormones tells cells to divide which causes everything to grow
Penetration of Oocyte
The sperm that reaches the egg tries to swim into it + tries to penetrate the outer membrane of the egg
Some sperm have a shape which makes this easy, other poorly formed have difficult time
Sperm creates enzyme (acrosome) which helps break down the membrane of ovum
Waste Production of Proteins when it Undergoes Deamination
Deamination-(Process in which amino groups are removed from excess proteins
Happens mostly in the liver)
When proteins undergo deamination the waste substance found in urine is Urea
Removes nitrogen waste from body
Amonia groups that are discarded are converted into Amonia–later expelled through urine
Chemical process combines Amonia with Carbon Dioxide which converts it into Urea or Urinc Acid expelled in urine
Similarities between Sperm + Ova
Both are gametes–which means they carry 1/2 the amount of chromosomes as normal somatic cells
Each gamete contains 23 chromosomes
They are both produced through meiosis
Both help create offspring
Prostate Health Issues
- Prostate prone to enlarge + inflammation as men age
- Symptoms of prostate gland enlargement–frequent night time urination, painful urination, difficult urination
- Can lead to Prostate Cancer, Urinary Tract Infection, Bladder of Kidney Damage, Bladder Stones and Incontinence
